Hasil untuk "Evolution"

Araj Sekh

Women’s rights in Islam are often debated and frequently misunderstood due to cultural practices and selective interpretations. This paper examines the historical evolution of women’s rights in Islam from pre-Islamic Arabia to modern times. It aims to show how Islamic teachings brought significant reforms in the social, legal, and moral status of women. Before Islam, women faced severe discrimination, denial of inheritance, and lack of personal choice. Islam addressed these injustices by granting women rights to inheritance, consent in marriage, education, religious responsibility, and participation in social life. The study also highlights the important contributions of Muslim women scholars, jurists, and educators during the prophetic and medieval periods. In addition, the paper briefly discusses Muslim feminism and contrasts it with Western feminist thought to clarify key ideological differences. Based on Qur’anic teachings, Hadith, and historical evidence, the paper argues that Islam fundamentally supports dignity, justice, and equity for women. The study concludes that many contemporary challenges faced by Muslim women arise from cultural misuse of religion rather than Islamic principles themselves. Understanding Islam through authentic sources is essential for an accurate view of women’s rights.

Dong Li, Baoshi Jiang

The free-form single-layer reticulated shell structure has the characteristics of complex shape, a high degree of static indeterminacy, and difficult node positioning in the construction process, and the nodal deviations that may occur in the construction stage have a significant impact on the reliability performance of the structure. In order to evaluate the influence of the nodal deviation on the reliability performance of the structure in the process of shape optimization, this paper takes the free-form surface of the rectangular plane as the initial structure. Shape optimization is carried out with the objective function of minimizing the strain energy under the uniform vertical load, and the influence of the nodal deviation on the reliability performance of the optimized structure is performed by analyzing changes in the structural response’s probability density function (PDF). The elastic modulus, yield strength, and nodal deviation of the material were selected as the basic random variables, and the PDF of the structural response was calculated using the probability density evolution method. In the case of considering and ignoring the nodal deviation, respectively, the PDF of the maximum displacement response of the structure under the same iteration step is calculated and compared. The results indicate that compared with the initial structure, the reliability performance of the optimized structure is significantly less sensitive to node deviations.

Daxing WANG, Haiyan HU, Jiaqun ZOU et al.

Objective To explore the enrichment conditions and main controlling factors of shale gas in the Lower Wuerhe Formation of the Permian System in the Junggar Basin, the Lower Wuerhe Formation in the Dongdaohaizi Sag was selected as the research object. Methods Based on the data of outcrop, core, well logging, well-calibrated seismic reflections and the technologies of total organic carbon (TOC) content determination, whole-rock X-ray diffraction, gas adsorption (N2, CO2), the distribution characteristics, organic matter development characteristics, reservoir characteristics, and gas bearing characteristics of the Lower Wuerhe Formation shale were studied. Results The results show that: (1) The organic matter of the Lower Wuerhe Formation shale is dominated by Ⅱ2 and Ⅲ types and shows an average TOC content of 1.58%. The average vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of organic matter is 1.46%, which indicates the mature stage. The average thickness of the source rock is 75 m. Summarily, the source rock is good and has a high gas potential. The basin simulation results show an average shale gas content of 1.89 m3/t in the Lower Wuerhe Formation. (2) The pores and microfractures in shale reservoirs are highly developed, and gas is primarily adsorbed in micropores and mesopores. The average porosity and permeability are 6.10% and 0.27×10-3 μm2 respectively, which are favourable for shale gas accumulation. (3) The shale has a high clay mineral content, with an average of 29.6%, providing a significant specific surface area and enhancing the gas adsorption capacity of the shale. Additionally, the average brittle mineral content is 50.9%, indicating good frackability. (4) Moreover, the shale reservoir exhibits a relatively large pressure coefficient of 1.58, indicating the favourable conservation conditions. The analysis of the regional tectonic-sedimentary environment and geochemical parameters indicates that the main factors controlling shale gas accumulation in the Lower Wuerhe Formation of the Dongdaohaizi Sag are geochemical parameters and preservation conditions. The key factors influencing shale gas accumulation include the high thermal evolution maturity of organic matter, large shale thickness, high TOC content, and good preservation conditions. These conditions suggest that the favourable area for shale gas exploration and development in the Dongdaohaizi Sag is located in the northeastern slope area of the sag's abdomen. Conclusion The results of this research reveal the enrichment conditions and main controlling factors of shale gas in the Lower Wuerhe Formation in the Dongdaohaizi Sag, which has reference value for deep oil and gas exploration in the abdominal area of the Junggar Basin.

