Hasil untuk "History of Spain"

Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo, Enrique Baquedano, Abel Moclan et al.

The role of megafaunal exploitation in early human evolution remains debated. Occasional use of large carcasses by early hominins has been considered by some as opportunistic, possibly a fallback dietary strategy, and for others a more important survival strategy. At Olduvai Gorge, evidence for megafaunal butchery is scarce in the Oldowan of Bed I but becomes more frequent and widespread after 1.8 Ma in Bed II, coinciding with the emergence of Acheulean technologies, but not functionally related to the main Acheulian tool types. Here, we present the earliest direct evidence of proboscidean butchery, including a newly documented elephant butchery site (EAK). This shift in behavior is accompanied by larger, more complex occupation sites, signaling a profound ecological and technological transformation. Rather than opportunistic scavenging, these findings suggest a strategic adaptation to megafaunal resources, with implications for early human subsistence and social organization. The ability to systematically exploit large prey represents a unique evolutionary trajectory, with no direct modern analogue, since modern foragers do so only episodically.

Shruthi Patil, Noah Pflugradt, Jann M. Weinand et al.

High-resolution energy consumption and emissions datasets are essential for localized policy-making, resource optimization, and climate action planning. They enable municipalities to monitor mitigation strategies and foster engagement among governments, businesses, and communities. However, smaller municipalities often face data limitations that hinder tailored climate strategies. This study generates detailed final energy consumption and emissions data at the local administrative level for Germany and Spain. Using national datasets, we apply spatial disaggregation techniques with open data sources. A key innovation is the application of XGBoost for imputing missing data, combined with a stepwise spatial disaggregation process incorporating district- and province-level statistics. Prioritizing reproducibility, our open-data approach provides a scalable framework for municipalities to develop actionable climate plans. To ensure transparency, we assess the reliability of imputed values and assign confidence ratings to the disaggregated data.

Ana Llorens, Alvaro Torrente

The exceptional reception of Pietro Metastasio's works during the eighteenth century, all over Europe and in the Iberian Peninsula in particular, is well documented. Due to that unparalleled success, it is possible to ascertain Spain and Portugal's participation in international, contemporary tastes and artistic webs, applicable to both composers and performers. However, this internationalisation needs to be nuanced, as some characteristics of the repertoire specifically written for the Peninsula indicate that their court audiences may have had expectations, both social and strictly musical, different from those of the public in opera theatres elsewhere in the continent. In this light, this article investigates in what ways the style of five composers in the international scene - Perez, Galuppi, Jommelli, Conforto, and Corselli - varied when commissioned to write opera seria for the Iberian courts. The statistical analysis of fifteen settings especially written for the court theatres in Madrid and Lisbon, in comparison to the average data extracted from a corpus of 2,404 arias from 126 versions of a select number of Metastasian librettos, allows us to evaluate some particular usages regarding key, metre, tempo, and treatment of the vocal part. In this manner, through quantitative analysis, this article places eighteenth-century Iberian music production and consumption in the context of European opera seria, while ultimately suggesting that its unique musical characteristics were also partly dependent on local musical customs, gender stereotypes, and personal idiosyncrasies alike.

Guillermo León, Valentina Infante-Batiste, Paloma Aguilar

Donald C. Chang

Science is about facts and truth. Yet sometimes the truth and facts are not obvious. For example, in the field of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), there has been a long-lasting debate about who were the major contributors in its development. Particularly, there was a strong dispute between the followers of two scientists, R. Damadian and P. Lauterbur. In this review, we carefully trace the major developments in applying NMR for cancer detection starting almost 50 years ago. The research records show that the truth was beyond the claims of either research camps. The development of NMR for cancer detection involved multiple research groups, who made critical contributions at different junctures.

Jose González-Abad, José Manuel Gutiérrez

Deep Learning (DL) has shown promise for downscaling global climate change projections under different approaches, including Perfect Prognosis (PP) and Regional Climate Model (RCM) emulation. Unlike emulators, PP downscaling models are trained on observational data, so it remains an open question whether they can plausibly extrapolate unseen conditions and changes in future emissions scenarios. Here we focus on this problem as the main drawback for the operationalization of these methods and present the results of an intercomparison experiment to evaluate the performance and extrapolation capability of existing models using a common experimental framework, taking into account the sensitivity of results to different training replicas. We focus on minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation over Spain, a region with a range of climatic conditions with different influential regional processes. We conclude with a discussion of the findings, limitations of existing methods, and prospects for future development.

