Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Sharon Choe

In William Blake’s The Book of Ahania (1795), the figure Fuzon is killed by his tyrant father Urizen before being sacrificed in a pseudo-Crucifixion scene. While the Christian iconography is apparent, a closer textual reading of his subsequent deformity reveals that this scene also has roots in the British eighteenth-century Northern antiquarianism, a literary and artistic movement interested in the ancient North. In his poetry, Blake’s engagement with Northern antiquarianism is visible in disabled and deformed figures that embody both liberation from and repression of State, religion, and nation. In The Book of Ahania, Blake examines the tension between Norse primitive warmongering and Gothic liberty as the foundations of a body politic—that of Urizen’s oppressive State Religion—where Fuzon’s death and deformity extends beyond Christological analogues to become a type of Odinic sacrifice. In this poem, I suggest that Fuzon transforms into a composite image of Odin-as-chieftain who seeks liberation from Rome, and Odin-as-priest. Thus, his Norse-coded sacrifice and deformity become a physical indicator of the ideological similarities between his original formulation as a liberator and his tyrannical father.

Hedvig Ølmheim

Korleis er det mogeleg å finne skeive perspektiv i eit fotomateriale som tilsynelatande ikkje har skeivt innhald? I denne artikkelen drøftar eg korleis museum og arkiv kan utfordre seg sjølve til å finne fram til desse historiene i eigne samlingar. Med utgangspunkt i Oddlaug Reiakvam sine verktøy for å analysere fotoarkiv vert privatbileta frå arkivet etter fotografen Elen Loftesnes tolka saman med eit utval andre kjelder. Arkivet gir oss eit unikt innblikk i Loftesnes og Mathilde Pettersen sitt samliv i ei vestlandsbygd på 1940-talet, korleis dei deltok i kvarandre sin familie, og kva rolle dei hadde i samfunnet. Eit i utgangspunktet taust fotomateriale fortel med dette ei viktig historie om livsval og mogelegheiter i vår nære fortid.

Jeang-Yean Goak

Alena Rezvukhina

Jay Lalonde

Adéla Ficová

John A. Matthews, Atle Nesje

Thomas Fritz

This paper starts with a short debate on the role of the research method of "linguistic landscapes", which is part of the ethnographic paradigm. It presents multilingualism, or rather metrolingualism in the market place; a space where languages meet and intermingle and multilingual repertoires collaborate to make linguistic actions possible. The socio-demographic element of linguistic landscapes is also shown in the existence of China Town in Vienna. Multilingualism "from below" is contrasted to the official language policies of the country.

M. Rendón-Anaya, Jonathan Wilson, S. Sveinsson et al.

Understanding local adaptation in plants from a genomic perspective has become a key research area given the ongoing climate challenge and the concomitant requirement to conserve genetic resources. Perennial plants, such as forest trees, are good models to study local adaptation given their wide geographic distribution, largely outcrossing mating systems and demographic histories. We evaluated signatures of local adaptation in European aspen (Populus tremula) across Europe by means of whole genome re-sequencing of a collection of 411 individual trees. We dissected admixture patterns between aspen lineages and observed a strong genomic mosaicism in Scandinavian trees, evidencing different colonization trajectories into the peninsula from Russia, Central and Western Europe. As a consequence of the secondary contacts between populations after the last glacial maximum (LGM), we detected an adaptive introgression event in a genome region of ∼500kb in chromosome 10, harboring a large-effect locus that has previously been shown to contribute to adaptation to the short growing seasons characteristic of northern Scandinavia. Demographic simulations and ancestry inference suggest an Eastern origin - probably Russian - of the adaptive Nordic allele which nowadays is present in a homozygous state at the north of Scandinavia. The strength of introgression and positive selection signatures in this region is a unique feature in the genome. Furthermore, we detected signals of balancing selection, shared across regional populations, that highlight the importance of standing variation as a primary source of alleles that facilitate local adaptation. Our results therefore emphasize the importance of migration-selection balance underlying the genetic architecture of key adaptive quantitative traits.

