Hasil untuk "Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law"

Elif Sezgin

The research aims to assess the reliability and validity of the Mindful Parenting in Infancy Scale (MPIS) for mothers with infants aged 0-24 months and to analyze their mindfulness levels across various variables. The study included 353 mothers from Bursa's Nilüfer and Osmangazi districts, with data collected in private nurseries and daycare homes between December 2023 and March 2024. Teachers distributed the data collection tools, which included the "Mother and Baby Information Form" and the MPIS, developed by Gartstein (2021). Adaptation permissions were secured, and the scale’s language, content, and structure were validated. Reliability was measured using the Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficient and item-total correlations. Statistical analyses included independent samples t-test and One-way ANOVA to explore MPIS scores across demographic variables. The Levene test assessed homogeneity, while kurtosis and skewness evaluated normal distribution. The internal consistency coefficient was 0.74, with item-total correlations ranging from 0.35 to 0.49. The findings indicated no significant differences in mindfulness based on mothers’ age, education, or family type, but highlighted variations based on the birth order of the baby.

Д. А. Зубрик

Исследуются понятийные границы в сфере искусственного интеллекта, в том числе его системи технологий, с целью правового разграничения данных категорий. Автор акцентирует вниманиена проблеме отождествления терминов «искусственный интеллект», «системы искусственного интеллекта» и «технологии искусственного интеллекта», что приводит к затруднениям при разработке эффективного регулирования. В работе анализируются различные подходы к интерпретации соответствующих понятий в правовых актах Республики Беларусь, Российской Федерации, КНР, США,Японии, ЕС и СНГ. Предлагаются авторские определения искусственного интеллекта, отражающиеспецифику каждой из категорий. Исследование опирается на философские, юридические и технические подходы к пониманию искусственного интеллекта как метафоры, технологии, системы и научной области.

Iwan Williams, Ninell Oldenburg, Ruchira Dhar et al.

Mechanistic interpretability (MI) aims to explain how neural networks work by uncovering their underlying causal mechanisms. As the field grows in influence, it is increasingly important to examine not just models themselves, but the assumptions, concepts and explanatory strategies implicit in MI research. We argue that mechanistic interpretability needs philosophy: not as an afterthought, but as an ongoing partner in clarifying its concepts, refining its methods, and assessing the epistemic and ethical stakes of interpreting AI systems. Taking three open problems from the MI literature as examples, this position paper illustrates the value philosophy can add to MI research, and outlines a path toward deeper interdisciplinary dialogue.

Denis Aguilar Cabrera

La integración de la inteligencia artificial (IA) en el derecho penal marca un progreso significativo con amplias implicaciones en la gestión de pruebas digitales en los procesos judiciales. La IA proporciona herramientas que pueden mejorar la eficacia, la calidad y la transparencia de la justicia penal, al mismo tiempo que plantea desafíos éticos y legales que necesitan ser abordados con cautela. En efecto, la incorporación de algoritmos y sistemas de IA puede contribuir a establecer criterios más objetivos y coherentes en la toma de decisiones. Es de vital importancia analizar a fondo las implicaciones éticas y legales al integrar la IA en el proceso penal, para asegurar la salvaguarda de los derechos fundamentales y el respeto a la presunción de inocencia, puesto que la protección de los derechos individuales y la responsabilidad de los sistemas automatizados son elementos críticos que deben ser considerados al establecer un marco normativo claro, que regule el uso de la inteligencia artificial en el proceso penal. Asimismo, los algoritmos de IA deben seguir principios básicos como el in dubio pro reo, y los jueces deben tener la capacidad de apartarse de las recomendaciones de la IA si justifican adecuadamente sus decisiones, manteniendo un equilibrio entre la automatización y la discreción judicial. Es esencial comprender que la IA no pretende reemplazar la labor del juez humano, sino más bien complementarla como un recurso de apoyo para asegurar una justicia efectiva y equitativa en la era digital.

Ria Setyawati, Iman Prihandono, Lucianus Budi Kagramanto et al.