Ellinor O Alseth, Rafael Custodio, Sarah A Sundius et al.

Where there are bacteria, there will be bacteriophages. These viruses are known to be important players in shaping the wider microbial community in which they are embedded, with potential implications for human health. On the other hand, bacteria possess a range of distinct immune mechanisms that provide protection against bacteriophages, including the mutation or complete loss of the phage receptor, and CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity. While our previous work showed how a microbial community may impact phage resistance evolution, little is known about the inverse, namely how interactions between phages and these different phage resistance mechanisms affect the wider microbial community in which they are embedded. Here, we conducted a 10-day, fully factorial evolution experiment to examine how phage impact the structure and dynamics of an artificial four-species bacterial community that includes either Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild-type or an isogenic mutant unable to evolve phage resistance through CRISPR-Cas. Additionally, we used mathematical modelling to explore the ecological interactions underlying full community behaviour, as well as to identify general principles governing the impacts of phage on community dynamics. Our results show that the microbial community structure is drastically altered by the addition of phage, with Acinetobacter baumannii becoming the dominant species and P. aeruginosa being driven nearly extinct, whereas P. aeruginosa outcompetes the other species in the absence of phage. Moreover, we find that a P. aeruginosa strain with the ability to evolve CRISPR-based resistance generally does better when in the presence of A. baumannii, but that this benefit is largely lost over time as phage is driven extinct. Finally, we show that pairwise data alone is insufficient when modelling our microbial community, both with and without phage, highlighting the importance of higher order interactions in governing multispecies dynamics in complex communities. Combined, our data clearly illustrate how phage targeting a dominant species allows for the competitive release of the strongest competitor while also contributing to community diversity maintenance and potentially preventing the reinvasion of the target species, and underline the importance of mapping community composition before therapeutically applying phage.

