Hasil untuk "Homeopathy"

Srishankar Bairy, Don Gregory Mascarenhas, Archana Bhat et al.

Background: Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology, histologically defined by noncaseating granulomas. In tuberculosis (TB)-endemic regions like India, it is frequently misdiagnosed as TB due to overlapping clinical and radiological features. Such misdiagnosis may lead to inappropriate treatment, with potentially harmful outcomes. Aims and Objectives:To highlight the clinical utility of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided lymph node sampling in differentiating sarcoidosis from pulmonary tuberculosis, and to emphasize the importance of accurate diagnosis in guiding appropriate treatment and minimizing adverse effects. Materials and Methods: This case series includes seven patients who presented with symptoms such as nonproductive cough, low-grade fever, and weight loss. All patients underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the chest, which revealed multiple enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. Three patients were previously started on empirical anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) based on clinicoradiological findings. EBUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and biopsies were performed under general anesthesia. Histopathological examination was carried out along with GeneXpert testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) level estimation. Results: Histopathology revealed nonnecrotizing granulomas composed of epithelioid cells and histiocytes in all cases, consistent with sarcoidosis. Serum ACE levels were elevated, and GeneXpert results were negative for TB in all patients. Based on these findings, ATT was discontinued in the three affected patients, and all seven were started on immunosuppressive therapy. Significant clinical improvement was noted on follow-up. Conclusion: In TB-endemic settings, distinguishing sarcoidosis from tuberculosis remains a diagnostic challenge. EBUS facilitates safe and accurate sampling of mediastinal lymph nodes, enabling histological confirmation. Correct diagnosis is crucial, as initiating immunosuppressants in TB can be hazardous, while ATT is ineffective in sarcoidosis. This case series underscores the pivotal role of EBUS in preventing misdiagnosis and guiding targeted therapy in granulomatous lung diseases.

Nayana P. Barde, Pradip B. Barde, Ajay O. Dahad et al.

Introduction: Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) is a prevalent condition contributing to a spectrum of physical and psychological symptoms during the menstrual cycle. Heart rate variability (HRV) stands as a potential tool to delve into the autonomic nervous system’s intricacies. This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by investigating the relationship between HRV and PMS while concurrently evaluating the efficacy of individualised homoeopathic interventions in managing PMS. Materials and Methods: A prospective case–control study was conducted from August 2020 to April 2021, involving 37 young females aged 16–45 years with diagnosed PMS. Participants were selected through purposive sampling, meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria and were randomised into the case (homoeopathy intervention) and control (placebo) groups. Individualised homoeopathic medicines were administered to the case group, while the control group received a placebo. Both groups were followed for 6 months. Autonomic function was assessed using HRV, employing NICOMON, and clinical improvement was evaluated through the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ). Statistical analysis included paired t-tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Out of the initially screened 37 subjects, 31 completed the study. The homoeopathy group (n = 15) demonstrated a highly significant improvement in MDQ scores compared to the placebo (n = 16) group (P < 0.00001). HRV analysis revealed significant increases in total power, low-frequency, high-frequency, root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences, NN50 and pNN50%, indicating enhanced autonomic modulation and parasympathetic dominance in the homoeopathy group (P < 0.001, P = 0.006, P = 0.006, P = 0.039, P < 0.001 and P = 0.013, respectively). The miasmatic analysis highlighted an 80% prevalence of sycotic miasm in the PMS cases. Conclusion: Individualised homoeopathic interventions resulted in substantial improvements in autonomic function, as evidenced by HRV metrics, and clinical symptoms in PMS patients. The study sheds light on the potential therapeutic impact of homoeopathy in achieving autonomic balance and relieving PMS symptoms. While acknowledging the study’s limitations, including sample size, these findings suggest avenues for further research in this domain.

Gopal Singh Charan

Alarm fatigue has become a significant concern for intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. The incessant flood of alarms can result in desensitization, negatively affecting both nurses and consequently, patient care. This article delves into the struggles ICU nurses encounter due to alarm fatigue, its repercussions, and potential strategies to tackle the problem. By comprehending and addressing alarm fatigue, healthcare professionals can foster a safer and more efficient work environment for ICU nurses.

