Carbon dioxide electroreduction provides a useful source of carbon monoxide, but comparatively few catalysts could be sustained at current densities of industry level. Herein, we construct a high-yield, flexible and self-supported single-atom nickel-decorated porous carbon membrane catalyst. This membrane possesses interconnected nanofibers and hierarchical pores, affording abundant effective nickel single atoms that participate in carbon dioxide reduction. Moreover, the excellent mechanical strength and well-distributed nickel atoms of this membrane combines gas-diffusion and catalyst layers into one architecture. This integrated membrane could be directly used as a gas diffusion electrode to establish an extremely stable three-phase interface for high-performance carbon dioxide electroreduction, producing carbon monoxide with a 308.4 mA cm−2 partial current density and 88% Faradaic efficiency for up to 120 h. We hope this work will provide guidance for the design and application of carbon dioxide electro-catalysts at the potential industrial scale. Here the authors deploy Ni single atom-decorated carbon membranes as integrated gas diffusion electrodes to construct an extremely stable three-phase interface for CO2 electroreduction, producing CO with a partial current density of 308.4 mA cm–2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 88% for up to 120 h.
With the privatization and intense competition that characterize the volatile energy sector, the gas turbine industry currently faces new challenges of increasing operational flexibility, reducing operating costs, improving reliability and availability while mitigating the environmental impact. In this complex, changing sector, the gas turbine community could address a set of these challenges by further development of high fidelity, more accurate and computationally efficient engine health assessment, diagnostic and prognostic systems. Recent studies have shown that engine gas-path performance monitoring still remains the cornerstone for making informed decisions in operation and maintenance of gas turbines. This paper offers a systematic review of recently developed engine performance monitoring, diagnostic and prognostic techniques. The inception of performance monitoring and its evolution over time, techniques used to establish a high-quality dataset using engine model performance adaptation, and effects of computationally intelligent techniques on promoting the implementation of engine fault diagnosis are reviewed. Moreover, recent developments in prognostics techniques designed to enhance the maintenance decision-making scheme and main causes of gas turbine performance deterioration are discussed to facilitate the fault identification module. The article aims to organize, evaluate and identify patterns and trends in the literature as well as recognize research gaps and recommend new research areas in the field of gas turbine performance-based monitoring. The presented insightful concepts provide experts, students or novice researchers and decision-makers working in the area of gas turbine engines with the state of the art for performance-based condition monitoring.
The pipeline system in the oil and gas industry is the heart for transportation of crude and refined petroleum. Nevertheless, continuous exposure of the pipeline surfaces to impurities and sources of corrosion such as sulfur and chromate is totally unavoidable. Vast employment of commercial corrosion inhibitors to minimize the corrosion is being restrained due to toxicity towards the environment. The emergence of “green” chemistry has led to the use of plant extracts and fruit wastes which have proven to be good corrosion inhibitors. This paper aims to provide insight into carrying out further investigation under this research theme for accurate inhibition efficiency measurement.
Abstract Hydrogen is used in the petroleum industry to upgrade crude oil in refineries or as a chemical agent to produce ammonia, methanol and other products. It is mainly supplied by conventional production methods based on fossil fuels. Solar-based hydrogen production is a potentially advantageous option to the problems of climate change and depletion of conventional fuel supplies. Four hydrogen production pathways including steam methane reforming, coal gasification, photovoltaic and solar thermal electrolysis are considered in this study. This paper investigates solar hydrogen potential in terms of cost and emissions as a replacement for conventional methods to provide the hydrogen required in oil and gas industries. GHG abatement costs are evaluated to compare the proposed methods with a reference method. As steam methane reforming is the most common method used in the petroleum industry, it is considered as the reference method in this study. Our results show that the GHG abatement costs are $0.786/kg CO2 and $1.37/kg CO2 for PV and solar thermal electrolysis, respectively. An uncertainty analysis is also conducted to assess the effects of variations of different parameters on the results.
