Hasil untuk "History of Civilization"

David Alexander

This book provides a detailed introduction to natural disasters and the ways in which they have had and continue to have, profound effects on human society. Natural Disasters: A Reference Handbook surveys the impact of these events on human civilization. The opening chapter provides a general history and background of the major types of natural disasters, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, severe storms, and forest fires. The information presented in this introduction allows the reader to better understand current issues, problems, and solutions related to natural disasters discussed in subsequent chapters. The book covers the role of natural disasters in human life from earliest recorded history (and, to some extent, even earlier) to the present day. It provides an extensive variety of resources that encourage readers to learn more about the topics discussed. The book is intended for readers in the late middle school to high school age range, as well as adults who may have a special interest in the subject.

Hossein Hosseinian Moqadam, Ehsan Jafaripoor

The Shiites of Iran, in time of Imam Hassan Askari (PBUH), raised their religious questions through the letters by the agents of that holiness due to the long distance. Some of the questions raised in these letters are of significant significations concerning the historical trend of thought and jurisprudence of Shia which should be considered in the discussions on the history of civilization of Shiites.The present research has organized these letters based on the geographical areas and the name of narrators and it has endeavored to answer this question on the role of various areas of Iran in this regard as well as the reasons of writing these letters and what their content were. The result of this research illustrates a direct relationship between the population of Shia and the number of letters and it clarifies that the main subject of letters has been related to the jurisprudential, theological and social issues and among the cities of Iran, most of these letters has been written by the individuals in Qom.

Laura Maréchal, Jean Dumoncel, Williams Astudillo Encina et al.

Luc Laporte, Catherine Dupont, Yves Gruet et al.

The Mesolithic burials of La Vergne delivered 3,297 marine shells, mostly from marine environments and collected on a foreshore located at less than 30 kilometers away. Most of the shells are pierced, through an anthropic action when nature had not already done its work. Traces of wear, as well as for many other detailed observations, were compared with the place of each item in the grave. These data, for example, make it possible to identify many perishable objects and some elements of body adornment that participated in the staging of the funeral. After describing both, the search for the shells on the beach, their use and their deposition with the mortal remains, the exceptional nature of this discovery is discussed in a broader context, geographically on a Western European scale, and chronologically by comparing them locally to some of the graves of the region’s first farmers, who delivered many pieces of adornment made from this same raw material.

Victoria Basualdo

Victor Barbat

Dmitrii I. Ivanov

The paper considers the process of forming political authority during the 1917 Russian Revolution on the example of anarchist Shlioma Asnin. The importance of belonging to a subculture for building a political figure’s image and an enemy image is demonstrated. Various options of participation in a revolutionary subculture are considered, and mutual influence between common-criminal and revolutionary subcultures is described. Hard labor created “counter-mores” shared by both groups of criminals but social capital accumulated within political-prison subculture could not necessarily be translated into political authority at liberty. In Asnin’s case, perception of him as a revolutionary was undermined by a tattoo discovered on his body, the tattoo being linked to his common-criminal past before his “conversion” into a convinced anarchist. A revolutionary’s image was “assembled” from the elements some of which made the person unacceptable for society in general. Pathologization of opponents, in part due to subcultural identity, made political dialogue more difficult and increased the probability of violence. Methods of sociology of deviance were employed as the paper’s analytical apparatus.

Belyakov A.V.

Abstract: Research objectives: To analyze all historical evidence we have about the Siberian queens and princesses – the wives and daughters of the Siberian Khan, Kuchum – captured in August 1598. At the same time, this work was primarily interested in information about their origins and how their fate in Russia unfolded. Materials: There are more than a limited number of documents on the history of the Siberian queens at the turn of the 16th–17th centuries. In addition to several newly disco­vered documents, the author turned to the originals of the monuments published in the first half of the 19th century. It was found that publishers had distorted the original text in a number of places. They ignored revisions and later marginal notes. In addition, in some places the text has undergone editing in order to make it more understandable. As a result, it turned out that for almost 200 years researchers used a defective source in their research. Results and novelty of the research: It was established that at least two queens of Kuchum Khan came from the lineage of the Kazakh Shibanids, and Kasimov’s king, Uraz-Muhammed b. Ondan, was Kuchum’s stepson. Another one of the queens was from the Chatsky Mirzas. The captive women got along with overall difficulty in Russia. The reasons for their difficulties should be sought in the events of their Siberian life. Having obtained such a significant number of noble captives, Moscow attempted to use them to pacify their relatives who remained in Siberia. This project failed for two reasons: 1) poor awareness in the Kremlin about the features of the social structure of the Siberian khanate and 2) the events of the Time of Troubles began soon after the women’s capture. In Russia, many of these women were married to the Siberian and Urgench Chinggi­sids and the Nogai Mirzas. It was assumed that the marriage policy of the Siberian Shibanids in general was typical of the states of the East. At the same time, it was most similar to the matrimonial policy of the Crimean Gireys. The data obtained thus far allows us to raise the question of the possibility of reconstructing the personal composition of the court of Kuchum Khan at the end of the 16th century.

Nabeel Ahmad Nabeel

This article presents the debate of culture and civilization in context to the critical thinking and concepts of Faiz Ahmad Faiz. The article introduces culture and civilization, national culture and Pakistani culture, ingredients, possible forms and issues of Pakistani culture. The culture of every nation consists of its values, beliefs, traditions, way of life, norms, language, religion, literature, art and technology. All these aspects of culture are strongly correlated to eachother and are evolved through intermingling of<br />societies having a history of several centuries. The major characteristics of a national culture or civilization are its history, geographical boundaries and the diffusion of culture in the society. There are several issues like the identity of civilization and the formation of social system where the diffences between the rich and the poor may possibly be minimized and hence the Marxist approach of Faiz Ahmad Faiz may be observed. In this article, the views of Faiz regarding culture and civilization have been presented with critical analysis.