Petra Saskia Bayerl, Babak Akhgar, Ernesto La Mattina et al.

This paper investigates citizens' counter-strategies to the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by law enforcement agencies (LEAs). Based on information from three countries (Greece, Italy and Spain) we demonstrate disparities in the likelihood of ten specific counter-strategies. We further identified factors that increase the propensity for counter-strategies. Our study provides an important new perspective to societal impacts of security-focused AI applications by illustrating the conscious, strategic choices by citizens when confronted with AI capabilities for LEAs.

Giovanni Viglietta

In the theoretical study of distributed communication networks, "history trees" are a discrete structure that naturally models the concept that anonymous agents become distinguishable upon receiving different sets of messages from neighboring agents. By conveniently organizing temporal information in a systematic manner, history trees have been instrumental in the development of optimal deterministic algorithms for networks that are both anonymous and dynamically evolving. This note provides an accessible introduction to history trees, drawing comparisons with more traditional structures found in existing literature and reviewing the latest advancements in the applications of history trees, especially within dynamic networks. Furthermore, it expands the theoretical framework of history trees in new directions, also highlighting several open problems for further investigation.

William J. Wolf

I apply Dawid's Meta-Empirical Assessment (MEA) methodology to the theory of cosmological inflation. I argue that applying this methodology does not currently offer a compelling case for ascribing non-empirical confirmation to cosmological inflation. In particular, I argue that despite displaying strong instances of Unexpected Explanatory Coherence (UEA), it is premature to evaluate the theory on the basis of the No Alternatives Argument (NAA). More significantly though, I argue that the theory of cosmological inflation fails to sustain a convincing Meta-Inductive Argument (MIA) because the empirical evidence and theoretical successes that it seeks to draw meta-empirical support from do not warrant a meta-inductive inference to inflation. I conclude by assessing how future developments could pave the way towards crafting a more compelling case for the non-empirical confirmation of cosmological inflation.

Olga Viberg, René F. Kizilcec, Ioana Jivet et al.

Applications of learning analytics (LA) can raise concerns from students about their privacy in higher education contexts. Developing effective privacy-enhancing practices requires a systematic understanding of students' privacy concerns and how they vary across national and cultural dimensions. We conducted a survey study with established instruments to measure privacy concerns and cultural values for university students in five countries (Germany, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and the United States; N = 762). The results show that students generally trusted institutions with their data and disclosed information as they perceived the risks to be manageable even though they felt somewhat limited in their ability to control their privacy. Across the five countries, German and Swedish students stood out as the most trusting and least concerned, especially compared to US students who reported greater perceived risk and less control. Students in South Korea and Spain responded similarly on all five privacy dimensions (perceived privacy risk, perceived privacy control, privacy concerns, trusting beliefs, and non-self-disclosure behavior), despite their significant cultural differences. Culture measured at the individual level affected the antecedents and outcomes of privacy concerns more than country-level culture. Perceived privacy risk and privacy control increase with power distance. Trusting beliefs increase with a desire for uncertainty avoidance and lower masculinity. Non-self-disclosure behaviors rise with power distance and masculinity, and decrease with more uncertainty avoidance. Thus, cultural values related to trust in institutions, social equality and risk-taking should be considered when developing privacy-enhancing practices and policies in higher education.

Niels C. M. Martens, Miguel Ángel Carretero Sahuquillo, Erhard Scholz et al.

Editorial of a special issue on dark matter & modified gravity, distributed across the journals Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics and Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. Published version of the open access editorial (in SHPS) available here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.08.015. The six papers are collected here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science-part-b-studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-modern-physics/special-issue/10CR71RJLWM.

Marcella Trambaioli

La fenêtre en tant qu’espace frontière entre la maison de la dame et la rue peuplée d’hommes et de gourgandines est un motif très récurrent dans le premier théâtre lopesque, caractérisé par des situations moralement scabreuses, et il est vrai qu’elle s’avère fonctionnelle pour un éventail de personnages très variés : de la prostituée frivole à la jeune ingénue, de la matrone vertueuse à la servante grossière, du bouffon fripon au jeune premier audacieux, sans oublier le ruffian fanfaron. Les exemples glanés dans le répertoire de la maturité et de la senectute montrent une tendance à éliminer la figure de la femme à la fenêtre pour laisser place à des dames honnêtes qui s’approchent d’une fenêtre et regardent à travers les persiennes pour éviter que les dangers de l’extérieur ne viennent les affecter ; on peut aussi apprécier des usages métaphoriques suggestifs de cet espace frontalier et le développement de potentialités burlesques inédites comme celle du galant à la fenêtre.