Emilio Herrero-Bervera, Mario Moreira

In order to understand further the emplacement (i.e., volcanic growth) of 22 Icelandite and 3 Rhyodacite cooling units in one of the long volcanic sequences known as Mauna Kuwale of the Wai’anae volcano (ca. 3.3 Ma), Oahu Hawaii we have conducted appropriate rock magnetic experiments described below as well as anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) studies of such 25 units. We have undertaken rock magnetic investigations such as continuous and partial thermo-magnetic cycles of low field magnetic susceptibility versus temperature dependence, (k-T) curves experiments. We classified the k-T heating-cooling dependence of susceptibility in three groups A, B and C. Type A: yielded two components of titano-magnetite with a predominat Ti rich phase and occasionally a relevant magnetite component phase. Type B: samples are characterized by Ti poor magnetites. Magnetite dominates as the main magnetic carrier. Type C: k-T curves show one single phase of titanomagnetite, and Ti poor magnetite. The coercivity or remanence, determined by back field magnetization is always <60 mT, which suggest the predominance of magnetic components of low coercivity, like magnetite. Usually, two coercivity components are identified in the specimens. In addition we also conducted magnetic granulometry analyses on 27 specimens to determine the domain state of the flows. The ratio of hysteresis parameters (Mr/Mrs versus Hcr/Hc) show that overall samples fall in the Pseudo-Single Domain (PSD) region with high values of Mr/Mrs and very low values of Hcr/Hc. Only two samples from cooling units 17 and specially 22 show a Single Domain (SD) magnetic behavior and a sample from one unit approaches the SD-MD mixture region. We measured the magnetic susceptibility of all cooling units and we found out that in all analyzed units the magnetic susceptibility is low 13.7 ± 8.8 (10⁻³ SI). Magnetic anisotropy/magnetic fabric is used as a tool in rock fabric analyses to investigate the preferred orientation of magnetic minerals in rocks. Magnetic anisotropy is low on all (measured) flows from the Icelandite cooling units from 1 to 17 (mean P’ = 1.010), but becomes noticeably distinct and high in rhyodacite cooling units 23, 24 and 25 (mean P’ = 1.074). Four units show a magnetic fabric with k₃ axes vertical to sub-vertical which may be denoted as normal for the horizontal to sub horizontal units. Two Icelandite cooling units display oblate shapes and two other cooling units triaxial shapes. K₁ axes are horizontal but point in different directions, i.e., NE and NW. Remaining cooling units show different magnetic fabric. Units 17, 23, 24 and 25, despite important variations in anisotropy (low for units 25 and high for units 23 and 24) and shape of ellipsoid (oblate in cooling unit 23, prolate in 24 and triaxial in 25) the k₃ axes show the same orientation, SW to SSW dipping around 45° and a very steady magnetic lineation azimuth NW nearly horizontal to sub horizontal. The magnetic mineralogy and magnetic fabric indicate that both the Icelandite and Rhyodacite cooling units the magmatic evolution during the shield stage of the entire Wai’anae volcano and that such growth was not affected by tectonic deformation.

Marie V. Brasseur, Jonas J. Astrin, Matthias F. Geiger et al.

Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences are often found as byproducts in next‐generation sequencing (NGS) datasets that were originally created to capture genomic or transcriptomic information of an organism. These mtDNA sequences are often discarded, wasting this valuable sequencing information. We developed MitoGeneExtractor, an innovative tool which allows to extract mitochondrial protein coding genes (PCGs) of interest from NGS libraries through multiple sequence alignments of sequencing reads to amino acid references. General references, for example on order level are sufficient for mining mitochondrial PCGs. In a case study, we applied MitoGeneExtractor to recently published genomic datasets of 1993 birds and were able to extract complete or nearly complete sequences for all 13 mitochondrial PCGs for a large proportion of libraries. Compared to an existing assembly guided sequence reconstruction algorithm, MitoGeneExtractor was faster and substantially more sensitive. We compared COI sequences mined with MitoGeneExtractor to COI databases. Mined sequences show a high sequence similarity and correct taxonomic assignment between the recovered sequence and the assigned morphospecies in most samples. In some cases of incongruent taxonomic assignments, we found evidence for contamination in NGS libraries. MitoGeneExtractor allows a fast extraction of mitochondrial PCGs from a wide range of NGS datasets. We recommend to routinely harvest and curate mitochondrial sequence information from genomic resources. MitoGeneExtractor output can be used to identify contaminated NGS libraries and to validate the species identity of the sequenced animal based on the extracted COI sequences.

Yunfeng Jiang, Shu Huang, Jie Sheng et al.

In order to investigate the hydrogen permeation behavior of 316L stainless steel during the microstructural evolution induced by laser peening (LP), an electrochemical hydrogen charging system for initial hydrogen charging of LPed and non-LPed specimen was developed. Afterward, the microhardness, residual stress, and microstructures of the samples were determined and analyzed. Finally, electrochemical hydrogen permeation experiments were undertaken to verify LP's influence on hydrogen permeation parameters of 316L. The results showed that LP reduced the hydrogen-induced hardening rate of the alloy and additionally invoked high magnitude compressive residual stress on its surface. At the layer close to the face of the specimen, the grain refinement rate was as high as 56.18%, which was accompanied by the appearance of high-density dislocations. Compared with the non-LPed sample, the hydrogen permeation time increased significantly, and the saturation current density in steady state hydrogen permeation also decreased gradually.