Lemon oils are broadly used as flavoring agents in beverages, foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, yet the adulteration of natural, particularly cold pressed lemon oils is very common in the industry due to its unmet demand and high cost. Nowadays, most quality control (QC) analysis of lemon oils is conducted by gas chromatography (GC) analysis, which is far from a reliable method. Oxygen heterocyclic compounds (OHCs) in non-volatile fraction are gaining increasing attention in authentication process because of the nearly finger-printing profiles of OHCs in cold pressed citrus essential oils. Our goal in this study was to identify OHCs using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in lemon oils, establish OHC profiles, perform stepwise logistic regression analysis (SLRA) and build effective predicting model and further determine adulterated lemon oils by referencing the OHC profiles and established models. After HPLC analyses, profiling and SLRA modeling of 154 OHCs samples of industrial lemon oils, we found that the combination of isopimpinellin and total OHC concentration are essential and robust predictors to differentiate authentic samples from adulterated lemon oils with a success rate of 98% from the 5-fold cross validation. This study provided a reliable and efficient method in determining the authenticity of lemon oils.
Pramudya Imawan Santosa, W.B. Wan Nik, Atria Pradityana
et al.
Currently, the increasing demand for environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors. Sustainable organic inhibitor innovations can be an alternative in the industrial world that still uses hazardous chemical inhibitors. Carbon Steel is a material that is often used in the oil and gas industry. This type of steel is resistant to significant corrosion, so an effective solution is needed to minimise material degradation. This study investigates the potential of sunflower (Helianthus annus) seed shell extract, SSSE. as a sustainable, environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for steel in concentrated hydrochloric acid (1 M HCl), where these conditions are representative of an industrially hazardous environment. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarisation (PDP) methods were used in this study. With these two approaches, SSSE showed a high inhibition efficiency of 99.56 % at a concentration of 400 ppm, effectively reducing both anodic and cathodic corrosion reactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the formed protective layer on the steel surface, significantly reducing corrosion. These findings highlight SSSE as a feasible and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional inhibitors, showing great potential applications in various acidic environments.
Energy storage volume fracturing is a pivotal early development technique for shale reservoirs, designed to supplement reservoir energy preemptively and significantly boost single well production. A method for predicting the maximum cumulative oil production during the development stage of energy storage fracturing is proposed, based on the mechanisms of imbibition and displacement coupled with the statistical analysis of actual production data. The results demonstrate that following a 30% flowback ratio, the cumulative oil production from energy storage fracturing exhibits a strong linear relationship with the logarithm of the flowback ratio. This relationship can predict the maximum cumulative oil production of a single well after fracturing. Validated by actual production data from other shale reservoirs, this method proves to be more accurate and universal than the decline curve analysis method. It encompasses a comprehensive evaluation of subjective and objective factors such as reservoir conditions, fracturing scale and technology, production system design, and drainage efficiency. Additionally, the method facilitates the determination of the liquid-to-oil ratio and the reasonable flowback rate. By controlling the average rate of discharge and production within the range of 6~8 m<sup>3</sup>/（d·km）, which aligns with the rates of oil drainage and imbibition, higher oil recovery and a lower liquid-to-oil ratio are achieved. This prediction method for maximum recoverable oil post-single well fracturing provides a basis for the economic benefit evaluation, production system optimization, and fracturing cost control of energy storage fracturing. It holds significant guiding importance for geological-engineering integration, well spacing optimization, and fracturing design.
Petroleum refining. Petroleum products, Gas industry
Mukhamedjan Zh. Seksenbay, Arman A. Kabdushev, Olzhas O. Kozhas
Background: The concept of reliability of gas distribution systems implies the possibility of reliable transportation of the required amount of gas to the consumer in compliance with the specified parameters in normal operation for a certain period of time. Aim: The peculiarity of gas distribution networks is that they are long-term planning systems, with the growth of cities and the connection of consumers, the radius of their impact increases, expands, rebuilds, worn-out nodes and elements are replaced with new ones. The main goal at this stage of operation is the absence of significant reconstruction measures to improve the reliability of the system. Materials and methods: Work has been carried out to analyze the probability of triggering, the failure rate and the probability of failures of gas supply systems for single indicators. Results: To ensure the reliability and durability of gas boilers during replacement, the following 8 different measures were proposed. Conclusion: The article proposes a closed circuit, the introduction of network redundancy in the system by ringing or duplicating elements and considers the social nature of gas distribution systems.