This paper not only discusses the issue of the approach used, the issue of ex-post and ex-ante merger control regulation usage, issues of conflict of norms, overlapping legal rules, and the existence of legal vacuum which complicates the enforcement of rules regarding merger control in Indonesia. The legal issues examined in this paper concern the characteristics of merger control based on the ratio decidendi of KPPU decisions during the 20 years of enforcing business competition law in Indonesia and the ius constituendum of the ex-ante and ex-post approach. This research is based on normative legal research using a statute approach, conceptual approach, case approach, and comparative approach method. These methods lead to the conclusion of the research, which is, that in the past 20 years, Indonesia has experienced a change in the ex-post merger control approach, resulting in partiality in the articles applied that are not entirely used in KPPU decisions. Furthermore, the idealized rules (ius constituendum) on the control of mergers in Indonesia, outlined in Law No. 5 of 1999, will be examined based on the principles and objectives of competition law enforcement in the country.

Calum Hughes, Adrian Miranda

We give an elementary description of $2$-categories $\mathbf{Cat}\left(\mathcal{E}\right)$ of internal categories, functors and natural transformations, where $\mathcal{E}$ is a category modelling Lawvere's elementary theory of the category of sets (ETCS). This extends Bourke's characterisation of $2$-categories $\mathbf{Cat}\left(\mathcal{E}\right)$ where $\mathcal{E}$ has pullbacks to take account for the extra properties in ETCS, and Lawvere's characterisation of the (one dimensional) category of small categories to take account of the two-dimensional structure. Important two-dimensional concepts which we introduce include $2$-well-pointedness, full-subobject classifiers, and the categorified axiom of choice. Along the way, we show how generating families (resp. orthogonal factorisation systems) on $\mathcal{E}$ give rise to generating families (resp. orthogonal factorisation systems) on $\mathbf{Cat}\left(\mathcal{E}\right)_{1}$, results which we believe are of independent interest.

Joaquín Arias, Mar Moreno-Rebato, José A. Rodríguez-García et al.

Automated legal reasoning and its application in smart contracts and automated decisions are increasingly attracting interest. In this context, ethical and legal concerns make it necessary for automated reasoners to justify in human-understandable terms the advice given. Logic Programming, specially Answer Set Programming, has a rich semantics and has been used to very concisely express complex knowledge. However, modelling discretionality to act and other vague concepts such as ambiguity cannot be expressed in top-down execution models based on Prolog, and in bottom-up execution models based on ASP the justifications are incomplete and/or not scalable. We propose to use s(CASP), a top-down execution model for predicate ASP, to model vague concepts following a set of patterns. We have implemented a framework, called s(LAW), to model, reason, and justify the applicable legislation and validate it by translating (and benchmarking) a representative use case, the criteria for the admission of students in the "Comunidad de Madrid".

Max Velthoven, Eric Marcus

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of today's most relevant emergent technologies. In view thereof, this paper proposes that more attention should be paid to the philosophical aspects of AI technology and its use. It is argued that this deficit is generally combined with philosophical misconceptions about the growth of knowledge. To identify these misconceptions, reference is made to the ideas of the philosopher of science Karl Popper and the physicist David Deutsch. The works of both thinkers aim against mistaken theories of knowledge, such as inductivism, empiricism, and instrumentalism. This paper shows that these theories bear similarities to how current AI technology operates. It also shows that these theories are very much alive in the (public) discourse on AI, often called Bayesianism. In line with Popper and Deutsch, it is proposed that all these theories are based on mistaken philosophies of knowledge. This includes an analysis of the implications of these mistaken philosophies for the use of AI in science and society, including some of the likely problem situations that will arise. This paper finally provides a realistic outlook on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and three propositions on A(G)I and philosophy (i.e., epistemology).

R. Arnold

Judges play a pivotal role in contemporary constitutionalism, interpreting both ordinary laws and the Constitution. Their role involves fully realizing the Constitution's intent and safeguarding it through judicial mechanisms. Judges must approach the Constitution as a living document, integrating its evolving dynamics into their jurisprudence. This requires employing a teleological approach, seeking the Constitution's objective intent as understood at the time of interpretation, independent of the framers' historical perspectives. Judges, particularly constitutional judges, must consider the Constitution's core value system—human dignity, freedom, and equality—and integrate these principles into their interpretations. The Constitution encompasses unwritten laws, and revealing these is essential to judicial interpretation. Conflicts between constitutional values should be resolved through the principle of practical concordance. Judges also serve an internationalization function, considering the influence of inter- and supranational law as envisioned by the Constitution. National fundamental rights should be interpreted in alignment with regional and universal human rights frameworks.

