Hasil untuk "History of France"

Léo Baty, Axel Parmentier

On-time performance is a critical challenge in the airline industry, leading to large operational and customer dissatisfaction costs. The tail assignment problem builds the sequences of flights or routes followed by individual airplanes. While airlines cannot avoid some sources of delay, choosing routes wisely limits propagation along these. This paper addresses the stochastic tail assignment problem at Air France. We propose a column generation approach for this problem. The key ingredient is the pricing algorithm, which is a stochastic shortest path problem. We use dedicated bounds to discard paths in an enumeration algorithm, and introduce new bounds based on a lattice ordering of the set of piecewise linear convex functions to strike a balance between bounds quality and computational cost. A diving heuristic enables us to retrieve integer solutions. Numerical experiments on real-world Air France instances demonstrate that our algorithms lead to an average 0.28% optimality gap on instances with up to 600 flight legs in a few hours of computing time. The resulting solutions effectively balance operational costs and delay resilience, outperforming previous approaches based on minimum turn time.

Luis A. Anchordoqui, Ignatios Antoniadis, Dieter Lüst

We propose a dark energy model in which a quintessence field ϕ rolls near the vicinity of a local maximum of its potential characterized by the simplest S self-dual form V(ϕ)=Λsech(2ϕ/Mp), where Mp is the reduced Planck mass and Λ∼10−120Mp4 is the cosmological constant. We confront the model with Swampland ideas and show that the S-dual potential is consistent with the distance conjecture, the de Sitter conjecture, and the trans-Planckian censorship conjecture. We also examine the compatibility of this phenomenological model with the intriguing DESI DR2 results and show that the shape of the S-dual potential is almost indistinguishable from the axion-like potential, V(ϕ)=ma2fa2[1+cos⁡(ϕ/fa)], with ma and fa parameters fitted by the DESI Collaboration to accommodate the DR2 data. The self-dual potential has the advantage that one starts at the self-dual point and this is a theoretical motivation, because as the universe cools off the Z2 symmetry gets broken leading to a natural rolling away from the symmetric point.

Paul Rateau

The aim of this article is to show how and in what stages G. W. Leibniz came to develop his proof of God’s existence from eternal truths. It begins by tracing the main stages in the history of this proof, initially forged by Augustine of Hippo, and discusses the reasons for its renewal in the last quarter of the 17th century in the post-Cartesian context. The article then shows why, despite skepticism towards this proof in his youth, Leibniz finally produced a version of it that he presents in the <i>Monadology</i> even before the ontological proof. My hypothesis is that the development of the proof from eternal truths is directly linked to Leibniz’s reflection on the nature of the possible, a reflection that is itself to be placed in the context of the polemic between Nicolas Malebranche and Simon Foucher after the publication of the <i>Search after Truth</i>. The Leibnizian proof is original in that it rests on the consideration of the reality of possibles, insofar as God is the reason for them, and on the claimed subordination of logic to ontology.

Juliane Ostermoor

This article in literary studies analyses Daniela Dröscher’s Lügen über meine Mutter and Édouard Louis’ Combats et metamorphoses d’une femme and En finir avec Eddy Bellegueule with regard to the representation of abortions in relation to the categories of ‘class’ and ‘gender’. Feminist and comparative analyses are used to work out the extent to which the autosociobiographical “writing about” represents an “over-writing” of bodily experiences in relation to abortions. The consequence for the mother figures is a reduction to the birthing female body and the exclusion of their social scope of action.

Rolf Buhler, Philippe Deverchère, Christophe Plotard et al.

