Hasil untuk "Forestry"

E. Brockerhoff, H. Jactel, J. Parrotta et al.

R. Schmid

Sigyel Delma, Don Gilmour, Francis E. Putz et al.

Abstract The Bhutan Government is exploring ways to generate revenue from its forest carbon. Community Forestry can contribute to this goal because of the presence of functioning Community Forest Management Groups (CFMGs) that can exercise effective local authority to ensure the adoption of management practices aimed at increasing carbon sequestration. Here we present a preliminary analysis of the issues associated with forgoing timber harvests in community forests as a potential forest-based carbon pathway. Assuming 50% leakage and transaction costs of $US 7 MgCO2 −1, the carbon break-even price needed to compensate a sample of 20 CFMGs for forgoing legally permitted timber harvests averaged $35 MgCO2 −1 (95% confidence interval 27–42). Under this scenario, an estimated $5 million ($45 ha−1) annually would be required to compensate CFMGs for an additional carbon sequestration benefit of 151,012 MgCO2, but this value is sensitive to factors such as leakage rates, transaction costs, and market conditions. Stakeholder perceptions about the trade-offs involved in managing community forests for carbon revealed a mix of positive and negative views across different stakeholder groups, highlighting both commonalties and differences. Before Bhutan engages in forest-based carbon markets, clarity is needed on issues such as carbon ownership, additionality, transaction costs, leakage, regulation of carbon sales and benefit distribution. By exploring the carbon pathway of forgoing timber harvesting and identifying the major information needs to engage in carbon markets, we provide the key elements of a framework for discussion of this and other forest carbon pathways (e.g., thinning and reforestation) to inform policy decision making.

Cunliang Zuo, Zonghuan Ma, Lianxin Zhao et al.

Background: Apples and pears, as important economic fruit crops, are frequently threatened by various diseases, including Valsa canker. Given the numerous advantages of disease resistance breeding, the identification of key resistance genes is particularly important. This study aimed to identify the “Duli-G03” (<i>Pyrus betulifolia</i>) resistance gene <i>PbeZFP3</i> and clarify its regulatory mechanism in disease resistance via JA/SA pathways, providing a theoretical basis for resistant breeding. Results: In this study, we identified a C2H2-type transcription factor, <i>PbeZFP3</i>, in the <i>Valsa</i> canker-resistant rootstock “Duli-G03”. Expression analysis revealed that <i>PbeZFP3</i> is induced by both <i>Valsa pyri</i> (<i>Vp</i>) and <i>Vp</i> metabolites (<i>Vp</i>M). Transient expression in pear and apple fruits and stable expression in suspension cells confirmed that PbeZFP3 positively regulates <i>Valsa</i> canker resistance. Meanwhile, PbeZFP3 not only enhances the resistance of “Duli-G03” cells to <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> infection, but may also act as a negative regulator against <i>Colletotrichum fructicola</i>. The overexpression of <i>PbeZFP3</i> in “Duli-G03” significantly upregulated the expression of genes related to jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways are involved in the enhanced <i>Valsa</i> canker resistance conferred by <i>PbeZFP3</i> overexpression. A deeper understanding of this host resistance mechanism will provide theoretical support for breeding strategies aimed at developing disease-resistant fruit trees.

Honglin Zhang, Nan Pan, Xiaoyan Wang et al.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) bleaching on the quality of Basa (<i>Pangasius bocourti</i>) fish maw (BFM) and the formation of semicarbazide (SEM). Production of SEM increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05) when NaClO concentration, soaking temperature, or duration were increased. Notably, increasing NaClO solution pH also enhanced SEM formation. Soaking BFM in NaClO with available chlorine concentrations of 500, 700, and 1000 mg/L generated 0.05, 0.07, and 0.09 μg/kg SEM at pH 3 compared to 0.70, 1.19, and 2.34 μg/kg SEM at pH 11, respectively. NaClO improved BFM texture by creating a tight, fibrous structure, but also damaged the secondary structure and α-chains of collagen. Untargeted metabolomics showed that NaClO treatment significantly upregulated lipid metabolism pathways (biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism) and elevated degradation of arginine, proline, and urocanic acid. This was associated with the accumulation of nitrogen-containing precursors in the urea cycle, which then reacted with NaClO, generating substantial SEM. Controlled SEM-generating reactions experiments confirmed that SEM was produced from reaction of urea and NaClO. This study elucidates the mechanism of SEM formation and identifies key factors influencing SEM levels, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for safe processing and quality control of fish maw.

