Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Richard David Williams

This article considers the relationships between poetry, comportment, and performativity in early-19th century Rajput courts. I argue that in their historical and textual representations, court intellectuals fashioned kings’ poetic bodies, which coded their behaviour through literary conventions—drawn from Sanskrit and Hindi poetics and more local traditions of Rajasthan—and modelled refined, aesthetically nuanced dispositions for later rulers. I foreground these intellectuals’ interest in pleasure and play, and underline the significance of sexuality and embodiment in their accounts. My focus is on the Jayavaṁśa mahākāvya, which narrates the lives, reigns, and passions of the rulers of Amer-Jaipur. The text was first written in Sanskrit, and then re-interpreted in Hindi prose, and I suggest this vernacular interpretation speaks to an evolving understanding of kingship in the colonial period.

Jeremy Singer, Steve Draper

Esoteric programming languages are challenging to learn, but their unusual features and constraints may serve to improve programming ability. From languages designed to be intentionally obtuse (e.g. INTERCAL) to others targeting artistic expression (e.g. Piet) or exploring the nature of computation (e.g. Fractan), there is rich variety in the realm of esoteric programming languages. This essay examines the counterintuitive appeal of esoteric languages and seeks to analyse reasons for this popularity. We will explore why people are attracted to esoteric languages in terms of (a) program comprehension and construction, as well as (b) language design and implementation. Our assertion is that esoteric languages can improve general PL awareness, at the same time as enabling the esoteric programmer to impress their peers with obscure knowledge. We will also consider pedagogic principles and the use of AI, in relation to esoteric languages. Emerging from the specific discussion, we identify a general set of 'good' reasons for designing new programming languages. It may not be possible to be exhaustive on this topic, and it is certain we have not achieved that goal here. However we believe our most important contribution is to draw attention to the varied and often implicit motivations involved in programming language design.

Yifan Zong, Yuntian Deng, Pengyu Nie

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in aiding developers with tasks like code comprehension, generation, and translation. Supporting multilingual programming -- i.e., coding tasks across multiple programming languages -- typically requires either (1) finetuning a single LLM across all programming languages, which is cost-efficient but sacrifices language-specific specialization and performance, or (2) finetuning separate LLMs for each programming language, which allows for specialization but is computationally expensive and storage-intensive due to the duplication of parameters. This paper introduces MoLE (Mix-of-Language-Experts), a novel architecture that balances efficiency and specialization for multilingual programming. MoLE is composed of a base model, a shared LoRA (low-rank adaptation) module, and a collection of language-specific LoRA modules. These modules are jointly optimized during the finetuning process, enabling effective knowledge sharing and specialization across programming languages. During inference, MoLE automatically routes to the language-specific LoRA module corresponding to the programming language of the code token being generated. Our experiments demonstrate that MoLE achieves greater parameter efficiency compared to training separate language-specific LoRAs, while outperforming a single shared LLM finetuned for all programming languages in terms of accuracy.

Weizhen Bian, Siyan Liu, Yubo Zhou et al.

Faced with the burgeoning volume of academic literature, researchers often need help with uncertain article quality and mismatches in term searches using traditional academic engines. We introduce IntellectSeeker, an innovative and personalized intelligent academic literature management platform to address these challenges. This platform integrates a Large Language Model (LLM)--based semantic enhancement bot with a sophisticated probability model to personalize and streamline literature searches. We adopted the GPT-3.5-turbo model to transform everyday language into professional academic terms across various scenarios using multiple rounds of few-shot learning. This adaptation mainly benefits academic newcomers, effectively bridging the gap between general inquiries and academic terminology. The probabilistic model intelligently filters academic articles to align closely with the specific interests of users, which are derived from explicit needs and behavioral patterns. Moreover, IntellectSeeker incorporates an advanced recommendation system and text compression tools. These features enable intelligent article recommendations based on user interactions and present search results through concise one-line summaries and innovative word cloud visualizations, significantly enhancing research efficiency and user experience. IntellectSeeker offers academic researchers a highly customizable literature management solution with exceptional search precision and matching capabilities. The code can be found here: https://github.com/LuckyBian/ISY5001

Tianmai M. Zhang, Neil F. Abernethy

Reference errors, such as citation and quotation errors, are common in scientific papers. Such errors can result in the propagation of inaccurate information, but are difficult and time-consuming to detect, posing a significant challenge to scientific publishing. To support automatic detection of reference errors, this work evaluated the ability of large language models in OpenAI's GPT family to detect quotation errors. Specifically, we prepared an expert-annotated, general-domain dataset of statement-reference pairs from journal articles. Large language models were evaluated in different settings with varying amounts of reference information provided by retrieval augmentation. Our results showed that large language models are able to detect erroneous citations with limited context and without fine-tuning. This study contributes to the growing literature that seeks to utilize artificial intelligence to assist in the writing, reviewing, and publishing of scientific papers. Potential avenues for further improvements in this task are also discussed.