Aksanov A.V.

Research objectives: To analyse information of the sources of the 13th–16th centuries regarding the “Bascardi”, “Pascatur”, “Baschirdi”, “Bashkirds”, “Bashkirs” (together with other variations) and to study the interrelation of these ethnonyms and the historical fate of those who bore them. Research materials: In addition to written sources (Latin, Russian and Arabic), materials from archaeological research, linguistic data, epigraphy, historical ethnology and climatology. Research results and novelty: Prior to the Mongol-Tatar invasion, “Magna Hungaria”, located east of Bolghar, was inhabited by the “Bascardi” who, according to written sources and archaeology, belonged to the nomadic Ugrians and consisted mostly of pagans. During the Great western campaign of the Mongols, most of the Cisuralic Ugrians (“Bascardi”) perished or left this territory (one part of the population fled from the invaders and the other one was deported). During the Golden Horde period, Muslim Turks from the Bolghar and Central Asia settled in the Cisuralic region and gradually assimilated the remains of the “Bascardi” of the Southern Cis-Urals. In the 15th–16th centuries, the ethnonyms “Baschirdi”, “Bashkirs” and the like are not associated with the Southern Cis-Urals, but with more northern territories – that is, with the upper reaches of the Kama. Due to serious climatic and political changes that began in the 1550s (one of the climatic minima of the Little Ice Age, the fall of the Kazan Khanate, and turbulence combined with epidemics in the Nogai Horde), the “Bashkirs” began to move to the Southern Cis-Urals, as is evidenced by the sources of the late 16th–17th centuries.

Muhammad Taqavi, Mostafa Gohari Fakhrabad

Mohammad ibn Zakariya Al- Razi is one of the most famous Physicians in Islamic Civilization, whose opinions and works have played  an important role  in the  History of medicine. Al- Hawi fi Al-Tibb is his most famous work that sometimes has been considered similar to  Al- Jami' Al-Kabir. The importance of Al-Hawi in History of Medicine Studies has demanded studying the similarnties and differences   betweenAl-Jami' Al-Kabir. Ibn Abi Usayba'a and Al-Qifṭī (Among Classic Writers) and Albert Iskandar, Mehrnaz Katuzian and Sami Hamarneh (Among Recent writers), distinguish between these two books. Nevertheless however, the study of other Al- Razi's works, other works of Islamic medicine and the Islamic Bibliographic books shows that we can't demonstrate exactly that Al- Hawi and Al- Jami are an identical work, althoughwe have obtained more evidence proving thier similarity.. This Article attempts to show there are some differences and similarities between these two works based on evidences.

Haggai Mazuz

‘Abd al-Ḥaqq al-Islāmī, un polemista musulmán del siglo XIV y de origen judío, ha sido algo silenciado por la investigación puesto que existían dudas respecto a la excepcionalidad y originalidad de su pensamiento, así como respecto a la extensión de su educación en el Judaísmo. Este artículo, parte de un estudio más amplio, intenta superar esas dudas demostrando que ‘Abd al-Ḥaqq hizo una contribución única a las obras de polémica musulmana anti-judía, mostró una amplia originalidad en su extenso uso de la gematría y adaptación de las fuentes a su agenda, mostrando, asimismo, un gran conocimiento judío. Esto último queda demostrado por su familiaridad con la estructura y el mensaje bíblicos, por un conocimiento superficial de partes de la ley oral y por una cierta habilidad con el hebreo.

Milton Ezequiel López

Carine Trevisan

Ishi, sole survivor of the Yana Indian tribe, which was exterminated after a policy of predation and a brutal colonization of his land, the last man to speak the language of this tribe and to know all the technical skills dating back to Stone age (tool making, hunting…), gets into the white “civilization” in 1911. He lived on the Parnassus campus, where the University of California Museum of Anthropology was located. He made efforts to transmit all his knowledge and skills as well as the annihilated culture of his tribe. This paper explores the ways in which in his book Ishi, the Last Wild Indian of North America Testifies, Theodora Kroeber shows how, in an almost total lack of any documentary sources, a man is turned into an archive.

Diego A. Jarak

Throughout the reading of the Dialog between Atahualpa and Fernando VII in the Champs Elysées of 1809, across the onomastic problem of the name "America", this article reconstructs the intellectual and social environment of the pre independence Latin America as it could have been perceived by one of his most significant voices and therefore slightly studied, as it is the figure of the Argentinian Bernardo Monteagudo.

Vera Tyuleneva

En julio de 2013 publiqué en la revista electrónica Valicha el artículo «Cusco: el arte y los alrededores» (Tyuleneva 2013). Su finalidad fue, ni más ni menos, que esbozar el panorama del arte cusqueño de los últimos años. Al poco tiempo de la aparición del artículo, empezaron a llover comentarios. En su mayoría eran reacciones apenadas de los artistas: «¿Por qué yo no estoy en tu artículo?». Hay que reconocer que casi todos los reclamos eran justos y que mis respuestas habituales se reducían a «…porque no entras en el mainstream», «... porque no sé cómo clasificarte» o simplemente «…porque se me pasó». Prácticamente de inmediato se hizo claro que el texto necesitaba una revisión y que las penosas omisiones debían de ser reparadas. El presente artículo es una nueva versión sobre el mismo tema, ampliada y corregida, pero de ninguna manera definitiva.

Lauri Mälksoo

C. Bosworth

W. Fischel