Weijie Xu, Dong Huang, Dubin Dong et al.

Cadmium (Cd(II)), one of the most toxic heavy metals in paddy soils, poses a major threat to food security. In this study, the effects of biochar derived from maize straw (MB), peanut shells (PB), and their copyrolysis (MPB) on soil properties, Cd(II) immobilization, microbial communities, and rice production were evaluated. MPB exhibited superior physicochemical properties relative to mono-feedstock biochars, including higher porosity, higher cation exchange capacity, and greater enrichment of oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., CO, CC). XRD and SEM analysis showed that MPB had an amorphous carbon structure with decreased crystallinity and a honeycomb-like porous network, providing abundant adsorption sites. Application of MPB significantly increased soil pH, organic carbon, and available K, whereas it decreased CaCl2-extractable Cd(II) by 51.79 % and shifted Cd(II) from the labile to residual fractions. MPB also increased bacterial α diversity, promoted the abundance of beneficial taxa such as Anaerolineaceae and Vicinamibacterales, and strongly reshaped community and environmental relationships. In rice tissues, compared with the control, MPB reduced Cd(II) accumulation by 19.42 % in roots, 23.32 % in stems, 47.18 % in leaves, and 45.56 % in grain, ensuring that Cd(II) levels in grain remained below the national safety threshold. Moreover, MPB improved rice yield (+2.55 %), milling quality, and amylose content. These findings demonstrate that copyrolyzed biochar provides an integrated strategy to simultaneously mitigate Cd(II) risk and increase rice productivity in contaminated paddy soils.

Vladimir K. Chebotar, Maria S. Gancheva, Elena P. Chizhevskaya et al.

Some strains of <i>Bacillus vallismortis</i> have been reported to be efficient biocontrol agents against tomato pathogens. The aim of our study was to assess the biocontrol ability of the endophytic strain BL01 <i>Bacillus vallismortis</i> through in vitro and field trials, as well as to verify its plant colonization ability and analyze the bacterial genome in order to find genes responsible for the biocontrol activity. We demonstrated in a gnotobiotic system and by confocal laser microscopy that the endophytic strain BL01 was able to colonize the endosphere and rhizosphere of tomato, winter wheat and oilseed rape. In vitro experiments demonstrated the inhibition activity of BL01 against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. BL01 showed biological efficacy in two-year field experiments with tomato plants against black bacterial spotting by 40–70.8% and against late blight by 47.1% and increased tomato harvest by 24.9% or 10.9 tons per hectare compared to the control. Genome analysis revealed the presence of genes that are responsible for the synthesis of biologically active secondary metabolites, which could be responsible for the biocontrol action. Strain BL01 <i>B. vallismortis</i> can be considered an effective biocontrol agent to control both fungal and bacterial diseases in tomato plants.

Sita Acharya, Ujjal Tiwari, Rishi Ram Kattel et al.

Dairy production is one of the risky businesses, which seeks effective risk management strategies. Adoption of a livestock insurance scheme is one of the most effective risk management strategies for dairy entrepreneurs. However, in Nepal, insurance coverage is very low in the dairy sub-sector. The study aimed to assess the dairy farmer’s willingness to pay for the livestock insurance scheme. The study was carried out in Kavrepalanchowk district of Nepal in 2022. The simple random sampling technique was used to select 146 dairy farmers. Double Bounded Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation technique was used to estimate Willingness to Pay (WTP). About 93% of the respondent farmers were the member of cooperatives which was the major source of information flow for livestock insurance scheme to them. The result revealed that number of cattle reared, awareness about livestock insurance scheme, and experience of livestock loss have significant positive influences in the decision regarding the adoption of livestock insurance. Farmers are willing to pay more than the current premium rate for livestock insurance. Hence, only increasing the subsidy might not be the solution in expanding the livestock insurance adoption rate. Rather, alternative approach like mobilizing institutions (cooperative) in expanding the insurance scheme is required.