Finn-Einar Eliassen

Sammendrag Artikkelen diskuterer begrepet «maritime samfunn» på bakgrunn av hovedsakelig internasjonal litteratur, som kan gi empiriske, teoretiske og metodiske impulser til norsk lokal- og regionhistorie. Tidsrammen er tidlig nytid, spesielt perioden fra tidlig på 1600-tallet til begynnelsen av 1800-tallet, og eksemplene er hovedsakelig fra kystområdene på Agder og ved Skagerrak. Artikkelen har tre hovedformål: for det første å fremme «maritime samfunn» som en nyttig og viktig kategori i utforskningen og framstillingen av det norske så vel som det internasjonale samfunnet i tidlig nytid; dernest å oppfordre til å tenke på maritime samfunn som et viktig perspektiv i lokal- og regionhistorien; og sist, men ikke minst, å inspirere eller provosere til komparativ forskning på maritime samfunn på tvers av regioner og landegrenser, spesielt rundt Nordsjøen og Skagerrak-Kattegat, hvor utvekslingen av varer, mennesker og ideer har påvirket samfunn i ulike land og regioner.

Mojmír Jeřábek

K. Raffa, J. Powell

Lymantriidae (Lepidoptera) is a family of leaf-feeding insects that includes some of the most damaging forest pests worldwide. Species within this family vary widely in feeding specificity. We evaluated the ability of four species, Douglas fir tussock moth (Orgyia pseudotsugata McDunnough), nun moth (Lymantria monacha L. ), rusty tussock moth (Orgyia antiqua (L.)), and whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma (J. E. Smith)), to contend with one of the most ubiquitous and effective groups of plant defense compounds, terpenoids. We selected these species to provide a range of feeding specificities on conifer hosts, from obligate to occasional. We evaluated the effects of three monoterpenes (bornyl acetate, limonene, and myrcene) and two diterpene acids (isopimaric acid and neoabietic acid) on larval performance. Although these four species differ in their feeding ranges, utilization of conifers as hosts, and other life history processes, each shows a relatively high tolerance for conifer terpenes. The mean relative growth rates, relative consumption rates, and development times were not affected by these monoterpenes and diterpene acids when administered at concentrations present in the foliage of conifers in which they are most abundant. The most likely explanation seems to be metabolism, as a) no limonene or myrcene were recovered from frass or larvae, and b) borneol, an apparent metabolite of bornyl acetate, was recovered from frass of Douglas fir tussock moth, rusty tussock moth, and white-marked tussock moth, and from tissues of Douglas fir tussock moth and white-marked tussock moth. ____________________ Lymantriidae (Lepidoptera) is a family of folivorous insects with worldwide distribution. It contains some of the most important pests affecting trees in forest and urban settings (Schaefer 1989). In addition to native defoliators, several invasive species pose particular challenges to environmental quality and forest resources. This family of over 350 genera and 2500 species contains members ranging from monophagous to polyphagous. This diverse range of host breadths includes both angiosperm and conifer genera. Consequently, lymantriid larvae encounter a broad range of phytochemicals. Terpenes are among the largest groups of defensive chemicals occurring in plants (Gershenzon and Croteau 1991, Langenheim 1994). They occur in both angiosperm and gymnosperm trees (Staudt et al. 2001), but are generally more prevalent in the latter, especially conifers. In particular, monoterpenes and diterpene acids common in conifers exhibit a wide degree of efficacy against a broad range of herbivores, bacteria, and fungi (Trapp and Croteau 2001). Terpenes can negatively impact herbivores through toxic and deterrent effects (Gershenzon and Croteau 1991, Langenheim 1994). Toxicity may result from several mechanisms, including inhibition of ATP formation, interference with hormone production, and binding proteins or sterols in the gut (Langenheim 1994). Mechanisms of deterrence are less well characterized but may involve interaction with sensory receptors (Gershenzon and Croteau 1991). 1University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Department of Entomology, Madison, WI 53706 U.S.A. E-mail: raffa@entomology.wisc.edu. 2Present address: Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland. OR 97201. 1 Raffa and Powell: Tolerance of Plant Monoterpenes and Diterpene Acids by Four Speci Published by ValpoScholar, 2004 2004 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 117 Insect herbivores may metabolize phytochemicals, excrete them unchanged, passively accumulate them in body tissues, or actively sequester them for defense against predators (Blum 1981). Different species employ different mechanisms to process the same phytochemicals. Several characteristics have been proposed to explain this variation, including feeding breadth (Krieger et al. 1971, Gould 1984, Berenbaum 1991, Osborn and Jaffe 1998) and strategies of predator avoidance (Bowers and Puttick 1986). It is difficult to draw conclusions based on feeding breadth because most studies have compared taxonomically distant species, or species that feed on distantly related plants or phytochemicals. Therefore, we evaluated four species within a single family, that have overlapping host ranges, and whose behaviors range from specialist to generalist. In a more detailed study, we conducted similar evaluations of a fifth lymantriid, the highly polyphagous gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L. ), (Powell and Raffa 2003). The Douglas fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), is