Nahla E. El-Ashmawy, Naglaa F. Khedr, Mohamed N. Shaban et al.

Abstract Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most serious manifestation of coronary artery disease. The initial ischemia in AMI causes biochemical and metabolic alterations in cardiomyocytes. Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the biomolecular mechanisms underlying cardioprotective effects of diallyl trisulfide (DATS) as well as captopril (CAP) in isoproterenol (ISO) induced AMI focusing on autophagy & PI3K/Akt signaling. Methods Seventy male Albino rats were divided into seven groups as follows: Normal control, ISO, ISO + LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), DATS+ISO, CAP+ISO, DATS+LY294002 + ISO, and CAP+LY294002 + ISO. All treatments (40 mg/kg DATS, 50 mg/kg CAP & 0.3 mg/kg LY294002) were given daily for two weeks before ISO injection (85 mg/kg for 2 days). At the end of the experiment, serum and cardiac tissues were collected. Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) were measured. Cardiac glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), malondialdehyde (MDA), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), autophagy proteins (P62 & LC3IIB) and gene expression of PI3K, Akt, FOXO-1, and eNOS were assessed. Histopathological examination of heart tissue was performed. Results DATS and CAP significantly (p < 0.01) decreased serum CK-MB and cTnI, cardiac levels of MDA, HIF-1α, p62 and LC3IIB along with an increase in GSH-px activity compared with ISO group. Moreover, DATS and CAP significantly up-regulated PI3K, Akt, and eNOS gene expression but down-regulated FOXO-1 expression compared to ISO group. However, LY294002 reversed DATS and CAP cardioprotective effects. Conclusion DATS and CAP prior treatment proved cardioprotective effects via modulation of autophagy, PI3K/Akt signaling, eNOS and FOXO-1 downregulation in ISO induced AMI rat model.

Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian, Wenli Sun, Qi Cheng

Abstract Background Medicinal plants are potential source of natural products that play an important role in preventing different human diseases. P. harmala is used traditionally as emmenagogue and an abortifacient agent in the Middle East, North of Africa and West of China. It belongs to the family of Zygophyllaceae and it is a wild growing flowering plant. Its seeds are main medicinal part of the plant. Methods The current searching was done by the keywords in main indexing systems including PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Institute for Scientific Information Web of Science as well as the search engine of Google Scholar. The keywords were wild rue, traditional medicine, Harman, health benefits, and pharmaceutical science. Results The most important uses of P. harmala in traditional pharmaceutical sciences are in cardiovascular, gasterointestinal, nervous, endocrine, neoplasm and tumors, pain relieving, organisms, diabetes, respiratory, disinfectant, anti-pyretic, skin and hair, rheumatism, arthritis and inflammation, and ulcers. Pharmacological effects of P. harmala are in cardiovascular system, nervous system, antimicrobial effects, antineoplasm, nervous system, endocrine, gastrointestinal effects, osteocytes, endocrine and respiratory system. Phenolic compounds are the main reason of antioxidant capacity. Conclusions Due to its pharmacological activities, P. harmala is a high potential medicinal herb and the suggestion is to increases by doing research in efficacy and safety.

Amirhossein Sakhteman PhD, Ardalan Pasdaran PhD, Mehdi Afifi PharmD et al.