Artificial Light At Night (ALAN) has been increasing steadily over the past century, particularly during the last decade. This leads to rising light pollution, which is known to have adverse effects on living organisms, including humans. We present a new software package to model light pollution from ground radiance measurements. The software is called Otus 3 and incorporates innovative ALAN diffusion models with different atmospheric profiles, cloud covers and urban emission functions. To date, light pollution modelling typically focused on calculating the zenith luminance of the skyglow produced by city lights. In Otus 3 we extend this and additionally model the horizontal illuminance on the ground, including the contributions from skyglow and the direct illumination. We applied Otus 3 to France using ground radiance data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). We calibrated our models using precise sky brightness measurements we obtained over 6 years at 139 different locations and make this dataset publicly available. We produced the first artificial illuminance map for France for the periods of 2013-2018 and 2019-2024. We found that the artificial ground illuminance in the middle of the night decreased by 23 % between these two periods, in stark contrast to the global trend.

Walid Rabehi, Marion Le Texier, Rémi Lemoy

Quantitative analysis of historical urban sprawl in France before the 1970s is hindered by the lack of nationwide digital urban footprint data. This study bridges this gap by developing a scalable deep learning pipeline to extract urban areas from the Scan Histo historical map series (1925-1950), which produces the first open-access, national-scale urban footprint dataset for this pivotal period. Our key innovation is a dual-pass U-Net approach designed to handle the high radiometric and stylistic complexity of historical maps. The first pass, trained on an initial dataset, generates a preliminary map that identifies areas of confusion, such as text and roads, to guide targeted data augmentation. The second pass uses a refined dataset and the binarized output of the first model to minimize radiometric noise, which significantly reduces false positives. Deployed on a high-performance computing cluster, our method processes 941 high-resolution tiles covering the entirety of metropolitan France. The final mosaic achieves an overall accuracy of 73%, effectively capturing diverse urban patterns while overcoming common artifacts like labels and contour lines. We openly release the code, training datasets, and the resulting nationwide urban raster to support future research in long-term urbanization dynamics.

Alain Ghio, Christine Meunier, Caterina Petrone et al.