Nicole Henares

The petenera is part of the most jondo of flamenco and it offers a lens into the ways the history of Al-Andalus’s 800 years of tolerance and the violence of the Inquisition are always swirling around us. Discovering the recording of a petenera recorded by my great-aunt and uncle has allowed for me a lens into their history, the history of my family, and the invisible immigrants who emigrated not so legally via Hawaii’s sugar plantations. In 1912, my great-aunt and uncle were among the “human freight” that came from Andalusia to work on the Hawaiian sugar plantations. My Uncle Jose was a migrant worker. He was never a professional flamenco singer. Singing flamenco helped him find peace and cope with what we know now was PTSD but then was called “schizophrenia.” My aunt and my uncle recorded a petenera shortly after they became American citizens. In 1924 the United States started an immigration quota on Spain, declared it a “shithole country” that was sending over only anarchists and deviants. In 1953 the Rosenburgs were executed and the United States made a deal with Franco to have a naval base at Ronda. I do not know which of these events most influenced the recording of this song, or my Aunt and Uncle finally being able to become citizens. Looking at this history offers a warning and an encouragement: We need more cultural pluralism instead of cultural puritanism, and we need more empathy- especially when it comes to immigration, and trying to imagine a world sin fronteras.

Balparda K, Herrera-Chalarca T, Silva-Quintero LA et al.

Kepa Balparda,1,2 Tatiana Herrera-Chalarca,3 Laura Andrea Silva-Quintero,4 Sneider Alexander Torres-Soto,4 Claudia Marcela Vanegas-Ramírez5 1Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Black Mammoth Surgical, Medellín, Colombia; 2Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; 3Department of Clinical Research, Black Mammoth Surgical, Medellín, Colombia; 4General Physician, Medicarte, Medellín, Colombia; 5Department of Ophthalmology, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, ColombiaCorrespondence: Kepa BalpardaClínica de Oftalmología Sandiego, Carrera 43 #29– 35, Consultorio 712, Medellín, ColombiaEmail kb@kepabalparda.comBackground: Keratoconus is a disease characterized by progressive distortion of the corneal anatomy, coupled with a decrease in vision. Assessing quality of life (QoL) in keratoconus is essential. So far, no instrument in the world has been designed to evaluate both visual function and emotional distress in this population. The purpose of the following study is to develop and validate the “Keratoconus End-Points Assessment Questionnaire” (KEPAQ) in a population of ectatic patients, the very first disease-specific scale to measure emotional latent traits in keratoconus.Methods: A last generation, Rasch analysis method was used for scale validation. First, a number of focus groups were carried out to create a pool of potential items. Then, a series of processes (such as “Content Validity Index”) was carried out to develop a prior, 20-question version of the KEPAQ. Then, a study including 150 keratoconus patients was performed, followed by a careful Rasch analysis to validate and optimize both sub-scales (Emotional Compromise, KEPAQ-E, and Functional Compromise, KEPAQ-F).Results: Initially, 86 items were considered as potential elements. After test optimization, 20 items were retained. A total of 150 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of keratoconus were included for the Rasch analysis. The mean age was 29.84 ± 9.96 years. In 150 patients, 12.6% had a history of keratoplasty, 46.0% had corneal rings, and 31.3% had crosslinking. For both sub-scales, misfitting items were removed until no misfitting was determined by repetitive Rasch runs. For the final version of the KEPAQ-E sub-scale, variance explained by the model was 62.4% with a dimensional scale. Person Separation Index and Person Number of Strata were 2.43 and 3.57, respectively. For the final version of the KEPAQ-F sub-scale, variance explained by the model was 61.3% with a unidimensional scale. Person Separation Index and Person Number of Strata were 3.19 and 4.59, respectively. Both sub-scales showed excellent Person Reliability.Conclusion: The KEPAQ is a robust scale, developed and validated through the latest theoretical models. It shows excellent psychometric properties, which render it extremely useful for both clinical and research use. To date, the KEPAQ is the only disease-specific scale worldwide to evaluate both functional and emotional compromise in keratoconus patients.Keywords: keratoconus, quality of life, vision ocular

Juan José Iglesias Rodríguez

Le commerce avec l’Amérique favorisa l’enrichissement et la rapide promotion sociale de nombreuses personnes et familles ayant atteint une position importante et une capacité non négligeable d’influence et de pouvoir dans les principales villes atlantiques andalouses de l’époque moderne. Ces agents notables de la Carrera de Indias obtinrent avec grande facilité honneurs et titres de noblesse exaltant le statut social obtenu. C’est pourquoi l’appellation de nouvelles élites nobiliaires atlantiques peut ainsi leur être appliquée avec à-propos. La tendance générale de ces élites, accumulant des propriétés immeubles et les liant de façon indivise, peut être interprétée comme une stratégie d'ascension sociale, et aussi comme le résultat d'un investissement calculé, basé sur la reconversion du capital liquide découlant des affaires atlantiques dans des propriétés rentables à court et à long terme.