Lev Raskin , Larysa Sukhomlyn, Dmytro Sokolov et al.

Object of research is technical state of deteriorating systems whose operating conditions depend on a large number of interacting factors. The caused inhomogeneity of the sample of initial data on the technical state leads to impossibility of correct use of traditional methods of assessing the state of a system (meaning methods using mathematical tools of regression analysis). Subject of research is developing a method for constructing a regression polynomial based on the results of processing a set of controlled system parameters. Non-linearity of the polynomial describing the evolution of the technical state of real systems leads to an increase in the number of regression polynomial coefficients subject to estimation. The problem is further complicated by the growing number of factors affecting the technical state of the system. In these circumstances, the so-called <small sample effect> occurs.  Goal the research consists in developing a method for constructing an approximation polynomial that describes evolution of the system state in a situation where the volume of the initial data sample is insufficient for correct estimating coefficients of this polynomial. The results obtained. The paper proposes a method for solving the given problem, based on implementation of a two-stage procedure. At the first stage a functional description of the approximation polynomial coefficients is performed; and this radically reduces the number of regression polynomial parameters to be estimated. This polynomial is used for preliminary estimation of its coefficients with the aim of filtering out insignificant factors and their interactions. At the second stage, parameters of the truncated polynomial are estimated by means of using standard technologies of mathematical statistics. Two approaches to constructing a modified polynomial have been studied: the additive one and the multiplicative one. It has been shown that the additive approach is, on average, an order of magnitude more effective than the multiplicative one.

Xiu Jia, Francisco Dini-Andreote, Joana Falcão Salles

Abstract Most ecological communities harbor many rare species (i.e., the rare biosphere), however, relatively little is known about how distinct ecological processes structure their existence. Here, we used spatiotemporal data on soil bacterial communities along a natural ecosystem gradient to model the relative influences of assembly processes structuring the rare and common biospheres. We found a greater influence of homogeneous selection (i.e., imposed by spatiotemporally constant variables) mediating the assembly of the rare biosphere, whereas the common biosphere was mostly governed by variable selection (i.e., imposed by spatial and/or temporal fluctuating variables). By partitioning the different types of rarity, we found homogeneous selection to explain the prevalence of permanently rare taxa, thus suggesting their persistence at low abundances to be restrained by physiological traits. Conversely, the dynamics of conditionally rare taxa were mostly structured by variable selection, which aligns with the ability of these taxa to switch between rarity and commonness as responses to environmental spatiotemporal variations. Taken together, our study contributes to the establishment of a link between conceptual and empirical developments in the ecology of the soil microbial rare biosphere. Besides, this study provides a framework to better understand, model, and predict the existence and dynamics of microbial rare biospheres across divergent systems and scales.

G. Samuel, D. Kennett

Genetic genealogy databases have become particularly attractive to law enforcement agencies, especially in the United States (US), which have started to employ genealogists to search them with unknown origin DNA from unidentified human remains (suicides, missing persons) or from a serious crime scene, to help identify the victim, or a potential suspected perpetrator, respectively. While this investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) technique holds much promise, its use – particularly during serious criminal investigations – has sparked a range of social and ethical concerns. Receiving consent for IGG from genetic genealogy database users has been argued as a way to address such concerns. While critiques of the importance of consent are well documented in the biomedical and forensic biobanking literature, this has not been explored for IGG. We sought to address this gap by exploring the views of UK stakeholders. Our research question was: what are UK public and professional stakeholders’ views about the importance of the consent process for IGG when used for serious criminal cases? The methodological approach was interview-based and exploratory. Our analysis identified that all interviewees stressed the importance of consent, though interviewees’ narratives pointed to inadequacies of individual-based consent as an ethical panacea for IGG.

Stacy Endres-Dighe, Kasey Jones, Emily Hadley et al.

