Hasil untuk "Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene"

Maria-Iosifina Kasdagli, Dimitris Stamatiou, Antonis Analitis et al.

Abstract Introduction Epidemiological studies have documented the health effects of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter, while there is a growing number of studies looking into associations with one of its main components elemental carbon (EC) and its related metrics such as black carbon (BC), black smoke (BS) or aerosol light absorption coefficient often referred as “PM absorbance”. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on the associations between long-term exposure to elemental carbon (EC) and disease incidence. Methods We searched for studies published up to April 2025, assessing long-term to EC-related exposure (also including BC, BS, PM absorbance) and incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer in adults, and asthma and acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children. We pooled effect estimates by random-effects models and investigated heterogeneity by region and risk of bias assessments. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development approach. Results We included 51 studies assessing long-term exposure to EC and disease incidence. The pooled relative risk (RR) for a 1 µg/m3 increase in EC was 1.10 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.17), 1.11 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.05), for incidence of lung cancer and IHD in adults, while a null association was observed for COPD risk. We estimated RR 1.06 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.21) and 1.37 (95% CI: 0.89, 2.04) for asthma and ALRI in children respectively. There was moderate to high heterogeneity in all associations, with the exception of lung cancer incidence for which the certainty of evidence was rated high. Conclusions Our meta-analysis supports an increased risk of lung cancer following long term exposure to EC and indicates associations for IHD in adults and respiratory outcomes in children. Although the evidence base on the effects of EC on diseases incidence has been increasing, further research is needed in the associations between long- term exposure to EC and various diseases’ incidence.

Tuulia Varanka-Ruuska, Mari Immonen, Jari Lundmark et al.

Abstract Background Occupational health services play an important role in supporting employees’ work ability and co-ordinating rehabilitation processes. However, they may operate quite separately from other health care systems, and the level of the collaboration between occupational health services and other health care varies across different countries. We aimed to evaluate how the co-operation between occupational health care and other health care providers has been studied. Methods This study was a scoping review. The literature search examined the databases of Scopus, Ovid Medline and Cinahl for original studies of collaboration between occupational health services and other social and health services from 2012 to 2022. The articles were evaluated on the basis of actor and form of collaboration. Results Out of the 1008 articles we found, 26 articles met our inclusion criteria. After searching the reference lists of the included articles, we chose seven more articles, resulting in a total of 33 articles for our scoping review. The articles were categorized according to the main actors of collaboration into seven groups: (1) collaboration between occupational health physicians (OP) and general physicians, (2) collaboration between OPs and rehabilitation physicians, (3) collaboration between OPs and psychotherapists, (4) collaboration between occupational health physiotherapists and general physiotherapists, (5) collaboration between occupational health professionals (OHP) and general health professionals, (6) collaboration between OHPs and specialized health care professionals and (7) collaboration between OHPs and other work-related stakeholders. Conclusions The existing research on the collaboration between occupational health services and other health care appears to be mostly descriptive, highlighting the need for intervention studies of collaboration models.

Jhon Jairo Triviño, Cristhian Mauricio Zapata Valencia

The increase in the prevalence of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), together with physical inactivity in the workplace, poses a public health challenge that requires structural responses from workplace promotion. Various international organizations have highlighted that the workplace is a privileged setting for intervening in sedentary lifestyles and promoting protective behaviors. In this regard, during the working day, physical activity has been shown to be an effective strategy for health and functional performance, as demonstrated by scientific evidence in relation to institutional policies and corporate commitments linked to health and sustainability

Mihir Adhikary, Piyasa Mal, Nandita Saikia

Abstract Background India is facing a burdensome public health challenge due to air pollution, with a particularly high burden of acute respiratory infections (ARI) among children. To address this issue, our study aims to evaluate the association between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ARI incidence in young children in India. Materials and methods Our study used PM2.5 data provided by the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group at Washington University to assess the association between PM2.5 exposure and ARI incidence in 223,375 children sampled from the 2019–2021 Demographic Health Survey in India. We employed the generalized estimating equation and reported odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for a 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and quartiles of PM2.5 exposure. Results Each 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 levels was associated with an increased odds of ARI (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.19–1.27). A change from the first quartile of PM2.5 (2.5–34.4 µg/m3) to the second quartile (34.5–51.5 µg/m3) of PM2.5 was associated with a two-fold change (OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.60–2.66) in the odds of developing ARI. Similarly, comparing the first quartile to the fourth quartile of PM2.5 exposure (78.3–128.9 µg/m3) resulted in an over four-fold increase in the odds of ARI (OR: 4.45, 95% CI: 3.37–5.87). Conclusion Mitigation efforts must be continued implementing higher restrictions in India and to bring new interventions to ensure safe levels of air for reducing the burden of disease and mortality associated with air pollution in India.