Khurram Shahzad, Waqar Shoukat Ali, Sohaib Muhammad et al.

The tropical dry forests (TDF) have an enormously rich flora and fauna that offer various ecological services to the surrounding human societies. Biodiversity assessment is mandatory for implementing any sustainable forest management policy, which is why it is one of the important criteria and indicators currently used. Threats to TDF biodiversity are the primary challenges arising from environmental concerns caused by anthropogenic activity leading to global warming issues. The study aimed to investigate the vegetation assessment and several environmental and anthropogenic variables influencing forest biodiversity from 5 threatened forest sites of District Sialkot (Ghalotian, Kishan Garh, Daburgi Chanda Singh, Pir Kot, and Ghulab Garh), Pakistan. We collected 170 distinct plant species, including 135 dicots, 27 monocots, seven pteridophytes, and one bryophyte, categorized into 138 genera and 62 families, divided into 114 herbs, 32 trees, and 24 shrubs. The phytosociological analysis described the quantitative characteristics, including % frequency, % density, % cover, and importance Value Index (IVI) of all forest areas. Gulab Garh forest has the richest biodiversity forest area, and herbs are the dominant species that have been documented. Environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, organic matter, soil pH, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, Cl−, and electric conductivity (EC) strongly affect forest vegetation investigated by principal coordinate analysis. Shannon and Simpson’s diversity indexes reveal that all sites contain loamy and sandy soil and display a significant relationship between alpha diversity and richness. Increasing trends in temperature and decreasing trends in rainfall suggested that climate significantly affects the Sialkot region’s plant biodiversity. SWOT analysis highlighted that population growth leads to increasing anthropogenic activities such as constructing housing societies and roads, inadequate farming, and excessive grazing, impacting the forest vegetation and altering TDF ecosystem properties/services and functioning. Our findings reinforce the vegetational assessment and importance of local forest biodiversity and significant environmental drivers that influence the plant species diversity in TDF areas. Future conservation strategies are suggested to reduce unlawful resource consumption, restore plant biodiversity in designated protected areas, and conserve rare species locally.

P. Samuelson

Hirohiko Nagano, Hirohiko Nagano, Hirohiko Nagano et al.

Stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopes (13C and 15N) in water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) derived from air-dried soils may be applicable to elucidate the microbial decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), which is crucial in terrestrial C cycles. A total of 40 soil samples were collected from a depth of 0–6 cm from a temperate broadleaved forest in Japan with vegetation succession from grassland approximately 150 years ago. Those soil samples were air-dried before the water extraction process and organic matter analysis. The C and N concentrations of WEOM were &lt;3.6% of those of the bulk soil and were positively correlated with those of the bulk soil at a p-value of &lt; 0.01. A positive correlation between the two fractions (i.e., WEOM and bulk soils) was also found for natural 13C and 15N abundances (δ13C and δ15N; p &lt; 0.01). However, the C/N ratio of WEOM was slightly correlated with that of bulk soils, exhibiting a narrow range of values of ~10. Thus, those features of the WEOM were similar to the well-known features of microbial biomass. The δ13C and δ15N enrichments in WEOM relative to bulk soil, the difference in stable isotope abundances between bulk SOM and WEOM were negatively and positively correlated, respectively, with the concentrations of organo-mineral complexes and short-range order minerals (non-crystalline oxyhydroxides of aluminum and iron, allophane, imogolite, and allophane-like constituents), which play significant roles in SOM stabilization in soils. These relationships suggest that the stable isotopic enrichments in WEOM can be a good indicator of the microbial utilization of soil C and N under different substrate availabilities, which are crucial to SOM decomposition and decomposability substantially varying from local to global scales.

Anita Shrestha, Clare Barnes, Dibya Devi Gurung et al.