Carlos Domper Lasús

ANGÉLICA PAJARÍN CANALES

This paper is part of a larger research project which investigates the emergence and professionalisation of the first generations of Spanish interpreters in the European Union, from a sociologicaland historical perspective. The interest in describing the professionalisation of this group is closely related to Contemporary Spanish History, since its creation runsparallel to Spainjoining the EU and the socio-political modernisationof the country. Our purpose is to gain a better understanding of the social background and the creation and evolutionof this professional group, while at the same time providing relevant historical and cultural information. This paper explores the socialand professional trajectories of a group of pioneer Spanish interpreters who, returning to Spain after some years in Belgium, still follow the interpretation practices in the EU. This research combines a quantitative and qualitative method respectively based on questionnaires and interviews. Bourdieu’s concepts(habitus, fieldand capital)and the sociology of professions, are applied in the discussion of the findings in the study,. The paper aims at illustrating the importance of understanding and studying interpreting as a socially embedded practice, given that interpreters act as historical and social agents in the processes in which they are involved. The findings,likewise,suggest that the concept of habitusis a key concept in the emergence of a profession, since it is socially and historically conditioned.

Tim Maudlin, Elias Okon, Daniel Sudarsky

We start by surveying the history of the idea of a fundamental conservation law and briefly examine the role conservation laws play in different classical contexts. In such contexts we find conservation laws to be useful, but often not essential. Next we consider the quantum setting, where the conceptual problems of the standard formalism obstruct a rigorous analysis of the issue. We then analyze the fate of energy conservation within the various viable paths to address such conceptual problems; in all cases we find no satisfactory way to define a (useful) notion of energy that is generically conserved. Finally, we focus on the implications of this for the semiclassical gravity program and conclude that Einstein's equations cannot be said to always hold.

Tianhao Yang, Zheng-Jun Zha, Hanwang Zhang

We study the multi-round response generation in visual dialog, where a response is generated according to a visually grounded conversational history. Given a triplet: an image, Q&A history, and current question, all the prevailing methods follow a codec (i.e., encoder-decoder) fashion in a supervised learning paradigm: a multimodal encoder encodes the triplet into a feature vector, which is then fed into the decoder for the current answer generation, supervised by the ground-truth. However, this conventional supervised learning does NOT take into account the impact of imperfect history, violating the conversational nature of visual dialog and thus making the codec more inclined to learn history bias but not contextual reasoning. To this end, inspired by the actor-critic policy gradient in reinforcement learning, we propose a novel training paradigm called History Advantage Sequence Training (HAST). Specifically, we intentionally impose wrong answers in the history, obtaining an adverse critic, and see how the historic error impacts the codec's future behavior by History Advantage-a quantity obtained by subtracting the adverse critic from the gold reward of ground-truth history. Moreover, to make the codec more sensitive to the history, we propose a novel attention network called History-Aware Co-Attention Network (HACAN) which can be effectively trained by using HAST. Experimental results on three benchmarks: VisDial v0.9&v1.0 and GuessWhat?!, show that the proposed HAST strategy consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art supervised counterparts.

Johannes Preiser-Kapeller

Based on palaeoenvironmental, historical and archaeological data, the paper proposes possible climatic impacts on the history of the Avar Khaganate, which comprised the Carpathian Basin between the late 6th and the early 9th century AD. While the establishment of the Avars in East Central Europe took place within a period characterised by cold and dry climatic conditions (recently identified as Late Antique Little Ice Age), more stable climatic parameters may have favoured the stabilisation of Avar rule after a crisis in the aftermath of 626 AD. Data indicates growth of settlement and agricultural activity up to the mid-8th century. These developments did not necessarily strengthen central power, but may have contributed to a greater autonomy of various groups on the basis of increased resources. The Khaganate quickly disintegrated faced by the Carolingian advance of the 790s; the last decades of documented Avar presence were again accompanied by environmental vicissitudes.