The research in Clinical Phonetics aims to improve our knowledge of speech pathologies by comparing phonetic methods and research with clinical data and clinicians’ diagnoses. In France, Clinical Phonetics has developed over the last thirty years bringing together phoneticians, linguists, computer scientists, engineers, physicians, speech therapists and clinicians.The “Laboratoire Parole et Langage” (LPL) has a long experience in this field through many collaborations with local hospitals and other partners at the national level. These collaborations have led to the development of several projects dealing with a wide variety of pathologies (dysphonia, Parkinson’s disease, ALS, multiple sclerosis, cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx, apraxia, etc.). Traditional phonetic methodologies (analysis of speech production and perception) have been adapted to the specific constraints of pathological speech. In particular, the LPL has strongly questioned and improved aerophonometry, speech intelligibility measurements, transcription of pathological speech, and acoustic analysis.There are many research questions in clinical phonetics, but they can be structured around two main axis: (1) what are the contributions of phonetics research to the assessment of speech pathologies?; (2) how can speech pathologies deepen our understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying speech production and perception? The goal of this work is twofold: first, to assist clinicians in the evaluation of the severity of a disorder, either for a punctual assessment or in a therapeutic evaluation (rehabilitation, surgical, pharmacological, electrophysiological treatment); secondly, to improve our knowledge on speech by characterizing the productions considered as “atypical”.Without being exhaustive, this chapter offers an overview of research in clinical phonetics at the LPL. After a brief history recalling the emergence of clinical phonetics at the LPL, we organized the chapter around the current work carried out at the LPL on laryngeal pathologies, motor disturbances, speech intelligibility and speech planning disorders.The first studies at LPL combining phonetics and clinical studies date back to the mid-1970s–1980s. These studies became a research focus at the LPL in the 1990s, thanks to formal collaborations with the ENT department of the Timone University Hospital in Marseilles. At that time, the main research interest for the ENT department was voice disorders analysis. This first research has continued to develop and the field of investigation has been extended to speech disorders, particularly those of neurological origin, such as motor or speech planning disorders, in which collaborations with the neurology department of the Pays d’Aix Hospital have been decisive. These clinical collaborations have also supported the valorization and dissemination of this research in the socio-economic world, in particular with the invention, manufacture and marketing of the Assisted Voice Evaluation (EVA) device.Laryngeal pathologies were the first area explored and have led to many publications. The establishment of vocal assessment, both at perceptual and instrumental level, has monopolized most of the efforts. Nevertheless, and in spite of the contribution of automatic speech processing, the instrumental approach derived from phonetics remains little applied in clinical practice for various reasons discussed in the chapter. Some perspectives are proposed and may open new horizons for clinical phonetics. Laryngeal pathologies have also addressed questions to the linguistic functioning and the phonological representation of language units, in particular with regard to the voicing feature, which is the basis of a basic and almost universal lexical contrast in the languages of the world.Motor disturbances whose symptoms on speech are grouped under the term dysarthria have also been the object of important studies at the laboratory, particularly in the context of Parkinson’s disease. These studies have contributed to the pathophysiological model of the disease by measuring various parameters of speech in the context of monitoring the disease. For example, the therapeutic effects (drug or electrophysiological) were studied via acoustic and physiological (aerodynamic) instrumental analyses. The prosodic dimension was also given an important place. This work has allowed us to highlight the characteristics of the speech of Parkinson’s patients by integrating the interactions between the pathological disorders and the linguistic structure at different levels of organization.The measurement of speech intelligibility, which is a recurrent theme in the laboratory’s research, as developed strongly and has been integrated into a clinical perspective, first with the work on Parkinson’s disease, then in the context of the after-effects of cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Biases related to speech perception have led to various alternatives to intelligibility test batteries allowing to propose linguistically justified solutions adapted to clinical practice. They have also made it possible to study more precisely the articulation between the various perceptual levels involved in decoding and understanding speech.More recently, questions about the planning of speech production have emerged in the laboratory. Speech pathology and clinical phonetics provide a framework for testing these questions. Research comparing healthy subjects vs. those with cognitive deficits related to multiple sclerosis is being conducted at LPL to explore how cognitive constraints influence speech parameters of planning. Finally, we think that an epistemological and multidisciplinary challenge is now facing clinical phonetics. Clinicians and phoneticians have learned to research and work together on complex problems that have a fundamental research issue but also a societal and public health issue. The challenge is therefore to promote interaction and understanding of the issues that move these two communities. Phoneticians must be able to propose fields of application of their knowledge adapted to the real and practical problems of clinicians; and conversely, clinicians must be able to better propose observations that question and nourish reflections on the models of production, perception and understanding of speech and language.

Airam Rodríguez, Elizabeth Atchoi, Beneharo Rodríguez et al.

Abstract Rescue programs aiming to mitigate light‐induced mortality of seabird fledglings have reported that fewer birds are grounded (and rescued) during full moon nights. Two non‐mutually exclusive hypotheses have been proposed as explanations: (1) reduction of strandings because birds are less attracted to and disorientated by light pollution during full moon nights; and (2) reduction of fledging activity, that is, chicks avoid departing the colony during nights with increased moonlight. We argue that evidence from rescue programs and other studies supports the first but not the second hypothesis. The evidence supports the conclusion that a higher proportion of fledglings make it safely to sea during full moon nights than during moonless nights. Thus, there is a decrease in the severity of light pollution on seabirds around the full moon.

Hannes Höfer

Au cours des dernières années de plus en plus de romans de jeunes autrices et auteurs sont parus dans lesquels l'Allemagne n'apparaît plus comme le pays d'accueil des réfugiés, mais aussi comme le point de départ d'une fuite. À travers des histoires d'exil ou de remigration, ces romans critiquent d'une part l'hypocrisie des débats sur la migration et l'intégration au sein d’une société allemande se croyant ouverte et tolérante. D'autre part, ces romans montrent que le concept d'un espace hybride où se rencontrent différentes cultures n’est plus seulement une avancée positive, mais également un révélateur d’effets discriminatoires. Cette opposition se manifeste dans des textes qui vont parfois jusqu’à réclamer une nouvelle univocité. Ainsi, ces autrices et auteurs mettent en avant leurs positions littéraires et se présentent comme une seule et unique génération.