Whilst political ecology scholarship has contributed much to articulating social injustices associated with Nepal's community forestry, here we took a different approach, by attempting an 'affirmative political ecology.' We drew on feminist and activist scholarship to inspire collective action that engaged directly with challenges of social justice and those charged with delivering it through their work. Guided by theories and practices of 'transformative learning' and a range of associated reflective practices, our participatory action research involved 4 facilitators and (up to) 25 participants who work across Nepal's forest bureaucracy (and for some, the wider community-based natural resource management sector). Together physically, remotely and through our writing, we reflect upon the operation of power in our professional – and personal – lives, exploring how that may enable a more informed and meaningful engagement with social justice within the workplace, and beyond. This article presents the process of our collective reflection and learning, and shares some of its initial outcomes based on the experiences of the 15 co-authors. Whilst 'simply' having the time and space to come together was hugely important, it was the form and feel of that space that was particularly significant, as we focused on co-creating a safe space which was non-judgmental and based on mutual respect, enabling comfortable and open discussion of often unspoken and uncomfortable issues. Ultimately, this article argues that collective practices of reflection and transformative learning can create shared learning, understanding, empathy and solidarity, and thus that it offers hope in the face of on-going social injustices. It therefore urges political ecologists to work towards such caring and affirmative collective engagements with practitioners as one way in which to affect change.

Ping-xiu Lan, Peng He, Jie Yang et al.

Paris spp. are important medicinal plant and main raw material for many Chinese patent medicines, but viral diseases have became serious problems in cultivation of this group of important medicinal plants in China. In this study, eight viruses were identified in the diseased plants of Paris yunnanensis by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and RT–PCR. These viruses include three novel viruses (two potyviruses and one nepovirus), Hippeastrum chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRV), Lychnis mottle virus (LycMoV), Paris mosaic necrosis virus (PMNV), Paris virus 1 and pepper mild mottle virus. The three new viruses were tentatively named Paris potyvirus 3 (ParPV-3), Paris potyvirus 4 (ParPV-4), Paris nepovirus 1 (ParNV-1) and their complete genome sequences were determined. Sequence analyses showed ParPV-3 and ParPV-4 shared the highest amino acid (aa) sequence identities of 54.3% to each other and 53.0–57.8% to other known potyviruses. ParNV-1 had aa sequence identities of 28.8–63.7% at protease-polymerase (Pro-Pol) with other nepoviruses. Phylogenetic analyses further support that the three viruses are new members of their corresponding genera. Analyses of the partial sequences of HCRV and LycMoV infecting P. yunnanensis revealed they diverged from existing isolates by aa sequence identities of 97.1% at glycoprotein precursor of HCRV and 93.3% at polyprotein of LycMoV. These two viruses are reported for the first time in Paris spp. A total of 123 field samples collected from P. yunnanensis in four counties of Yunnan, Southwest China were tested by RT–PCR for detecting each of the eight viruses. Results showed that nearly half of the samples were positive for at least one of the eight viruses. Two potyviruses, ParPV-3 (26.8%) and PMNV (24.4%), were predominant and widely distributed in the fields, while other viruses occurred in low rates and/or had limited distribution. This study insights into the virome infecting P. yunnanensis and provides valuable information for diagnosis and control of viral diseases in P. yunnanensis.

Yu-Qing Lai, Hui-Li Wang, Xiao-Lin Sun

Digital soil mapping (DSM) is the most widely used method for producing spatial information of soil organic matter (SOM). Accuracy of the information is generally determined by modelling methods and sample sizes used for DSM. However, different studies present different importance of modelling method and sample size on accuracy of DSM, while they do not explore various combinations of modelling method and sample size. Based on the studies, it is supposed that there exists an optimal combination of modelling method and sample size for producing information of SOM accurately and economically. With SOM data of 1861 soil samples collected in Guangdong, China, the present study first assessed importance of modelling method and sample size and then examined if an optimal combination of modelling method and sample size existed for the area. Six modelling methods were explored, while 12 sample sizes were used, ranging from 100 to 1200 with an interval of 100. For each size, 10 repeated samples were randomly taken from a data of 1311 samples which were randomly selected from all the 1861 soil samples based on the probability distribution of the SOM data. The results showed that, for small sample sizes, the modelling methods have a greater impact on accuracy of DSM. However, for large sample sizes, e.g., more than 1000, the sample sizes have a much greater impact. Due to the varying importance of modelling method and sample size, there exists an optimal combination of modelling method and sample size for spatial prediction of SOM in the area, i.e., the combination of regression kriging and a sample size of 800. Thus, for economically producing detailed and accurate information on spatial distribution of SOM, it is recommended that a series of modelling methods and sample sizes are tried to identify an optimal combination of modelling method and sample size.