Rolando Rodríguez Puga

Según cifras de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), cada año fallecen aproximadamente más de 2 millones de personas a causa de enfermedades y accidentes laborales; además de registrarse cerca de 200 millones de casos por dolencias profesionales al año Atendiendo a esta problemática, la salud ocupacional se enfoca sobre todo en prevenir y controlar los riesgos, disminuir las enfermedades y los accidentes asociados a cualquier tipo de trabajo. Para ello, se utiliza la capacitación mediante la información y el aporte al intelecto con énfasis en los factores de riesgo

J. Siegrist, U. Bollmann

Abdoljavad Khalili

Background and Objective: Safety climate includes employees' overall perceptions and feelings about policies, procedures, and the importance of safety in the workplace. This study aimed to investigate the effect of safety climate on employees' organizational commitment mediated by organizational ethics in a gas refining company. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study was conducted in 2020. The study sample consisted of 220 employees of Parsian Gas Refinery selected through the Morgan Table. The instruments included three standard Safety Climate questionnaires by Haywick et al. (2009), Modaye et al. (1979), and Lozier (1993). Data were analyzed using the PLS software. The combined reliability of the structures was above 0.78, and Cronbach's alpha was 0.79. Furthermore, the value of the convergence of variables was above 57%. Results: The results showed that most subjects had an average age of 41-50 years, over 15 years of work experience, and undergraduate degrees. Additionally, the path coefficient was 0.79 between the safety climate and the organizational commitment, 0.82 between the safety climate and the organizational ethics, and 0.88 between the organizational ethics and the organizational commitment. Therefore, significant positive relationships were found between the safety climate and the organizational commitment of employees, between the organizational commitment and the organizational ethics of employees, and between the safety climate and the organizational ethics of employees (P<0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicated that the safety climate explains 79% of the organizational commitment and 82% of the organizational ethics. Organizational ethics also explains 88% of the organizational commitment.

farzaneh mollabahrami, kamran najafi, hamed aghaei et al.

Electricity-related occupational accidents are the fifth leading cause of occupational deaths. One of the major causes of occupational accidents is human error. That is why the human role as a cause of the accident is so important and must be considered during risk assessment. The purpose of this study is to present a Fuzzy-HERAT human error assessment method, which can be used to assess the probability of human error in the job of securing the electrical network using the experts' opinions. Tasks of the power distribution system were first analyzed using the HTA method and in the next step, the probability of the general error of that task was determined, and then the error producing conditions for each task were determined. In the next step, the linguistic terms of the relevant experts on each EPC was obtained and finally these linguistic terms were quantified using the fuzzy method and then the probability of total human error for each task was calculated. Finally, tasks were prioritized based on the probability of human error. Using HTA technique, it was found that the safety operation of power grids consists of 5 main tasks. With the Fuzzy-Heart technique, the task of interrupting the power supply was the most likely to cause human error. The results showed that the proposed Fuzzy-Heart technique has been successfully applied in estimating the probability of human error. The proposed method can identify the conditions that cause the error and estimate the impact contribution to each of these conditions.

Salvador Pastor-Idoate, Rosa M. Coco-Martin, Iratxe Zabalza et al.

Abstract Background There are few clinical data on retinal involvement after acute exposure to high concentrations mercury and the available reports are based on a small number of patients suffering chronic exposure. The purpose of this paper is to report findings in workers acutely exposed to very high concentrations of mercury vapor with the aim of providing data on a possible direct retinal involvement. Methods Twenty-nine patients and 16 controls were evaluated in a comparative case series. Mercury levels in blood and urine samples, visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity (CS), visual field (VF), color discrimination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were recorded. The pattern reversal visual-evoked potentials (PRVEP), full-field and multifocal electroretinography (ffERG/mfERG), pattern electroretinography (PERG), systemic symptoms, presence of erethism, and electromyography (EMG) were also gathered. A descriptive analysis was performed. The correlations between variables also were studied. In addition, electrophysiological data from those patients with deeper VF defects (group 1) were compared with a normal control group. Results Twenty-six workers exhibited symptoms of erethism. The EMG showed sensorimotor polyneuropathy and multiple mononeuropathy. The VA was slightly affected in 48.27% (n = 14) of subjects. Loss of CS in at least one of four spatial frequencies and color vision alterations occurred in 96.5% (n = 28) and 44.8% (n = 13), respectively. VF alterations were identified in 72.4% (n = 21) patients. No morphologic changes were seen in the OCT scans. Latencies over 100 milliseconds and reduced amplitudes of P100 were found in the PRVEP (p < 0.05). The reduced amplitude of the b wave at the ffERG, of the P50 at the PERG and of the P1 wave at the mfERG results (p < 0.05) suggested that the outer retina was involved. Significant negative correlations among blood mercury levels, VA, and ffERG were observed. Conclusions In this case series, showed that acute exposure to mercury vapor had a hazardous effect on the visual system. Although neurologic and visual pathway involvement was clearly demonstrated, the differences found compared to control support the existence of a direct functional retinal damage and participation in impaired vision in mercury poisoning.