Xuemei Tang, Xufeng Duan, Zhenguang G. Cai

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a potential solution to automate the complex processes involved in writing literature reviews, such as literature collection, organization, and summarization. However, it is yet unclear how good LLMs are at automating comprehensive and reliable literature reviews. This study introduces a framework to automatically evaluate the performance of LLMs in three key tasks of literature writing: reference generation, literature summary, and literature review composition. We introduce multidimensional evaluation metrics that assess the hallucination rates in generated references and measure the semantic coverage and factual consistency of the literature summaries and compositions against human-written counterparts. The experimental results reveal that even the most advanced models still generate hallucinated references, despite recent progress. Moreover, we observe that the performance of different models varies across disciplines when it comes to writing literature reviews. These findings highlight the need for further research and development to improve the reliability of LLMs in automating academic literature reviews.

Sevda Orak Reşitoğlu

Kovara Hawarê ya ku di 1932yan de dest bi weşanê dike, bi alfabeyeke nû derdikeve pêşberî xwîneran. Damezirînerê kovarê Celadet Alî Bedirxan bi hevkariya nivîskarên ji ekola Şamê, bi armanca zêdekirina rêjeya xwendin û nivîsandina kurdan, vê kovarê derdixe. Helbet ji ber ku berhemeke nûza ye, di serî de kêmasiyên wê jî hene. Danasîna alfabeyê ji hejmara ewil ve derdikeve pêşiya xwîneran, lê mijarên rêzimanê di hejmarên pêşdetir de rû didin. Kêmasiya kovarê ew e ku rastnivîsîn wekî mijar tê de cih negirtiye. Ji ber vê, ev xebat bi armanca analîzkirina qaydeyên rastnivîsîna Hawarê hatiye sazkirin. Di xebatê de her hejmareke kovarê ji serî heta binî, peyv bi peyv hatiye vekolan; rastnivîsîna mijarên wekî alfabe, lêker, daçek, gihanek, navên taybetî û hwd. hatine analîzkirin. Li gorî daneyên ku hatine bidestxistin, eşkere bûye ku ji aliyê rastnivîsînê ve standardek nehatiye sazkirin di kovarê de. Lê belê dikare bê gotin ku ber bi hejmarên dawiyê ve -ji sedî sed nebe jî- pêşketineke xurt çêbûye.

Dr. Mirza Hamid Baig

This article explores the intersection between the Progressive poetic tradition and the ghazal. The Progressive movement, known as "Taraqi Passand" in Urdu, emerged as a literary movement in the 20th century, aiming to challenge conventional poetic norms and embrace new ideas and social realities. While the ghazal traditionally revolved around themes of love, longing, and beauty, the Progressive poets sought to expand its boundaries and infuse it with socio-political relevance. This article delves into the historical context of the Progressive poetic tradition, highlighting its goals of addressing social injustices, advocating for political reform, and amplifying the voices of marginalized communities. By incorporating these concerns into the ghazal, the Progressive poets transformed the traditional form into a powerful tool for social commentary and critique. Furthermore, this article discusses the thematic evolution of the ghazal within the Progressive tradition. It explores how the poets expanded the traditional themes to encompass issues of inequality, poverty, discrimination, and the challenges of modernization. By doing so, the Progressive poets widened the scope of the ghazal and made it a reflection of the changing times and the evolving concerns of society. Through an exploration of the blending of the ghazal's structural framework with progressive ideas, this article emphasizes the significant role played by the Progressive poets in shaping the modern Urdu literary landscape. By infusing the ghazal with socio-political perspectives, they brought depth, diversity, and relevance to the traditional form, and in turn, opened new possibilities for poetic expression. In summary, this article highlights the symbiotic relationship between the Progressive poetic tradition and the ghazal, showcasing how the poets of this movement used the form to convey their socio-political concerns and contribute to the broader discourse of their time.