Aromatic herbal remedies, hydrosols, and essential oils are widely used for women’s hormonal health. Scientific investigation of their major constituents may prevent unwanted infertility cases, fetal abnormalities, and drug-herb interactions. It also may lead to development of new medications. A list of 265 volatile molecules (mainly monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) were prepared from a literature survey in Scopus and PubMed (2000-2019) on hydrosols and essential oils that are used for women’s hormonal and reproductive health conditions. The PDB (protein data bank) files of the receptors (136 native PDB files) that involve with oxytocin, progesterone, estrogen, prolactin, acetyl choline, androgen, dopamine, human chorionic gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, aromatase, and HER2 receptors were downloaded from Protein Data Bank. An in silico study using AutoDock 4.2 and Vina in parallel mode was performed to investigate possible interactions of the ligands with the receptors. Drug likeliness was investigated for the most active molecules using DruLiTo software. Aristola-1(10),8-diene, bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen), α-bergamotene, bicyclogermacrene, α-bisabolol oxide A, α-bisabolone oxide, p -cymen-8-ol, 10-epi elemol, α-elemol, β-eudesmol, 7- epi -β-eudesmol, ficusin, β-humulene, methyl jasmonate, nerolidol, pinocarvone, (+)-spathulenol, and thujone had better interactions with some androgen, aromatase, estrogen, progesterone, HER2, AChR, and/or dopamine receptors. Most of these molecules had an acceptable drug likeliness except for α-bergamotene, bicyclogermacrene, β-humulene, and aristola-1(10),8-diene. Some volatile natural molecules can be considered as lead compound for drug development to treat hormonal conditions.

Nadine Ijaz

While the principle of risk reduction increasingly underpins health professional regulatory models across the globe, concepts of risk are neither static nor epistemically neutral. Conventional biomedicine's risk conceptions are substantially rooted in principles of scientific materialism, while many traditional and complementary medicine systems have vitalistic epistemic underpinnings that give rise to distinctive safety considerations. The statutory regulation of traditional and complementary medicine providers has been identified by the World Health Organization as a strategy for enhancing public safety. However, complex risk-related questions arise at the intersection of medical epistemologies whose concepts are at best overlapping, and at worst incommensurable. Elaborating a theoretical concept of “paradigm-specific risk conceptions,” this work employs Bacchi's poststructural mode of policy analysis (“What's the Problem Represented to Be?”) to critically analyze risk discourse in government documents pertaining to the 2015 statutory regulation of homeopathic practitioners in Ontario, Canada. The Ontario government's pre-regulatory risk assessments of the homeopathic occupation discursively emphasized cultural safety principles alongside homeopathy-specific risk conceptions. These paradigm-specific concepts, rooted in homeopathy's epistemic vitalism, extend beyond materialist constructions of adverse events and clinical omission to address potential harms from homeopathic “proving symptoms”, “aggravation,” and “disruption,” all considered implausible from a biomedical standpoint. Although the province's new homeopathy regulator subsequently articulated safety competencies addressing such vitalistic concepts, the tangible risk management strategies ultimately mandated for practitioners exclusively addressed risks consistent with the scientific materialist paradigm. This policy approach substantially echoes the implicit biomedical underpinnings evident in Ontario's broader legislative context, but leaves a significant policy gap regarding the primary safety considerations originally articulated as substantiation for homeopathy's statutory regulation. To optimally preserve patient safety and full informed consent, regulators of traditional and complementary medicine professionals should favor a pragmatic, epistemically-inclusive approach that actively negotiates paradigm-specific risk conceptions from both biomedicine and the occupation under governance.

Samuel Olufemi Bolarinde, Temitope Victor Owoyemi, Ayodeji Ojo Obaya et al.

Context: High school career educators educate and counsel senior students on choice of career. The pursuit of a career in physiotherapy depends largely on the information available to the students. Aims: The aim of the study is to investigate the level of awareness and perception of the physiotherapy profession among secondary school career educators. Settings and Design: The cross-sectional study recruited 49 secondary school career educators in both public and private secondary schools in Owo local government area of Ondo-state, South-western Nigeria. Subjects and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on the level of awareness and knowledge about physiotherapy. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were summarized using mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentiles. Results: About 95.5% of school career educators are aware of physiotherapy. 77.6% are aware that physiotherapy can be studied in university, while others believe that it can be studied in polytechnic (4.1%), college of education (2.0%), and technical schools (6.1%). 51.0% knew about adequate subject combination for gaining admission to study physiotherapy, while 49.0% did not know about the adequate subject combination. The overall knowledge score of <48.0% among school career educators indicated inadequate knowledge about physiotherapy practice, treatment modalities, and specialties. Conclusions: Secondary school career educators in this study demonstrated a high level of awareness about physiotherapy. However, their knowledge about the practice of physiotherapy, treatment modalities, specialties, and employability in institutions other than government own health facilities remains inadequate. The professional body of physiotherapy should organize programs aimed at improving the knowledge of secondary school career educators about the practice of physiotherapy.