A. Syahir, J. Jalaluddin, Fathurrahman Azhari et al.

Abstract A classic issue that still raises debate is the adaptability of Islamic law. Scholars of Islamic law are required to broaden the approach in responding to problems in the community. Philosophy, sociology, and anthropology are considered appropriate to be used as an approach in determining the law. This research uses a library research method that aims to describe the determination of Islamic law through philosophical, sociological, and anthropological approaches. From this research, it is found that in the context of determining the law, the disciplines of sociology, philosophy, and anthropology are a tool to approach in determining the law, not a methodology. The methodology of Islamic law istinbath is considered sufficient by using methods that have been developed by fuqaha scholars both salaf and contemporary. Keywords: Ijtihad, Taklid, Istinbath,   Abstrak Persoalan klasik yang masih menimbulkan perdebatan adalah kemampuan adaptasi hukum Islam. Para sarjana hukum Islam dituntut untuk melakukan perluasan pendekatan dalam merespon permasalahan di umat. Filsafat, sosiologi, dan antropologi dipandang tepat untuk dijadikan alat pendekatan dalam menetapkan hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan atau library research yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penetapan hukum Islam melalui pendekatan filosofis, sosiologis, dan antropologis. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa dalam kontkes penetapan hukum, disiplin sosiologi, filsafat, dan antropologi adalah sebuah alat untuk melakukan pendekatan dalam penetapan hukum, bukan merupakan metodologi. Metodologi istinbath hukum Islam dipandang telah mencukupi dengan menggunakan metode yang telah dikembangkan oleh para ulama fuqaha baik salaf maupun kontemporer. Kata Kunci: Ijtihad, Taklid, Istinbath

S. Shevchuk

The article conducts a doctrinal analysis of the constitutional criteria for restrictions on human rights. The author asks whether the content and scope of these restrictions differ during the martial law period and during peacetime. It also questions whether the constitution allows the state to exceed its constitutional limits during an armed response to the aggressor. It is argued that the introduction of more severe limitations on human rights during martial law must be balanced with the constitutional requirement for the state to act in accordance with the constitution. Otherwise, disproportionate restrictions that nullify the core of constitutional rights could lead to state power exceeding the limits established by the constitution. The main criterion, or basis, for the doctrine of limiting state power by the constitution is the fundamental constitutional rights and freedoms. As the jurisprudence of constitutional courts shows, the core of constitutional rights that are not absolute (absolute rights are very few in modern constitutional systems—the right to dignity, the prohibition of torture, and the right to life) cannot be subject to any limitations, similar to absolute rights. A very important criterion, derived from the constitutions and practices of constitutional jurisdiction bodies of modern states, is that the state, when imposing limitations, cannot violate the essence of a constitutional right, i.e., its core, which is not subject to any legislative limitations for the purpose of constitutional protection of individual freedom and autonomy. It is asserted that the narrowing of the content and scope of existing constitutional human rights and freedoms constitutes their limitation, and limitations are permitted by the Constitution. It is concluded that the rights and freedoms listed in part two of Article 64 of the Constitution of Ukraine, and not subject to limitations, should be limited according to peacetime criteria, meaning they are not subject to extraordinary restrictions during wartime. As for other constitutional rights and freedoms not included in the list in Article 64 of the Constitution of Ukraine, stricter restrictions may be applied by the state if they pursue a legitimate goal and are justified by the need to achieve victory over the enemy.