محمد خسروی شکیب

منطق الطیر عطار از آثار عرفانی برجسته در ادبیات فارسی است که در ساختاری روایی، به قصۀ فراخوان کمّی و کیفی «مرغان جهان» و تلاش جمعی آنها برای رسیدن به «سیمرغ» می پردازد. «حکایت» مهمترین ابزار عطار، در شکل دهی به ساختار این بسیج جمعی است. او در ساختار منطق الطیر از 194 «حکایت» استفاده کرده شده است. سوال این است که کارکرد این حکایت ها چیست و چرا «عطار» بر استفاده از این نوع روایی، اصرار دارد؟ پیش فرض این است که حکایت یکی از تمهیدات مورد نیاز برای شکل دهی به بسیج جمعی است و عطار آگاهانه تلاش می کند تا ساختار منطق الطیر را بر «حکایت» استوار سازد. «هدهد» به عنوان رهبر، همواره تلاش می کند تا در گفتگوی خود با دیگر مرغان، از «حکایت» به عنوان یک ابزار، استفاده کند. استفاده از «حکایت»، تبدیل قصۀ «من» به «ما» را آسان می کند و موجب همراهی می شود. «حکایت» موجب خلق بحران و اضطرار شدید می شود و الزام نمایشی فراخوان مورد نظر «هدهد» را تشدید می کند. با استفاده از «حکایت» می توان خیر و منفعت جمعی را برجسته کرد و موجب تشدید جامعه پذیری و جهان بینی مشترک شد. ساخت های روایی، مفتون سازی و تسخیر ذهن را آسان می کنند و بر قدرت ترغیبی و متقاعدسازی زبان می افزایند. در این مقاله تلاش می شود تا اهمیت و ضرورت استفاده از «حکایت» در متن منطق الطیر، با روش کیفی و تحلیلی – توصیفی ، مورد بررسی و نقد کارکردشناختی قرار گیرد.

James Grimmelmann

If code is law, then the language of law is a programming language. Lawyers and legal scholars can learn about law by studying programming-language theory, and programming-language tools can be usefully applied to legal problems. This article surveys the history of research on programming languages and law and presents ten promising avenues for future efforts. Its goals are to explain how the combination of programming languages and law is distinctive within the broader field of computer science and law, and to demonstrate with concrete examples the remarkable power of programming-language concepts in this new domain.

Fuxiang Chen, Fatemeh Fard, David Lo et al.

A recent study by Ahmed and Devanbu reported that using a corpus of code written in multilingual datasets to fine-tune multilingual Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) achieves higher performance as opposed to using a corpus of code written in just one programming language. However, no analysis was made with respect to fine-tuning monolingual PLMs. Furthermore, some programming languages are inherently different and code written in one language usually cannot be interchanged with the others, i.e., Ruby and Java code possess very different structure. To better understand how monolingual and multilingual PLMs affect different programming languages, we investigate 1) the performance of PLMs on Ruby for two popular Software Engineering tasks: Code Summarization and Code Search, 2) the strategy (to select programming languages) that works well on fine-tuning multilingual PLMs for Ruby, and 3) the performance of the fine-tuned PLMs on Ruby given different code lengths. In this work, we analyze over a hundred of pre-trained and fine-tuned models. Our results show that 1) multilingual PLMs have a lower Performance-to-Time Ratio (the BLEU, METEOR, or MRR scores over the fine-tuning duration) as compared to monolingual PLMs, 2) our proposed strategy to select target programming languages to fine-tune multilingual PLMs is effective: it reduces the time to fine-tune yet achieves higher performance in Code Summarization and Code Search tasks, and 3) our proposed strategy consistently shows good performance on different code lengths.