Wael Mahmoud Hananeh, Raida Al Rukibat, Shefa Jaradat et al.

Background. Human exposure to plastic and Bisphenol-A (BPA) is very wide in food or beverage containers and baby bottles that have contacted polycarbonate and epoxy resin. Currently a traditional beverage in Arabian culture is served in plastic cups instead of glass cups in different occasions Objective. To evaluate the possible BPA leach from the grade 5 drinking coffee plastic cups into the coffee and whether the use of plastic cups instead of glass ones to serve hot Arabian coffee poses a health risk Materials and methods. Oral administration of such coffee to three different groups of rats were undertaken. Each group consisted of 10 males and 10 females. The first group (G1) was gavaged 1.5 ml of hot water in glass cups. The second group (G2) was gavaged 1.5 ml of hot water in plastic cups while the third one (G3) was gavaged 1.5 ml of Arabian coffee in plastic cups. Serum concentrations of Bisphenol-A were measured 4 weeks later. Complete postmortem examination was conducted and representative tissue samples were subjected to histopathological evaluation. Results. In the control group receiving water kept in a glass cup had 24 ± 2 μg/L serum concentration and the second group was 36 ± 4 μg/L while in the third group was 29 ± 6 μg/L. No significant postmortem changes or histopathological findings were present in the studied animals. Conclusions. Bisphenol-A can be leached from food-grade plastic cups into hot drinks within short period of time, posing a significant impact to public health.

Mark P. Little, Martha S. Linet, Michael G. Kimlin et al.

Abstract Background Basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) is the most common cancer in populations of European ancestry. Although consistently linked with basal cell carcinoma of the skin in case-control studies, few prospective cohort studies have evaluated the shape of the exposure-response of basal cell carcinoma associated with cumulative radiant solar ultraviolet exposure (UVR). Methods We followed 63,912 white cancer-free US radiologic technologists from entry (1983–1998) to exit (2003–2005) with known ultraviolet irradiance at up to 5 residential locations. Using generalized-additive and relative risk models we analyzed the exposure-response of basal cell carcinomas associated with ambient cumulative ultraviolet radiant exposure using ground-based National Solar Radiation database Average Daily Total Global data and satellite-based National Aeronautics and Space Administration Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data. Results There were 2151 technologists with an incident primary basal cell carcinoma. Risk of basal cell carcinoma rose with increasing cumulative ultraviolet radiation exposure using both measures, such that 1 MJ cm− 2 increased basal cell carcinoma risk by 8.48 (95% CI 5.22, 11.09, p < 0.001) and by 10.15 (95% CI 6.67, 13.10, p < 0.001) per 10,000 persons per year using the Average Daily Total Global and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ultraviolet data, respectively; relative risk was likewise elevated. There was some evidence of upward curvature in the cumulative ultraviolet exposure response using both exposure measures with a greater increase in risk of basal cell carcinoma at higher levels of ultraviolet radiation exposure, but less evidence for curvature in relative risk. There are indications of substantial variation of relative risk with time after exposure and age at exposure, so that risk is highest for the period 10–14 years after ultraviolet radiation exposure and for those exposed under the age of 25. Conclusions We observed increases in risk of basal cell carcinoma and a similar exposure-response for ground-based and satellite ultraviolet radiation measures. Our observations suggest that interventions should concentrate on persons with higher levels of ultraviolet radiation exposure.

Youn-Mo Cho, Hyoung-Ryoul Kim, Mo-Yeol Kang et al.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between employee work schedule and failure in smoking cessation. Methods Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between work schedule and failed smoking cessation rate among 4927 male workers who had attempted smoking cessation. The data was obtained from the annual Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2015 (excluding data from 2013). An adjusted model, including demographic and occupational variables, was constructed after stratifying the data into two subgroups by age (the 19- to 40-year-old group and the 41- to 60-year-old group). Results The percentage of smoking-cessation failure varied according to work schedule and age. The failure rate in the 19- to 40-year-old group was generally higher for all work schedule categories than in the 41- to 60-year-old group. In particular, the highest percentage (90.9%) of smoking-cessation failure was in the fixed overnight work group. After adjusting for demographic characteristics and work organization variables, the odds ratio for failed smoking cessation across all ages was 3.30 (95%CI 2.23–4.86) among the fixed overnight workers compared to the daytime workers. Both of the age-stratified subgroups maintained this relationship, with a notably higher OR in the 19- to 40-year-old group (OR 3.74, 95% CI 1.80–7.77). Conclusions Fixed overnight work is likely to negatively affect smoking cessation compared to other work schedules. Tailored anti-smoking intervention programs are required based on work schedule.