a specialist on conifers, feeding on only 2 genera. It is one of the most important pests of Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, white fir, Abies concolor, and grand fir, Abies grandis, in western North America (Wallner 1989). The nun moth, Lymantria monacha (L. ), feeds primarily on conifers, and to a lesser extent on angiosperms. Preferred conifer hosts include Picea, Pinus, Larix, and Abies (Grijpma 1989). Its native range extends from Western Europe to Siberia, and from southern Scandinavia to northern Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece and Bulgaria (Grijpma 1989). The rusty tussock moth, Orgyia antiqua (L. ), is found worldwide in northern regions. It feeds on all conifer genera except Juniperus, and on over 50 species of angiosperms (Wallner 1989). White-marked tussock moth, Orgyia leucostigma (J. E. Smith), feeds on over 140 tree species. Host trees are primarily angiosperms, but include some conifers. Its geographic range includes most of the central and eastern United States, and southern Canada (Wallner 1989). The purpose of this work was to a) evaluate effects of various terpenes on lymantriid larvae displaying a range of feeding specificities, and b) explore general categories by which lymantriid larvae likely contend with these phytochemicals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Insect sources and rearing. Douglas fir tussock moth egg masses were field collected in Idaho and Oregon, and obtained from a laboratory colony maintained by the Canadian Forest Service in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. Nun moth egg masses were obtained from laboratory colonies maintained by the USDA Forest Service in Ansonia, Connecticut, USA. Rusty tussock moth and white-marked tussock moth egg masses were obtained from laboratory colonies maintained by the Canadian Forest Service in Sault Sainte Marie, Ontario, Canada. All experiments were performed at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, except those with nun moth, which were performed at the USDA Forest Service Laboratory in Ansonia due to quarantine restrictions. Upon receipt, egg masses were surface sterilized in a solution of 97% (v/v) deionized water, 1% (v/v) tween (Polyoxy-sorbitan monooleate) and 2% (v/v) bleach (Chlorox: 5% hyperchlorite) for 3 minutes, then rinsed 3 times in deionized water. Egg masses were allowed to air dry for 30 minutes and placed individually in large petri dishes (d = 14.0 cm, h = 3.9 cm; TriState Plastics, Dixon, KY). Upon eclosion, larvae were fed an agarand wheat germ-based artificial (ICN gypsy moth) diet. Larvae were reared in growth chambers at 16:8 (L:D) h and 25° C. Larvae were offered fresh diet every other day until they reached the appropriate stadium. Nun moth larvae were fed agarand wheat germbased artificial diet amended with 3 ml of linseed oil per liter. 2 The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 37, No. 2 [2004], Art. 2 https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol37/iss2/2 118 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 37, Nos. 3 & 4 Bioassays. The monoterpenes bornyl acetate, limonene, and myrcene (Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, WI) were diluted individually in a 0.75% solution of Triton X 405 (triton) (Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, WI) in dH2O before being added to artificial diet (Powell and Raffa 1999). The diterpene acids isopimaric acid and neoabietic acid (Helix Biotechnologies, Canada) were dissolved in HPLC grade methanol (MeOH; Fisher Scientific) before being added to artificial diet (Powell and Raffa 1999). Excess methanol was evaporated under a gentle stream of nitrogen. Diet was amended with 0. 75 ml treatment per mg wet weight artificial diet. Larvae showing head capsule “slippage” just before ecdysis were isolated and placed in large petri dishes as above, without food. After 24 h, newly molted larvae were weighed and used in experiments. Individual larvae were placed in 40 ml cups (Polar Plastics, Winston-Salem, NC) and fed amended artificial diet. Newly amended diet was provided every 24 hours for the duration of the stadium. All uneaten diet was collected daily, dried, and weighed. Development time, relative consumption rates, and relative growth rates were calculated for each instar (Waldbauer 1968). Frass was collected daily and frozen until chemical analysis. Larvae and exuviae were collected after each larva molted into the next stadium, and kept frozen until chemical analysis. Three sets of experiments were performed. In the first set of experiments, bornyl acetate, limonene, and myrcene were tested individually at 0.01%, 0.1%, and 1.0%. The controls were distilled water and triton, separately. These experiments were conducted separately with second, third, and fourth instar Douglas fir tussock moths, rusty tussock moths, and white marked tussock moths. An additional group of 10 second instar larvae were tested at 5.0% bornyl acetate. In the second set of experiments, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a broad inhibitor of P450 enzymes (Brattsten and Metcalf 1970), was added to artificial diet (0.1%) in combination with monoterpenes to explore potential involvement of these enzymes in terpene metabolism. These experiments were performed using Douglas fir tussock moth, nun moth, rusty tussock moth, and white-marked tussock moth. Controls consisted of distilled water, triton, and PBO. The third set of experiments was conducted with the diterpenes isopimaric acid and neoabietic acid at 12.5 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, and 125 mg