Francine Kaufmann

André Chouraqui was born on the 11th of August 1917 into a Jewish family with roots in Algeria dating back to the 14th century. Benefiting from a multilingual culture and a French education from kindergarten to high school, he studied law in Paris, combining it with Hebrew studies at the Sorbonne and the Central Rabbinical School of France. An active member of the French Jewish Resistance during the war and a doctor of law, he served as a judge in Algeria before becoming René Cassin’s first deputy at the Alliance Israélite Universelle from 1947 to 1982. He wrote the first studies on the history of North African Jews (1950-1952). His love for the poetic texts of the Bible and his move to Jerusalem in 1958 redirected his career. At the request of the publisher Desclée de Brouwer, he became a translator of the Hebrew Bible, then of the New Testament (1974-1977), before translating the Koran (1990). For forty-two years he devoted himself to translating and retranslating the Bible, refining his method for a wide range of readers. This study reconstructs the genesis of these translations, using in particular the Chouraqui collection deposited at the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem.

Stefania Cerutti, Siria Moroso

Giardini e turismo, un binomio che riporta a una storia densa e articolata di relazioni ed esperienze che affondano le proprie radici in epoche lontane, secondo modalità di visita e fruizione che hanno sedimentato e definito i contorni del cosiddetto, e più recente, garden tourism. Fenomeno noto e popolare in Europa, prodotto turistico consolidato in Inghilterra e Francia, trova ancora alcune resistenze in Italia in termini di proposte sistemiche e integrate a livello territoriale, rendendo i giardini delle “comparse”, piuttosto che dei “protagonisti”, nello scenario turistico delle destinazioni che cercano tempi e modi rinnovati per attrarre, depolarizzare, destagionalizzare i propri flussi. In questa cornice, il presente contributo si interroga sulla capacità attrattiva e motivazionale dei giardini, eleggendo il caso di studio del Cusio, in Piemonte, quale campo di indagine condotta mediante un sondaggio creato ad hoc. Ciò consente di individuare richieste e percezioni dal lato della domanda turistica e possibili indicazioni da quello dell’offerta, al fine di declinare e promuovere il garden tourism nel contesto del Lago d’Orta, oggetto di indagine. Ne discende che le proposte di turismo dei giardini debbano basarsi su dati e necessità reali, che ne misurino la sostenibilità, ed essere correlate alle aspettative dei visitatori e alle potenzialità delle “risorse verdi” locali, che ne valorizzino il patrimonio.   Gardens and tourism, a combinational pairing that brings back to a dense and articulated history of relationships and experiences rooted in distant epochs, according to visiting and fruition modalities that have sedimented and defined the outlines of the so-called, and more recent, garden tourism. A well-known and popular phenomenon in Europe, a consolidated tourist product in England and France, it still finds some resistance in Italy in terms of systemic and integrated proposals at a territorial level, making gardens “extras” rather than “protagonists” in the tourist scenario of that destinations looking for renewed steps and ways to attract, depolarise and de-seasonalise their flows. In this framework, the paper aims at questioning the attractiveness and motivational capacity of gardens, choosing the case study of Cusio, in Piedmont region, as the field of geographical investigation developed through a survey created ad hoc. This makes it possible to identify requests and perceptions on the tourist demand side and possible suggestions on the supply side, in order to promote the garden tourism in the context of Lake Orta, subject of the survey. It follows that garden tourism proposals have here to be based on real data and needs, which measure their sustainability, and correlate with the expectations of visitors and the potential of local “green resources”, which enhance their heritage.

Till Koebe, Zinnya del Villar, Brahmani Nutakki et al.