I. A. Kravets

The article was p repared on the basis of the author's report at the scientific and methodological seminar of the school of Russian constitutionalism “Theory and Philosophy of Constitutionalism: Modern trends” (in memory of Academician O. E. Kutafin) (Kutafin Moscow State Law University, June 26, 2023). It examines communicative and strategic constitutionalism as theoretical models and constitutional-legal categories in modern multidimensional jurisprudence; scientific approaches to understanding popular and deliberative constitutionalism, the role of the principle of popular sovereignty and collective wisdom in modern constitutional law and in the era of digital democracy and information society; conceptual, constitutional and international legal aspects of the formation of a comprehensive institute of people's deliberative constitutionalism, the relationship between democracy and constitutionalism in the early 21st century, when various forms of participation are widely used citizens and the institution of the public in constitutional changes. The philosophical and legal foundations of the relationship between constitutionalism and democracy are critically evaluated from the standpoint of the policy of involvement and participation in constitutional changes; the problem of the geopolitical and international spread of various models of constitutionalism is revealed. The purpose of the article is to reveal the significance and prospects for the development of an inclusive constitutional paradigm through the doctrines and practice of strategic and communicative constitutionalism. The participation of citizens, civil society institutions, professional and expert opinion is considered as an inclusive, humanistic and social basis in the structure of communicative constitutionalism and in the procedure of constitutional amendments. The discursive approach and critical rationalism in legal research, methods of historical dialectics, constitutional hermeneutics and legal engineering are used, which allow us to reveal the legal and geopolitical nature of strategic constitutionalism, forms of citizen participation in communicative constitutionalism in the context of the formation of a multipolar world. Conclusions: the doctrine of communicative and strategic constitutionalism creates an intellectual and normative-ethical basis for updating the constitutional policy of the state in the public political and legal spheres, expands the forms and methods of interaction between citizens and public authorities in the implementation of constituent power, deliberative and imperative procedures of constitutional changes.

Subianta Mandala

This paper discusses some strategic issues about national legal development, which is viewed in the light of legal theory and philosophy. The need to replace the laws of the colonial regime has been discussed for quite some time, and in fact, since Indonesia declared its independence. However, the process of replacing the Dutch laws and developing its own national law is quite slow. There are some strategies issues discussed in this writing, namely, among others: what is the legal politics/policy of the issue of legal unification and legal pluralism in Indonesia, what is the legal approach about the development of unwritten and written laws, what is the legal policy to address the issue of adat law as one of the material legal sources for the future Indonesian laws, and how jurisprudence (court decisions) may be used to develop Indonesian national legal system. With those backgrounds, the formulation of the problems is as follows: how can legal theory and philosophy be used as theoretical and philosophical argumentation to address some strategic issues of Indonesian legal development as mentioned above, and what is the legal politics/policy for the development of national legal system of Indonesia, in particular, of those strategic legal issues. The method used in this research paper is normative juridical or library research with a descriptive-qualitative analytical approach. The result of the research shows that, as of today, there are no official documents or any existing laws that comprehensively give direction to the legal politics/policy on the strategic issues of Indonesian legal development. In general, the discussion on the issues of national legal development is limited among legal experts and academicians, and the debate on contentious issues has fundamental arguments based on legal theory/philosophy. So far, legal positivism has a a significant influence on the way we respond to those strategic issues. However, there has been an interesting development recently. We can gradually see a paradigm shifting from legal positivistic to a more sociological, human and ethical approach.

Livia Moscatelli

El artículo tiene como objetivo mostrar la relevancia de las discusiones sobre la abducción, que juega un papel central en el razonamiento probatorio existente en las primeras etapas de la investigación de un delito. A partir de la explicación de la estructura abductiva, se tomará como ejemplo un caso de investigación criminal ocurrido en Brasil, en el que la toma de decisiones por la policía fue precipitada y sesgada, dando lugar a la condena de un inocente. Tomando lo anterior como base, se presentarán algunas herramientas de inteligencia artificial existentes y otras propuestas de políticas públicas que pueden ser implementadas para formar a los responsables de la investigación criminal en la generación de mejores hipotesis de trabajo.

Fabio Masini

Global public goods and the contrast to global public bads require a dramatic change in the international monetary system, enforcement capacity, democratic legitimation, the return to regionalism and multilateralism. Pending the emergence of a more equitable global reserve and payments system, an increased use of the Special Drawing Rights, channeled through Multilateral Development Banks, may help managing the transition towards the provision of such global public goods. This would also provide a guidance for the reduction of Central Banks’ balance sheets, the financialization of the economy and an increase of real investment, thus anchoring the whole international economy to a less vulnerable and volatile monetary structure.