Sujonitha John, M D Jaidev, Habeeb Ullah Khan et al.

Context: Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation that causes airway hyperresponsiveness. The diagnosis of asthma is mainly clinical, and chest X-rays are not required for the diagnosis or grading of severity of disease. Aim: The aim of this study is to look at the frequency of abnormalities and the pattern of abnormalities in chest X-rays done in children above 5 years admitted with acute asthma and to analyze if chest X-ray reports altered the ongoing treatment plan. Settings and Design: It was a retrospective study done in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: Data were collected from case records of children above 5 years admitted with acute asthma between November 2014 and October 2017. Statistical Analysis: The statistical analysis was done using Chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Results: A total of 114 children were included in the study, and 84 (74%) had chest X-rays performed of which 88% were normal. Nineteen (22.6%) complied with standard guidelines, and the reason for performing chest X-rays in these children was the presence of focal clinical chest signs. When there were focal clinical findings, the possibility that chest X-ray would be abnormal was 47.37%. When there were no focal clinical findings, the possibility that chest X-ray would be normal was 98.46%. The sensitivity of chest X-rays with clinical correlation was 90% and specificity was 86.48%. Hence, routine chest X-rays in the standard treatment of acute asthma are not necessary, especially when there are no focal clinical findings. Conclusion: Chest X-ray is not required in the management of acute asthma in children above 5 years responding to standard treatment. Chest X-rays should be ordered in the management of acute asthma only when indicated, thereby reducing unnecessary exposure to radiation.

Rodney Schmaltz, Scott O. Lilienfeld

Valiyaveettil Babitha, Chellappan Prasannakumary, ECK Ramesan et al.

Optic nerve avulsion is one of the severe complications of blunt ocular trauma. Although a rare entity, optic nerve avulsion should be suspected in all blunt trauma cases presenting with sudden marked visual loss accompanied with dense vitreous hemorrhage.

Sepideh Kolouri MD, PhDc, Babak Daneshfard MD, PhDc, Amir-Mohammad Jaladat MD, PhD et al.

The color of urine is an important factor in urine examination, which can help physicians differentiate various diseases. Today, it is known that certain dyes, drug intoxications, and diseases can induce green urine discoloration. In the view of traditional Persian medicine, which is based on humoral medicine, green urine discoloration is generally referred to the dominance of coldness in the body. In fact, it is considered to be a result of a special kind of humoral imbalance and fluid depletion or retention in the human body. Persian scholars believed that green urine could be an indicator of intoxication or a predictor of an imminent spasm or convulsion in pediatric patients. Further investigations could result in finding new diagnostic scales of urine color based on the teachings of traditional Persian medicine.

Arnab Dhar, Santosh Kumar Maurya, Ashish Mishra et al.