The first case of COVID-19 was detected in North Carolina (NC) on March 3, 2020. By the end of April, the number of confirmed cases had soared to over 10,000. NC health systems faced intense strain to support surging intensive care unit admissions and avert hospital capacity and resource saturation. Forecasting techniques can be used to provide public health decision makers with reliable data needed to better prepare for and respond to public health crises. Hospitalization forecasts in particular play an important role in informing pandemic planning and resource allocation. These forecasts are only relevant, however, when they are accurate, made available quickly, and updated frequently. To support the pressing need for reliable COVID-19 data, RTI adapted a previously developed geospatially explicit healthcare facility network model to predict COVID-19's impact on healthcare resources and capacity in NC. The model adaptation was an iterative process requiring constant evolution to meet stakeholder needs and inform epidemic progression in NC. Here we describe key steps taken, challenges faced, and lessons learned from adapting and implementing our COVID-19 model and coordinating with university, state, and federal partners to combat the COVID-19 epidemic in NC.

Jerzy Paleolog, Karolina Kuszewska, Michał Woyciechowski et al.

The widely accepted hypothesis in life history evolution about the trade-off between fecundity and longevity is not confirmed by long-living and highly fecund queens in eusocial insects. The fact that the queens and facultatively sterile workers usually arise from genetically identical eggs but differ in DNA methylation makes them a good model for studies on senescence, eusocial evolution, and epigenetics. Therefore, honeybees seem to be especially useful here because of long living rebel-workers (RW) with high reproductive potential recently described. Longevity, ovariole number, nosema tolerance, and global DNA methylation have been assayed in normal workers (NW) versus RW in hives and cages. RW always lived longer than NW and unexpectedly extended longevity of NW when they were together, similarly as the presence of a queen did. RW lived longer despite the fact that they had higher Nosema spore load; surprisingly they became infected more easily but tolerated the infection better. Global DNA methylation increased with age, being lower in RW than in NW. Therefore, RW are queen-like considering global DNA methylation and the link between fecundity, longevity, and body maintenance. Presented features of RW expands possibilities of the use of honeybees as a model for studies on senescence, nosemosis, eusocial evolution, and epigenetics.

Swati Swayamsiddha, Prateek, Sudhansu Sekhar Singh et al.

This paper attempts to present a novel application of Binary Artificial Bat algorithm for more effective location management in cellular networks. The location management is a mobility management task, which involves tracking of the mobile stations to locate their exact positions so that an incoming call or data can be routed to the intended mobile user. The location management cost comprises of the costs incurred by two processes, namely location registration and location search. This work focuses on network cost optimization, using Binary Artificial Bat algorithm for reporting cell planning strategy, which has not been reported yet. Results of the proposed algorithm have been compared with that of Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (BPSO) and Binary Differential Evolution (BDE) for some reference and realistic networks. The proposed approach is found to perform as good as other state-of-art techniques reported in the literature in terms of accuracy in solution, but it shows perceptible improvement in convergence speed.

ALIMA RIHANI, LAZHARI TICHATI, BOUDJEMA SOUMATI

The main objective of this work was primary screening and isolation of lipase-producing microorganisms from oil-mill waste. For the screening of fungal strains with lipolytic activity, we employed a sensitive agar plate method, using a medium supplemented with CaCl2 and Tween 80. Another Tributyrin lipase activity was detected from clearing zones due to the hydrolysis of the triacylglycerols. The evolution of biomass and enzyme production has been assayed. A quantitative analysis of lipase activity was performed by the titration method using olive oil as a substrate supplemented with glucose or Tween 80. We have isolated some lipolytic strains from oil-mill effluent. Three of them were found to be excellent lipase producers that were identified as Penicillium sp, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus terreus. Lipolytic activity and biomass were enhanced in the medium supplemented by glucose. Tween 80 is also considered as a best inducer at the concentration of 1 %. In this condition, these isolates showed maximum lipase production within 24 h; achieved (3.91 IU‧mL-1 ± 0.12) for Penicillium sp.