Child pornography represents a severe form of exploitation and victimization of children, leaving the victims with emotional and physical trauma. In this study, we aim to analyze local patterns of child pornography consumption across 1341 French communes in 20 metropolitan regions of France using fine-grained mobile traffic data of Tor network-related web services. We estimate that approx. 0.08 % of Tor mobile download traffic observed in France is linked to the consumption of child sexual abuse materials by correlating it with local-level temporal porn consumption patterns. This compares to 0.19 % of what we conservatively estimate to be the share of child pornographic content in global Tor traffic. In line with existing literature on the link between sexual child abuse and the consumption of image-based content thereof, we observe a positive and statistically significant effect of our child pornography consumption estimates on the reported number of victims of sexual violence and vice versa, which validates our findings, after controlling for a set of spatial and non-spatial features including socio-demographic characteristics, voting behaviour, nearby points of interest and Google Trends queries. While this is a first, exploratory attempt to look at child pornography from a spatial epidemiological angle, we believe this research provides public health officials with valuable information to prioritize target areas for public awareness campaigns as another step to fulfil the global community's pledge to target 16.2 of the Sustainable Development Goals: "End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence and torture against children".

Gilles Bourgoin, Marie-Pierre Callait-Cardinal, Emilie Bouhsira et al.

Abstract Background The local distribution of helminths in dogs and cats and the evaluation of risk of contamination represent an important challenge for veterinarians due to their effects on animal health and their potential zoonotic risk. The overall goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the digestive and respiratory helminths infecting client-owned dogs and cats in France. Methods Faecal samples were collected from 414 pet dogs and 425 pet cats at 20 study sites during 2017–2018 and analysed by coproscopy. The samples included specimens collected from animals of both genders and various breeds and ages from a variety of living environments, and with different lifestyles and feeding regimes. Associations between parasitic infection and qualitative factors were explored. Results Overall, 125 (14.9%) samples (15.2% in dogs and 14.6% in cats) were positive for at least one of the species of helminths identified. Infection rates were highest for Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati (8.5% and 11.3%, respectively), while Toxascaris leonina was found only in one cat (0.2%). The apparent prevalence of Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala in dogs was 1.7% and 4.3%, respectively. No hookworms were found in cats. Whipworms (Trichuris vulpis) were identified in 2.7% of the dogs. Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum and Taeniidae) were rarely found (< 1% in dogs and < 3% in cats). The prevalence of Angiostrongylus vasorum Crenosoma vulpis, and Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in cats and Eucoleus spp. / Capillaria spp. in both dogs and cats was < 1%. Significantly higher fecal parasite emission rates were identified in young individuals, in animals with outdoor access, in animals living in the countryside and in intact animals (especially in cats). In addition, cats not fed exclusively with commercial diets and living with other animals (dogs and/or cats) were at higher risk for parasites. For dogs, hunting/herding and walking off-leash were found to be additional risk factors. Furthermore, pets with no reported history of deworming or dewormed > 1 year before the study were positive for parasites significantly more often than pets dewormed < 1 year before study participation. Conclusions The overall prevalence of helminths (some of which are zoonotic), the risk factors and the reportedly low deworming frequencies identified in this study (20.5% animals having never been dewormed and only 26.4% dewormed ≥ 3 times/year) illustrate the need for improving pet owners’ adherence to anthelmintic guidelines in France. Graphical Abstract

Roberto Casalbuoni, Daniele Dominici, Massimo Mazzoni

The history of the Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is traced from the beginning of the 20th century, with the arrival of Antonio Garbasso as Director (1913), to the 1960s. Thanks to Garbasso's expertise, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, where the Astronomical Observatory was already located, but it also formed a brilliant group of young physicists made up of Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti, Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah, who were engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and Cosmic Rays. This Arcetri School disintegrated in the late 1930s for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other universities, for the environment created by the fascist regime and, to some extent, for the racial laws. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the field of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as theoretical physics was concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods these studies enjoyed a new expansion towards the end of the 1950s, with the arrival of Giacomo Morpurgo and above all, that of Raoul Gatto, who created the first real Italian school of Theoretical Physics at Arcetri.