Benjamin Chetioui, Jaakko Järvi, Magne Haveraaen

Context: Generic programming, as defined by Stepanov, is a methodology for writing efficient and reusable algorithms by considering only the required properties of their underlying data types and operations. Generic programming has proven to be an effective means of constructing libraries of reusable software components in languages that support it. Generics-related language design choices play a major role in how conducive generic programming is in practice. Inquiry: Several mainstream programming languages (e.g. Java and C++) were first created without generics; features to support generic programming were added later, gradually. Much of the existing literature on supporting generic programming focuses thus on retrofitting generic programming into existing languages and identifying related implementation challenges. Is the programming experience significantly better, or different when programming with a language designed for generic programming without limitations from prior language design choices? Approach: We examine Magnolia, a language designed to embody generic programming. Magnolia is representative of an approach to language design rooted in algebraic specifications. We repeat a well-known experiment, where we put Magnolia's generic programming facilities under scrutiny by implementing a subset of the Boost Graph Library, and reflect on our development experience. Knowledge: We discover that the idioms identified as key features for supporting Stepanov-style generic programming in the previous studies and work on the topic do not tell a full story. We clarify which of them are more of a means to an end, rather than fundamental features for supporting generic programming. Based on the development experience with Magnolia, we identify variadics as an additional key feature for generic programming and point out limitations and challenges of genericity by property. Grounding: Our work uses a well-known framework for evaluating the generic programming facilities of a language from the literature to evaluate the algebraic approach through Magnolia, and we draw comparisons with well-known programming languages. Importance: This work gives a fresh perspective on generic programming, and clarifies what are fundamental language properties and their trade-offs when considering supporting Stepanov-style generic programming. The understanding of how to set the ground for generic programming will inform future language design.

مرتضی مردیها

چکیده:عقل و عشق دو اسم معنا هستند و مثل اغلب اسامی معنا، مفهومی کشسان داشتهاند. فیلسوفان و عارفان و شاعرانِ حکیم هرکدام به نوعی در تعریف و تحدید حدود یا تعریض حدود آنها سخن گفتهاند. در قالب یک نگاه بین‌رشته‌ای، ادبیات از یک سو، فلسفه (و روان‌شناسی شناخت)، از سوی دیگر، این مقاله در قالب یک تحلیل محتوای مقایسه‌ای، سیر تحول معنایی این دو واژه را در شاهنامه، پنج‌گنج و مثنوی پی می‌گیرد و از دلیل تفاوت دو مقام گفتار و کردار در اقبال به آنها پرسش می‌کند. بنا بر آنچه یافته شد، فردوسی عقل و عشق را در معانی نزدیک به عرف عمومی کاربرد آنها به کار گرفته؛ نظامی عشق بشری و زمینی را در اعلی درجۀ آن توضیح و بازنمایی کرده است و اشارات اولیه و بسط نایافته‌ای هم به مفاهیمی چون «عقل کلی» و «عقل تحت هدایت وحی» داشته است؛ مولوی در این کار به شکلی شاخص شالوده‌شکن بوده و معانی معنوی و آیینی به‌کلی متفاوتی بر این مفاهیم حمل کرده که تا مرز اشتراک لفظی پیش رفته است. در قالب یک تناقض‌نما، تعابیر مولوی از عقل و عشق، تاحدی به دلیل روش غیراستدلالی آن و دشواری درک و سختی اجرا، در یک فضای گفتاری اشرافیت معنوی محدود شد و کاربرد عمومی و عملی این دو مفهوم به نگاه و نمادپردازی اعتدالی نظامی و به ویژه فردوسی نزدیک ماند؛ در حالی‌که از حیث اشتهار و احترام ماجرا برعکس این است.

Shahnaz Akhtar

<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Man is superior to other living beings because he uses language and expresses his views through an artistic way. Poetry is very natural among other genres of literature. Poetry is a combination of different forms of art like music, sculpture, dance and painting etc. Poetry is created through imagination and scenses. Modern urdu poetry especially modern urdu poem and other genres have been introduced under the impact and influence of English literature, Women&rsquo;s contribution in poetry is a clear sign of new and different approaches in relation between women writers and literature. In this article female&rsquo;s contribution in jadeed Nazm (free verse) has been highlighted especially. The well known poetess &ldquo;Nigah Zahra&rdquo; has been discussed, because she has been contributed creative work especially in poetry by visual images and senses and present a descriptive work in free verse by using five senses.</span></p>

Maryam Kahvand

Today the design development and management of its process has become increasingly important. Based on the book review model, this article examines and critiques a book in the field of design development and planning with the aim of recognizing the features of design texts. “The Design Brief book” contains a collection of discussions, lectures and seminars by a well-known director and consultant of design strategies in the field of organizational identity management. The book content is written in two general sections: Design brief and design management. This descriptive-analytical study pays attention to the visual and technical characteristics of the book as well as the meaning of the content text. Considering the visual literacy of book’s audience, the color combination of the cover, lettering, and page layout of the book, needs to be revised and edited. Also, the lack of visualization and image tools leads to poor functioning and less attractiveness of the pages. The findings of the research in the study of the text indicate that the content of the book lacks an analytical approach to the subjects. The thematic relationship between the content of some chapters is not sufficiently coherent, although it does include some key points in the design of cryptographic design and design management.