S.D. Rosu-Mares, M. Pojar Feneșan, I. Ciotlaus et al.

This study investigates the Lepidoptera order representatives among the pests present in apple and plum orchards in the central and northern part of the Bistrita region. This study aimed to find out which ones of the Lepidoptera pests are present in the area and what is their population density. By field trapping of moths and leaf miners, in 2021 we are presenting an up-to-date situation of the main damaging species from the Lepidoptera order. Pheromone traps with attractants for seven species were placed in four locations in apple and plum orchards. The monitored species were: Cydia pomonella, Hedya nubiferana, Spilonota ocellana, Phyllonorycter blancardella, and Leucoptera scitella in the apple orchards. In plum orchards, we placed lures for Cydia funebrana and Grapholita molesta. Our data confirm some of the previous known facts about the flight patterns of Cydia pomonella, Phyllonorycter blancardella, Leucoptera scitella, Cydia funebrana and Grapholita molesta but show a longer flight period. Defoliators such as Hedya nubiferana and Spilonota ocellana are also present and could become a threat in the next years.

Cristina Proserpio, Giovanna Fia, Ginevra Bucalossi et al.

One of the food industry’s priorities is to recover byproducts and move towards more sustainable systems. Among wine-chain byproducts, unripe grapes represent a promising source of antioxidants. However, the development of new foods enriched using phenol-rich ingredients is challenging due to their sensory attributes. The aims of the present study were to (1) use phenol-rich extract from unripe grapes to enrich a model plant-based food (beetroot puree—BP); (2) evaluate consumers’ acceptance and expectations for the beetroot purée samples. The effect of information about the sustainability and pro-health activity of value-added ingredients on consumers’ responses was also investigated. Four beetroot purees with increasing concentrations of phenol extract (0–1.93 g/kg) added were evaluated by 101 participants in three tasting conditions (blind: only samples; expected: only information without tasting; real: both samples and information).Liking slightly decreased with increasing concentrations of phenol extract, even if all the samples were considered acceptable. The health and sustainability information increased the hedonic expectations, although it was not assimilated by all consumers involved. The development of new phenol-enriched foods using functional ingredients from unripe grapes is challenging. However, it is also promising, since all the samples were generally accepted by the consumers and they presented phenol levels that were stable over time and that could have positive health effects when consumed.

Rashmi Chaudhary, Yasmin Janjhua, Nikhil Sharma et al.

Engagement of rural youth in agriculture based livelihood activities is gaining attention as a strategy to mitigate current problem of unemployment due to employment potential of these activities. Nonetheless, there have been evidences about declining youth participation in agriculture based livelihood activities. The present study investigated the factors determining rural youth participation in agriculture based livelihood activities. Examination of a sample of 250 youth respondents identified; agricultural knowledge, availability of land, interest in agriculture, fertile soil, favourable environment & temperature, availability of different types of soil, good transportation facilities and well connectivity as some of the factors determining rural youth participation in agriculture-based livelihood activities in the study area. The overall results for predominant agricultural based activities in which youth participate indicates that youths in the study area are not significantly engaged in agriculture based livelihood activities. However crop farming and livestock rearing are the two major activities in which they are involved. The results of the study will have some useful implication for the policy makers and it is recommended that all stakeholders must make efforts to create favourable environment for increasing youth participation in agriculture based livelihood activities.

HE Ling, SUN Bin-bin, WU Chao et al.