Geoffrey Ecoto, Antoine Chambaz

Drought events are the second most expensive type of natural disaster within the French legal framework known as the natural disasters compensation scheme. In recent years, drought events have been remarkable in their geographical scale and intensity. We develop and apply a new methodology to forecast the cost of a drought event in France. The methodology hinges on Super Learning (van der Laan et al., 2007; Benkeser et al., 2018), a general aggregation strategy to learn a feature of the law of the data identified through an ad hoc risk function by relying on a library of algorithms. The algorithms either compete (discrete Super Learning) or collaborate (continuous Super Learning), with a cross-validation scheme determining the best performing algorithm or combination of algorithms, respectively. Our Super Learner takes into account the complex dependence structure induced in the data by the spatial and temporal nature of drought events.

Arno Thomaes, Sylvie Barbalat, Marco Bardiani et al.

To address the decline in biodiversity, international cooperation in monitoring of threatened species is needed. Citizen science can play a crucial role in achieving this challenging goal, but most citizen science projects have been established at national or regional scales. Here we report on the establishment and initial findings of the European Stag Beetle Monitoring Network (ESBMN), an international network of stag beetle (<i>Lucanus cervus</i>) monitoring schemes using the same protocol. The network, started in 2016, currently includes 14 countries (see results) but with a strong variation in output regarding the number of transects (148 successful transects in total) and transect walks (1735). We found differences across European regions in the number of stag beetles recorded, related to phenology and temperature, but not for time of transect start. Furthermore, the initial experiences of the ESBMN regarding international cooperation, citizen science approach, and drop-out of volunteers is discussed. An international standardised protocol that allows some local variation is essential for international collaboration and data management, and analysis is best performed at the international level, whereas recruiting, training, and maintaining volunteers is best organised locally. In conclusion, we appeal for more joint international citizen science-based monitoring initiatives assisting international red-listing and conservation actions.

Françoise Khantine-Langlois

Schools have many devices designed for teaching physics, but which have become obsolete due to technical developments and changes in curricula. These objects, often abandoned in storerooms, constitute a precious heritage for the history of education and an important resource to motivate students of all levels. This article first presents the ASEISTE, Association for the Preservation and Study of the Scientific and Technical Instruments of Education which, since 2004, year of its creation, helps schools to retrieve, restore and preserve instruments and collections but also to promote these collections by using them in pedagogical projects. The results of these inventories are available to everyone on the association's website (https://www.aseiste.org) which features over 7 000 references, from 70 establishments spread across France, as well as numerous documents showing devices in operation. A second part of this article is devoted to the presentation of various educational uses that the members of the association and their students make of this heritage, how they make it live and value it within the framework of their high school or middle school’s activities. In recent years the association has developed its contacts with associations or European researchers having similar objectives.

Matteo Bafico

The paper, based on unpublished private documents, aims to reconstruct the editorial history of the French translation of Quer pasticciaccio brutto de via Merulana. The reconstruction was carried out starting from the letters Gadda, François Wahl and Louis Bonalumi exchanged between 1958 and 1963: the study of these has allowed us to open a glimpse of the complex work that was carried out for five years around the Pasticciaccio and which was at the origin of the engineer’s French fortune. The final aim of this article is, on the one hand, to bring to light and study archival sources of extraordinary value and, on the other, to provide new elements on the translation and diffusion of Carlo Emilio Gadda’s work in France.

R. Black, Gerard Carruthers

I. GENERAL Two purely historical works should be mentioned. E. Preclin and V. L. Tapie, whose history of the IJth cent. in the Clio series is well known, have added a 2-vol. Le Dix-huitieme Siecle to the series (PUF). Of lighter calibre is Louis XV: La Victoire de /'unite monarchique (Hachette), the author of which, B. Lafue, follows the recent tendency to rehabilitate 'le Bien-Aime' and show him as a founder of modern France. P. Barriere, in 'La Vie academique au XVIIIe siecle d'apres un manuscrit du President de Ruffey' (RHLF, I) reproduces a list kept by the President of learned bodies all over Europe which held competitions, awarded prizes, etc. Essai de catalogue sur l'iconographie de la vie populaire d Paris au XVIIIe siecle, by Marguerite Pitsch (Picard), provides background for the realistic novel.

Anatole Lucet