فرزانه خدابنده, مینا رمضانی

توالی‌های کلیشه‌ای (Formulaic Sequences) در زبان‌های مختلف مورد توجه پژوهشگران قرار گرفته‌اند. این پژوهش با هدف مقایسه توالی‌های کلیشه‌ای در سخنرانی‌ها در زبان انگلیسی به‌عنوان مشترک(Lingua Franca) و زبان انگلیسی به‌عنوان زبان بومی (Native Language) انجام شده است. افزون بر این، این پژوهش تلاش کرده است تا کارکردهای متنی و ساختاری توالی‌های کلیشه‌ای را در محتوای دو سخنرانی ارزیابی کند. در نهایت، این پژوهش به‌هدف یافتن جایگاه توالی‌های کلیشه‌ای در جمله انجام شد. به‌این منظور، دو پیکره، یکی رونوشتهای انگلیسی محاوره‌ای غیربومی و دیگری نوشته‌های انگلیسی محاوره‌ای آکادمیک دانشگاه میشیگان برای بررسی انتخاب شدند. از هر گروه، 50000 واژه گزینه شد. همچنین در این پژوهش از نرم‌افزار Antconc برای دستیابی به‌اهداف پژوهش استفاده شد. 638 توالی کلیشه‌ای از پژوهش‌های گذشته استخراج شد و یک به‌یک در پیکره مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. این توالی‌ها براساس اهداف پژوهش و از زوایای مختلف مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که گوینده‌های غیر بومی، بیشتر از گوینده‌های بومی، از توالی‌های کلیشه‌ای استفاده می‌کنند. ضمن اینکه، بیشترین کارکرد متنی مورد استفاده در هر دو گروه گوینده‌های بومی و غیر بومی، کارکرد متنی مکانی- زمانی بود و عبارات قیدی بیشترین ساختار مورد استفاده توسط هر دو گروه بود. افزون بر این، دو گروه مورد مطالعه، از جایگاه‌های آغازین، بیشتر از سایر جایگاه‌ها استفاده کردند. بطور کلی، پژوهش حاضر کاربرد فراوانی برای دانشجویان، مدرسان و تدوین‌کنندگان برنامه‌های تحصیلی و آموزشی دارد.

Meysam Ghahreman

The main concern of this paper is to counter the ruling rationality of the humanities, which makes writings and classrooms of “Riskless and timely Foucault”. The rationality that has appropriated Foucault to reproduce the student-teacher relationship and write treatises and scientific books. According to this rationality, first, Foucault is Periodize, and then these periods are taught by a professor who, as a subject, is confronted with Foucault’s object and strictly observes the method of scientific references while truth Foucault (Truth does not mean the exact references of the subject to the object of Foucault’s works) is an untimely Foucault that develops an immanent life in the present. Therefore, in order to counter the academic Foucault, it is necessary to provide a reading of the Foucault that has no Periodization (One should not even understand the periods in relation to each other) because these Periodizations make it possible that Foucault can be conquered by the forces of academic rationality. As a result, Foucault’s method should be considered as a subjectification and continuous production of the untimely, whereby the subjugation of knowledge and relations of power are immanent subjects as an immanent life.

Krasimir Yordzhev

Context-free languages are widely used to describe the syntax of programming languages and natural languages. Usually, we describe a context-free language mathematically with the help of context-free grammar (for generation) or pushdown automata (for recognition). The purpose of this study is to describe some unconventional methods of description of context-free languages, namely a representation with the help of finite digraphs and with automata - generators of context-free languages. We will mainly focus on the mathematical models of these representations.

Muhammad Ikram Chughtai

Leitner was Hungarian by birth and &ldquo;an Austrian Subject&rdquo;. As an intelligent young student he learnt the major languages of the Islamic countries (e.g. Arabic, Turkish, Persian and later on Urdu) and completed the Islamic studies from the well-known madrassahs of Istanbul. After migration to England (September 1858), he first got admitted in King&rsquo;s College, London, where, later on, he became the Professor of Arabic studies. In 1862, he decided to surrender his Austro-Hungarian citizenship and tried to get the naturalization of England. For this purpose, he completed all the relevant procedural formalities and finally succeeded in becoming citizen of Great Britain afterwards. Luckily, all the hand-written documents relating to his case of naturalization are safely preserved in the library of the Public Record Office, London.1 Still unpublished, all the material, contained in this file is being revealed in this article.