Hanna Mellemsether, Merete Røskaft, Hilde Gunn Slottemo et al.

Karen M. Simon, Riccardo E. M. Riva, Marcel Kleinherenbrink et al.

Abstract. The long-term glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) signal at present-day is constrained via joint inversion of GPS vertical land motion rates and GRACE gravity data for a region encompassing Scandinavia, northern Europe and the British Isles, and the Barents Sea. The best-fit model for the vertical motion signal has a χ2 value of approximately 1 and a maximum posterior uncertainty of 0.3–0.4 mm/yr. An elastic correction is applied to the vertical land motion rates that accounts for present-day changes to terrestrial hydrology as well as recent mass changes of ice sheets and glaciered regions. Throughout the study area, mass losses from Greenland dominate the elastic vertical signal and combine to give an elastic correction of up to +0.5 mm/yr in central Scandinavia. Neglecting to use an elastic correction may thus introduce a small but persistent bias in model predictions of GIA vertical motion even in central Scandinavia where vertical motion is dominated by long-term GIA. The predicted gravity signal is generally less well-constrained than the vertical signal, in part due to uncertainties associated with the correction for contemporary ice mass loss in Svalbard and the Russian Arctic. The GRACE-derived gravity trend is corrected for present-day ice mass loss using estimates derived from the ICESat and CryoSat missions, although a difference in magnitude between GRACE-inferred and altimetry-inferred regional mass loss rates suggests the possibility of a non-negligible GIA response here either from millennial-scale or Little Ice Age GIA.

Line Grønstad

Karl-Egil Johansen

Economic modernization in coastal Norway. A comparison of Haugianism and the later Christian lay movement The consequences of Haugianism – the impact of the early followers of the Christian reformer and preacher Hans Nielsen Hauge (1771–1824) – have been well documented, not only for the Norwegian church and for Christian life, but also for entrepreneurship and economic development. The question discussed in this article is whether these consequences were followed up later, from the middle of the 19th century onwards. The geographic focus is coastal Norway, where the low church lay movement was particularly strong and where there was an impressive economic modernization of the fisheries including the rapid transition into mechanized fishing. Despite clear differences between the early Hauge followers and the later movement, the conclusion is that there was a quite strong continuity, both in «theory», theological thinking and ethics, and also in industrial practice and economic behaviour. The early followers of Hauge, at least those who stood out as entrepreneurs, no doubt had a more conscious calling than the «coastal Pietists» of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, we also find factors which count in favour of the latter. The Christian lay movement had a much broader appeal than the early Hauge followers. To a large extent, this lay movement constituted a framework for both everyday coastal life and Holy Days, not only in the life of those who were active in the movement, but also for the whole coastal community.

Petra Salašová

The paper approaches Christoph Ransmayr's novel from the perspective of translation. It presents specific qualities of the work that have to be preserved in the translated version for the purpose of attaining the state of equivalence. This effort may be beset with problems of a linguistic as well as of an interpretive nature. In the first part of the paper are as these aspects of translation briefly described the intertextuality of the novel, its narrative strategy and semantics. The second part deals with the aspect of narrative strategy in detail, attempting to identify the possible problems, the methods of tackling them and to assess the quality of the Czech version of the novel.

Eva Pitronová

Aneta Lontrasová

C. Gates