Background: Epilepsy is a serious and complex central nervous system disorder associated with recurrent episodes of convulsive seizures due to the imbalance between excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic) neurotransmitters level in the brain. The available treatments are neither competent to control the seizures nor prevent progress of disease. Since ages, Herbal medicines have remained important sources of medicines in many parts of world which is evidenced through their uses in traditional systems of medicine i.e. Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy and Chinese etc. Aim: A polyherbal formulation (containing Terminalia chebula Retz., Asparagus racemosus Willd., Embelia ribes Burm. F, Acorus calamus L., Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy, Saussurea lappa C.B.Clarke, Achyranthes aspera L.) is mentioned in Ayurvedic classics Bhaiṣajya Ratnāvali. The aim of the study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of the formulation in Maximum electroshock and Pentylenetetrazole induced convulsions in rats. Materials and Methods: In the present study, a polyherbal formulation was developed as directed by classical text and evaluated for the anticonvulsant activity using Maximal Electroshock Shock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced convulsions in rats. Statistical comparison was done by one way ANOVA followed by the Tukey's multiple comparison test. Results: The obtained results showed that the PHF had a protective role on epilepsy. Treatment with PHF significantly improves antioxidant enzymes activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels significantly as compared to controls. PHF also significantly decreased malonaldialdehyde (MDA) levels in the brain. Moreover, it also attenuated the PTZ-induced increase in the activity of GABA-T in the rat brain. Conclusion: These findings suggest that PHF might have possible efficacy in the treatment of epilepsy.

Mayur Bhobe, Naguesh Pai Kakode, Shubhlaxmi Pednekar et al.

Pseudolymphomas are a group of disorders, which clinically and histopathologically mimic lymphomas. A 38-year-old female presented with a plaque over the forehead. A biopsy revealed a nodular infiltrate of lymphocytes that was suggestive of pseudolymphoma. The lesion spontaneously regressed over 9 days of biopsy, leaving behind hyperpigmentation.

Sudipta Bhattacharyya, Atreyo Roy Chowdhury, Arghya Bandyopadhyay et al.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the commonest mesenchymal tumor of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly arising from the stomach but also arising from the omentum, mesentery, and retroperitoneum, which is called extragastrointestinal stromal tumor (EGIST). Rarely may these tumors undergo cystic changes due to central necrosis. In this report, we present a rare case of cystic EGIST, which was misdiagnosed as pelvic abscess by clinical, radiological, and even cytological evaluations. Excision biopsy and immunohistochemical study were required for a correct diagnosis.

Sonali Jain, Amit Kumar Singh, Jyoti Bajaj et al.

Context: The immunity in HIV-infected patients becomes low due to involvement of CD4 cells. The single best predictor of AIDS onset identified is the percentage or absolute number of circulating CD4+ T cells. However, providences in resource-constraint settings may not have access to this laboratory measurement, or its cost may be prohibitive resulting in the need for an alternative, surrogate marker. Hence, total lymphocyte count (TLC) was evaluated as a probable surrogate marker for CD4 count in this study. Aims: To evaluate the correlation of CD4 counts with the TLC for predicting the progression of HIV infection, and to determine a range of TLC cut-offs for predicting CD4 count <200 cells/μl, which is important for the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and opportunistic infection (OI) prophylaxis. Settings and Design: This study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology at Government Medical College, Aurangabad. Materials and Methods: A total of 250 HIV-positive patients were included in the study. Their Complete Blood count and CD4 count were measured and the TLC was computed. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS software version 10.0. Results: A positive correlation between TLC and CD4 count was observed in our study, highlighting the role of this surrogate marker in resource-limited settings. Further, a TLC cut-off of ≤1700 cells/μl was found to be the best predictor for a CD4 count <200 cells/μl. Conclusions: A general correlation between the surrogate marker TLC and expensive CD4 counts could be elicited for the population under study. A TLC cut-off of ≤1700 cells/μl was the best predictor of CD4 count <200 cells/μl. This study demonstrates the ability of TLC, whether used as a continuous or dichotomous data, to predict CD4 count or a CD4 count <200 cells/μl, respectively.

Alok Kumar, Shatish M Sharma, Narayan S Ingole et al.