China's shale gas production in 2020 exceeds 200 × 108 m³, which creates a miracle in the history of natural gas development in China. The Sichuan Basin has already been and will be the main battlefield of shale gas exploration and development in China. In order to further promote the large-scale efficient development of shale gas in China, under the new situation of global COVID-19 spread and domestic “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” goal, this paper analyzes the progress and challenges of shale gas exploration and development in the Sichuan Basin from four aspects, including resource exploration, gas reservoir engineering, drilling and production engineering and industry regulation, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for achieving large-scale efficient development of shale gas. The following research results are obtained: First, the large-scale efficient development of shale gas in the Sichuan Basin has to take the sustainable and stable production of middle–shallow shale gas and the large-scale productivity construction of deep shale gas as the base. Second, compared with the shale gas exploration and development in the North America, the Sichuan Basin has its own characteristics in terms of geographical setting, geological condition, drilling and production technology and industry regulation, which makes it difficult to copy the development pattern of large scale, high density and continuous well deployment from the North America, so it is necessary to adopt the strategy of “high production with few wells”. On the one hand, continue to apply the geology and engineering integration technology to carry out “integrated research, integrated design, integrated implementation and integrated iteration” in the whole life cycle of shale gas well;and on the other hand, carry out problem-oriented continuous researches from the aspects of geological evaluation, development policy, engineering technology and industry regulation, so as to improve geological evaluation theory and technology, innovate gas reservoir engineering theory and method, research and develop engineering technology for cost reduction and efficiency improvement, improve shale gas industry regulation, and form a new pattern of collaborative promotion of technical and non-technical elements. In conclusion, the research results provide important reference and guidance for the large-scale efficient development of shale gas in the Sichuan Basin and even the whole country.
The Coronavirus (COVID‐19) outbreak hit the global economy like a tsunami. Every aspect of human society, including the energy industry and market, is affected by this pandemic. The pandemic has affected prices, demand, supply, investment, and several other aspects of the energy sector, including the oil and gas industry. This article is aimed to analyze the impacts of COVID‐19 on the oil and gas industry and give a perspective of the post‐COVID‐19 oil and gas market. Results of this article show that COVID‐19 impacts the oil and gas industry. The short‐term impact is nearly 25% decrease in petroleum consumption, slowly recovering to its former amount and even growing more. The long‐term impacts are the 30% to 40% decrease in the CAPEX and R&D investments over the oil and gas market, which is a regional scale in the United States, caused oil exploitation projects to decrease from more than 800 in 2019 to 265 in 2021. And it is predicted to reduce the competitiveness of oil and gas vs other energy carriers such as ever price‐decreasing renewable energies. Thus, the oil and gas industry has to change rapidly before losing a substantial energy market share. Finally, this article discusses acknowledging oil and gas trade as a part of World trade organization (WTO/ECT) regulations. And considering it a general energy commodity. An act that reduces the freedom of action of oil‐exporting governments and great oil cartels and protects their interests in a globalizing competitive energy market.