BACKGROUND The orchard soil environment is closely related to kiwifruit yield, quality and its edible safety. Research shows that the nutrient insufficiency and uneven distribution in kiwifruit orchard soil is a common problem in China, and in some areas, the content of heavy metals in soil has been found to exceed the environmental quality standard for soils. In recent years, the planting area of Kiwifruit in Zhejiang Province has been expanded year by year, being one of the important kiwifruit producing areas in China. OBJECTIVES To study the present situation of soil environmental quality in kiwifruit orchards in Jiangshan City, Zhejiang Province. METHODS Two typical kiwifruit orchards were selected to collect samples of soil, rock and fruit, and the content of heavy metals, nutrients and physical and chemical parameters of soil and rock samples were determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The environmental quality and ecological risk assessment of orchard soil were carried out with the main research contents of nutrient abundance and deficiency in orchard soil, influence factors, heavy metal content and fruit edible safety. RESULTS The results showed that the content of Ag, Bi, Co, Cr, Ni, Sb, Se, V and SiO2 in the soil of the two orchards were lower than those of Quzhou City and Zhejiang Province, while Pb and Al2O3 contents were higher than those of Quzhou City and Zhejiang Province. The characteristics of soil element content were obviously controlled by the natural geological background. Soil pH value ranged from 4.61 to 6.30. According to the classification standard in DZ/T 0295-2016, the soils in the studied area belonged to strong acidic and acidic soils. Nutrient elements K, Ge, Mo and Zn were abundant, but N, P, Mn and S were deficient. The maximum value of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in the soil samples were 21.84, 0.22, 23.53, 20.47, 0.06, 8.82, 53.84 and 133mg/kg, respectively, which were far lower than the screening value of soil pollution risk for agricultural land (standard limit were 40, 0.3, 150, 150, 1.3, 60, 70, 200mg/kg when pH ≤ 5.5). The risk of soil pollution was low. The contents of heavy metals in kiwifruit fruit were lower than the limits of green food and food hygiene standards. For example, the highest content of As was 0.009mg/kg, the limit were 0.2mg/kg and 0.5mg/kg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS On the whole, the soils in the study area have the characteristics of strong acidity, uneven distribution of nutrients and low content of heavy metals. It is necessary to take scientific measures to supple and balance soil nutrients and prevent the risk of heavy metals activation caused by soil acidification.

Jassim AL-A,areji, Ahmed T. Al Hayyat

Almond seedlings which were grown at fruit field / Horticulture and Land Scape Design / College of Agriculture and Forestry during 2012 growing season were fertilized with three levels of nitrogen (0, 50 and 100 gm N/seedling ) by using urea fertilizer (46 % N) as a sourse of nitrogen, three levels of humus liquid fertilizer (18% humic acid) (0, 5 and 10 ml humus/L/seedling) and foliar spray with two concentrations of gibberellic acid (0 and 75 mg GA₃ / L), to improve seedlings vegetative growth and budding success percentage. Results indicated that the treatments of 100g N/seedling +5 ml humus / L / seedling + 0 mg GA₃/ L. gave the highest means leaves N concentrations (1.14 %) and seedling leaves area (2119.40 cm²/seedling), Meanwhil the treatment of 100g N/seedling +10 ml humus / L / seedling + 0 mg GA₃/ L. gave the highest means of leaves chlorophyll (60.20 SPAD unit) and budding successes (100 %). The highest means of seedling height increament was obtaind at the treatment of 100g N/seedling +0 ml humus / L / seedling + 0 mg GA₃/ L. (100.49 cm).

Xiaolong Hu, Xiaolong Hu, Gang Liu et al.

The gut microbiota plays a key role in the nutritional ecology of ruminants, and host diet has a significant effect on these microbial communities. Longitudinal studies assessing variation of seasonal microbiota in animals can provide a comparative context for interpreting the adaptive significance of such changes. However, few studies have investigated the effects of seasonally-related dietary shifts on the gut microbial communities of endangered forest musk deer (FMD), and the national breeding programs need this information to promote the growth of captive populations. The present study applied bacterial 16S rRNA genes based on high-throughput sequencing to profile the fecal microbial communities of FMD across four seasons. Microbial diversity was higher in seasons with dry leaf diets (winter and spring) compared to seasons with fresh leaf diets (summer and autumn). The dominant microbial phyla were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and the core bacterial taxa also comprised mostly (94.40% of shared OTUs) Firmicutes (37 taxa) and Bacteroidetes (6 taxa), which were relatively stable across different seasons. The Firmicutes–Bacteroidetes ratio declined in seasons with fresh leaf diets relative to seasons with dry leaf diets, and the dominant genera among the four seasons showed no significant variation in abundance. This work explores the seasonal variation in the microbial communities of FMD for the first time, and reveals how gut microbial community dynamics vary seasonally in accordance with differences in dietary plants (fresh and dry leaf). These results indicate that the annual cyclic reconfiguration of FMD gut microbiota could be associated with shifts in dietary nutrients, which is important information to inform captive FMD management.