Background: Blood transfusion having some risks of transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) in the recipients especially when blood is collected during window period. In Africa, about 10-15% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission had been related to blood transfusions. Aims: The aim of this study is to present the prevalence of TTIs among the apparently healthy donors, both voluntary as well as replacement donors. Settings and Design: This was a prospective study, carried out in a blood bank attached to a tertiary care hospital, Central India. Materials and Methods: All blood bags collected from these blood donors during the study period were screened for TTIs like hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg; Hepalisa, J. Mitra), anti-HIV antibodies (HIV Ab; HIV 3rd generation kit for detection of antibodies to HIV1 and HIV2, J. Mitra), anti-hepatitis C virus antibodies (HCV Ab; MicroELISA 3rd generation, J. Mitra), and Venereal Diseases Research Laboratory (VDRL) reactivity (Carbogen kit, Tulip Diagnostics). Serum were separated from all blood bags and serological test was performed according to the instructions provided by the manufacturers of respective kit. All seroreactive blood bags were considered as positive for TTIs and the blood bags were discarded. Statistical Analysis: A total of 10,582 blood donors were selected for blood donation after clinical history and brief medical examination by medical officer. Blood bags collected from them were screened for TTIs. Among the total blood bags screened, 273 (2.57%) were found positive for transfusion transmissible infectious diseases. Results: Among TTIs, the most common infection was hepatitis B followed by HIV infection in our study. Prevalence of coinfection in our study was very low (0.01%). Voluntary donations have low seroreactivity (2.40%) for TTIs as compared to replacement donations (3.20%). Conclusions: Multiple infections have a very small but definite risk to the recipients, recieving blood and blood products. Hepatitis B was the most common infection in our study. The incidence of coinfection was very low in our study. Prevalence of TTIs was more among replacement donors as compared to the voluntary donors. So, it is possible to improve the safety of blood and blood product by the promotion of voluntary donation, selection of low-risk donors, and use of highly sensitive laboratory screening test.

Meely Panda, Brij Mohan Vashisht

Objectives: The objective of this study was to find out practices related to delivery and antenatal care (ANC) among a group of females in a rural block of Haryana. Materials and Methods: We conducted a study in the block Lakhanmajra, which is a rural field practice area attached to Department of Community Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak. A total of 210 study subjects were selected out of a cluster sampling and they were interviewed by a pre-tested, semi structured schedule. Results: It was found that only 72% of females received ANC. Tetanus coverage was 95.7% and 4.3% females did not receive even a single dose of tetanus toxoid. More than half of the subjects (55%) were not consuming adequate number of iron folic acid tablets. Almost 24.7% deliveries were conducted at home and nearly 50% of deliveries were in government facility. Still 4.7% deliveries were attended by untrained persons. Conclusion: Uptake of the services provided is far from universal even in settings where they are widely available. Utilization of ANC services and promotion of institutional deliveries should be increased by enhancing awareness among females, ensuring availability of health staff, improving the quality of services in government setups and training of the entire untrained traditional birth attendant. ANC plays a critical role in preparing a woman and her family for child birth by establishing confidence between the woman and her health care provider.

V Sowmya, V R Venkataramanan, K P Vishnu Prasad

Introduction: The high resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new technique, which allows precise measurement of retinal thickness as well visualization of intraretinal layers, particularly the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). RNFL is a very sensitive structure, which gets damaged in various disease processes. Spectral domain OCT has been recently introduced in India and the normative profile of various measurements has not been established for the Indian population. Purpose of this study is to use OCT to evaluate the peripapillary variation in RNFL thickness in normal South Indian population. Materials and Methods: The study groups included 60 eyes of 30 normal individuals who underwent RNFL analysis using Topcon three-dimensional-OCT 2000. Descriptive statistical analysis has been carried out in the present study and significance was assessed at 5% level of significance. Paired t-test was used to obtain the P value. Results: In this study, average nerve fiber layer thickness along the 3.4-mm-diameter circle around the optic nerve head was 111.75 ± 4.83 μm. RNFL thickness was found to be more in the inferior quadrant followed by superior, nasal and temporal quadrant, suggesting that ISNT rule does apply to this subgroup of Indian population. Conclusion: This study concludes that RNFL thickness can be measured effectively using spectral domain OCT and should be considered while evaluating patients for diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma. The normative data provided by this study may assist in identifying changes in RNFL thickness in glaucoma and other optic nerve diseases in South Indian population.

J. Clausen, R. van Wijk, H. Albrecht