Jean-François Sauvé, Jérôme Lavoué, Louise Nadon et al.

Abstract Background While the expert-based occupational exposure assessment approach has been considered the reference method for retrospective population-based studies, its implementation in large study samples has become prohibitive. To facilitate its application and improve upon it we developed, in the context of a Montreal population-based study of prostate cancer (PROtEuS), a hybrid approach combining job-exposure profiles (JEPs) summarizing expert evaluations from previous studies and expert review. We aim to describe the hybrid expert method and its impacts on the exposures assigned in PROtEuS compared to those from a previous study coded using the traditional expert method. Methods Applying the hybrid approach, experts evaluated semi-quantitative levels of confidence, concentration and frequency of exposure to 313 agents for 16,065 jobs held by 4005 subjects in PROtEuS. These assessments were compared to those from a different set of jobs coded in an earlier study of lung cancer, conducted on the same study base, for 90 blue-collar occupations and 203 agents. Endpoints evaluated included differences in the number of exposures and in the distribution of ratings across jobs, and the within-occupation variability in exposure. Results Compared to jobs from the lung cancer study, jobs in PROtEuS had on average 0.3 more exposures. PROtEuS exposures were more often assigned definite confidence ratings, but concentration and frequency levels tended to be lower. The within-occupation variability in ratings assigned to jobs were lower in PROtEuS jobs for all metrics. This was particularly evident for concentration, although considerable variability remained with over 40% of occupation/agent cells in PROtEuS exposed at different levels. The hybrid approach reduced coding time by half, compared to the traditional expert assessment. Conclusions The new hybrid expert approach improved on efficiency and transparency, and resulted in greater confidence in assessments, compared to the traditional expert method applied in an earlier study involving a similar set of jobs. Assigned ratings were more homogeneous with the hybrid approach, possibly reflecting clearer guidelines for coding, greater coherence between experts and/or reliance on summaries of past assessments. Nevertheless, significant within-occupation variability remained with the hybrid approach, suggesting that experts took into account job-specific factors in their assessments.

Liliana Álvarez Jaramillo, Margarita González

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Liliana Tenorio Rebolledo

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Marcela Huinao, Constanza Montecinos, Sabrina Pineda et al.

La presente investigación tiene por objetivo analizar cómo se relaciona la ‘vida ocupacional’ de las personas mayores que habitan en la localidad rural de Riñinahue, con sus vivencias de envejecimiento. Este estudio fue realizado bajo un enfoque cualitativo, utilizando como metodología la historia oral, a través de la cual se realizaron entrevistas en profundidad a seis personas mayores, favoreciendo al desarrollo teórico del concepto ‘vida ocupacional’ el cual no se encuentra operacionalizado como tal. Dentro de los resultados, se apreció que la percepción de ciertas patologías no impactan directamente en el desempeño ocupacional de los entrevistados, sino que es la vivencia subjetiva de los síntomas y su influencia en el rol productivo lo que influenciará directamente en la vivencia de envejecimiento, lo cual también estará determinado por la ubicación témporo-espacial, un contexto histórico, social y territorial.

A. Olsson, J. Févotte, T. Fletcher et al.

D. Loomis, J. Dement, D. Richardson et al.

Objectives To estimate exposures to asbestos fibres of specific sizes among asbestos textile manufacturing workers exposed to chrysotile using data from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and to evaluate the extent to which the risk of lung cancer varies with fibre length and diameter. Methods 3803 workers employed for at least 1 day between 1 January 1950 and 31 December 1973 in any of three plants in North Carolina, USA that produced asbestos textile products and followed for vital status through 31 December 2003 were included. Historical exposures to asbestos fibres were estimated from work histories and 3578 industrial hygiene measurements taken in 1935–1986. Exposure–response relationships for lung cancer were examined within the cohort using Poisson regression. Results Indicators of fibre length and diameter obtained by TEM were positively and significantly associated with increasing risk of lung cancer. Exposures to longer and thinner fibres tended to be most strongly associated with lung cancer, and models for these fibres fit the data best. Simultaneously modelling indicators of cumulative mean fibre length and diameter yielded a positive coefficient for fibre length and a negative coefficient for fibre diameter. Conclusions The results support the hypothesis that the risk of lung cancer among workers exposed to chrysotile asbestos increases with exposure to longer fibres. More research is needed to improve the characterisation of exposures by fibre size and number and to analyse the associated risks in a variety of industries and populations.

D. Anton, J. Rosecrance, L. Merlino et al.

L. Welch, S. Schrader, T. Turner et al.