Abstract. The switch from the use of coal to natural gas or oil for energy generation potentially reduces greenhouse gas emissions and thus the impact on global warming and climate change because of the higher energy creation per CO2 molecule emitted. However, the climate benefit over coal is offset by methane (CH4) leakage from natural gas and petroleum systems, which reverses the climate impact mitigation if the rate of fugitive emissions exceeds the compensation point at which the global warming resulting from the leakage and the benefit from the reduction of coal combustion coincide. Consequently, an accurate quantification of CH4 emissions from the oil and gas industry is essential to evaluate the suitability of natural gas and petroleum as bridging fuels on the way to a carbon-neutral future. We show that regional CH4 release from large oil and gas fields can be monitored from space by using dense daily recurrent measurements of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite to quantify emissions and leakage rates. The average emissions for the time period 2018/2019 from the five most productive basins in the United States, the Permian, Appalachian, Eagle Ford, Bakken, and Anadarko, are estimated to be 3.18±1.13, 2.36±0.88, 1.37±0.63, 0.89±0.56, and 2.74±0.74 Mt yr−1, respectively. This corresponds to CH4 leakage rates relative to the associated production between 1.2 % and 1.4 % for the first four production regions, which are consistent with bottom-up estimates and likely fall below the break-even leakage rate for immediate climate benefit. For the Anadarko Basin, the fugitive emission rate is larger and amounts to 3.9±1.1 %, which likely exceeds the break-even rate for immediate benefit and roughly corresponds to the break-even rate for a 20-year time horizon. The determined values are smaller than previously derived satellite-based leakage rates for the time period 2009–2011, which was an early phase of hydraulic fracturing, indicating that it is possible to improve the climate footprint of the oil and gas industry by adopting new technologies and that efforts to reduce methane emissions have been successful. For two of the world's largest natural gas fields, Galkynysh and Dauletabad in Turkmenistan, we find collective methane emissions of 3.26±1.17 Mt yr−1, which corresponds to a leakage rate of 4.1±1.5 %, suggesting that the Turkmen energy industry is not employing methane emission avoidance strategies and technologies as successfully as those currently widely used in the United States. The leakage rates in Turkmenistan and in the Anadarko Basin indicate that there is potential to reduce fugitive methane emissions from natural gas and petroleum systems worldwide. In particular, relatively newly developed oil and gas plays appear to have larger leakage rates compared to more mature production areas.
Gas hydrate blockage is a major issue that the production and transportation processes in the oil/gas industry faces. The formation of gas hydrates in pipelines results in significant financial losses and serious safety risks. To tackle the flow assurance issues caused by gas hydrate formation in the pipelines, some physical methods and chemical inhibitors are applied by the oil/gas industry. The physical techniques involve subjecting the gas hydrates to thermal heating and depressurization. The alternative method, on the other hand, relies on injecting chemical inhibitors into the pipelines, which affects gas hydrate formation. Chemical inhibitors are classified into high dosage hydrate inhibitors (thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THI)) and low dosage hydrate inhibitors (kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHI) and anti-agglomerates (AAs)). Each chemical inhibitor affects the gas hydrate from a different perspective. The use of physical techniques (thermal heating and depressurization) to inhibit hydrate formation is studied briefly in this review paper. Furthermore, the application of various THIs (alcohols and electrolytes), KHIs (polymeric compounds), and dual function hydrate inhibitors (amino acids, ionic liquids, and nanoparticles) are discussed thoroughly in this study. This review paper aims to provide a complete and comprehensive outlook on the fundamental principles of gas hydrates, and the recent mitigation techniques used by the oil/gas industry to tackle the gas hydrate formation issue. It hopes to provide the chemical engineering platform with ultimate and effective techniques for gas hydrate inhibition.
Chizubem Benson, C. Dimopoulos, C. Argyropoulos
et al.
Abstract The workplace’s burden remains a significant concern to workers in the oil and gas industry, where workers are continually exposed to various kinds of occupational risks. The study aimed to identify the different health hazards and their sources across the oil and gas industry to determine the risks associated with health hazards. Methods: A qualitative approach was employed to identify the different hazards connected with the operational environment. A total of 1000 questionnaires were distributed randomly across the various departments in the Nigerian oil and gas industry, and 327 returned to the research team. Analysis of data was carried out using the SPSS. Results: The result shows that ergonomic hazards were found to be most predominant among the hazards assessed in the industry. Ergonomic hazards are 30%, physical hazards 26%, chemical hazards 23%, psychosocial hazards 18%, and biological 3%. Conclusion: Considering the aims of this study, the hazards that exposed workers to ill-health were identified with their sources in the oil and gas operational environment. Some of the health hazards were identified to have short-term health effects on workers, such as headaches, skin burn, eye and skin irritation, and rashes. In contrast, musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory disease, leukaemia, asphyxiates, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease are long-term health effects caused by other hazards. Recommendations: Adequate supervision should be imposed on the workers in their workplace, proper hazards assessment should be conducted in the industry, and compulsory medical testing should be carried out on workers always to know their health status.