Robert Lee Poe

Employment selection processes that use automated hiring systems based on machine learning are becoming increasingly commonplace. Meanwhile, concerns about algorithmic direct and indirect discrimination that result from such systems are front-and-center, and the technical solutions provided by the research community often systematically deviate from the principle of equal treatment to combat disparate or adverse impacts on groups based on protected attributes. Those technical solutions are now being used in commercially available automated hiring systems, potentially engaging in real-world discrimination. Algorithmic fairness and algorithmic non-discrimination are not the same. This article examines a conflict between the two: whether such hiring systems are compliant with EU non-discrimination law.

Vasif GULIEV

Prezentul articol tratează câteva probleme de actualitate ale prevenirii dependenței de droguri și ale traficului ilicit de stupefiante și substanțe psihotrope în rândul adolescenților și tinerilor. Acesta este dedicat dreptului penal și aspectelor criminologice ale luptei împotriva dependenței de droguri și traficului ilicit de stupefiante și substanțe psihotrope, în special - prevenirea dependenței de droguri în rândul adolescenților și tinerilor, caracteristicile criminologice ale infracțiunilor de droguri săvârșite de aceștia, studiul cauzelor și împrejurărilor care duc la apariția dependenței de droguri în rândul adolescenților și tinerilor și a infracțiunilor comise, studiul personalității acestor categorii de persoane, prevenirea implicării adolescenților în consumul de stupefiante și substanțe psihotrope. Stadiul actual al cercetării științifice, asupra problemei vizate, este analizat la nivel monografic. În vederea dezvoltării unor fundamente conceptuale, de drept penal, socio-criminologice, organizatorice și metodologice pentru prevenirea dependenței de droguri în rândul adolescenților și tinerilor și a infracțiunilor de droguri săvârșite de această categorie de persoane, au fost identificate și sistematizate un șir de probleme de drept penal, soluționarea cărora se atestă a fi una imperativă.

Niels C. M. Martens, Miguel Ángel Carretero Sahuquillo, Erhard Scholz et al.

Editorial of a special issue on dark matter & modified gravity, distributed across the journals Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics and Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. Published version of the open access editorial (in SHPS) available here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.08.015. The six papers are collected here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science-part-b-studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-modern-physics/special-issue/10CR71RJLWM.

Daniele Oriti

We scan Paul K. Feyerabend's work in philosophy of physics and of science more generally for insights that could be useful for the contemporary debate on the foundations of quantum mechanics. We take as our starting point what Feyerabend has actually written about quantum mechanics, but we extend our analysis to his general views on realism, objectivity, pluralism, and the relation between physics and philosophy, finding that these more general views could in fact offer many interesting insights for physicists and philosophers working on quantum foundations.

N. V. Mishyna

Hermeneutics, having emerged due to innovations in philosophy, is currently used by other humanities, including jurisprudence. Hermeneutics (from the Greek eppriveuco (hermeneutikos) - interpreter) - the art of understanding, comprehension, the doctrine of the interpretation of signs and understanding of meanings in the form of theory of the art of understanding, certain rules (methods, techniques) of interpretation, the art of their application, as well as the process of interpretation; organization, process and result of such correct reasoning, which actualizes various interpretive methodologies, adequate for understanding a text. Hermeneutic principles and approaches are harmoniously combined with centuries-old legal traditions - because the history of interpretation of legal texts dates back at least to the Renaissance, reflected in many schools (glossators, commentators (postglossators), etc.). The aim of the article is to demonstrate how the hermeneutics is used in the field of constitutional law based on the self-organized bodies of population's (SOBPs) materials and practice. The use of the term "self-government" is not entirely successful in the name "territorial public self-government bodies". After all, according to modern doctrinal concepts, one of the conditions for the formation of the rule of law in the country is the division of public power into public state and public municipal (self-governing) power. In this case, public state power is exercised by the relevant bodies, which, as a rule, belong to one of the branches of state power in accordance with the requirements of the concept of its division into legislative, executive and judicial. Municipal power is exercised by local governments. Based on this, both public authorities (local governments) and public municipal authorities (local governments) will function at the level of administrative-territorial units. According to the legislation of Ukraine, SOBPs are part of the system of local self-government, but are not bodies of local self-government. Thus, the use of the word "self-government" in the name of the SOBPs will indicate the system to which the house, street, etc. committees belong, but will be confusing because it will facilitate their identification with local governments. In addition, the use of the name "territorial public self-government" will characterize the nature of the dream bodies as mixed (public - public), which, in the author's opinion, is also not true.