Kelly Brener-Raffalli, Camille Clerissi, Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol et al.

Abstract Background Although the term holobiont has been popularized in corals with the advent of the hologenome theory of evolution, the underlying concepts are still a matter of debate. Indeed, the relative contribution of host and environment and especially thermal regime in shaping the microbial communities should be examined carefully to evaluate the potential role of symbionts for holobiont adaptation in the context of global changes. We used the sessile, long-lived, symbiotic and environmentally sensitive reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis to address these issues. Results We sampled Pocillopora damicornis colonies corresponding to two different mitochondrial lineages in different geographic areas displaying different thermal regimes: Djibouti, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, and Taiwan. The community composition of bacteria and the algal endosymbiont Symbiodinium were characterized using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer, ITS2, respectively. Bacterial microbiota was very diverse with high prevalence of Endozoicomonas, Arcobacter, and Acinetobacter in all samples. While Symbiodinium sub-clade C1 was dominant in Taiwan and New Caledonia, D1 was dominant in Djibouti and French Polynesia. Moreover, we also identified a high background diversity (i.e., with proportions < 1%) of A1, C3, C15, and G Symbiodinum sub-clades. Using redundancy analyses, we found that the effect of geography was very low for both communities and that host genotypes and temperatures differently influenced Symbiodinium and bacterial microbiota. Indeed, while the constraint of host haplotype was higher than temperatures on bacterial composition, we showed for the first time a strong relationship between the composition of Symbiodinium communities and minimal sea surface temperatures. Conclusion Because Symbiodinium assemblages are more constrained by the thermal regime than bacterial communities, we propose that their contribution to adaptive capacities of the holobiont to temperature changes might be higher than the influence of bacterial microbiota. Moreover, the link between Symbiodinium community composition and minimal temperatures suggests low relative fitness of clade D at lower temperatures. This observation is particularly relevant in the context of climate change, since corals will face increasing temperatures as well as much frequent abnormal cold episodes in some areas of the world.

Dario Civile, Marcello Schiattarella, Claudio Martino et al.

The Southern Apennines (SA) are part of the Apennine–Maghrebian chain, a segment of the circum-Mediterranean Alpine orogenic system. It is a NE-verging fold-and-thrust belt with an about N150°-striking axis developed since the late Oligocene-early Miocene. The Geological Map at 1:25,000 scale of the Pergola–Melandro basin area, presents a sector of the axial zone of the SA which represents a key area to reconstruct the tectonic evolution of this chain. The map describes the complex structural and stratigraphic relationships between the three main tectonic units forming this sector of the SA: (1) the carbonate slope succession of the Maddalena Mts Unit, interpreted as the eastern boundary of the Apennine carbonate Platform; (2) the Lagonegro Unit, resulting from the deformation of the homonym pelagic basin; (3) the strongly deformed Argille Variegate Group sandwiched between the two previous units. Three main contractional tectonic stages, occurring from middle Miocene to Pliocene, have been recognized. Since Pliocene times low-angle extensional tectonic contacts and tectono-gravitative detachments affected the tectonic pile.

Rossana Pascual Dabán, Eloy García Díez, Beatriz González Navarro et al.

Epidermoid cysts are a rare entity in the oral cavity and are even less frequent in the floor of the mouth, representing less than 0.01% of all the cases. We present the case of a 3-year-old girl with a growth in the floor of the mouth with 2 months of evolution and without changes since it was discovered by her parents. The lesion was asymptomatic; it did not cause dysphagia, dyspnea, or any other alteration. A CT scan with contrast was done which revealed the location and exact size of the lesion, allowing an intraoral approach for its excision. The histological examination confirmed the clinical speculation of an epidermoid cyst.

Abigail E. Cruz-Hernández, Abigail E., Colin-Garcia Maria, Heredia-Barbero Alejandro et al.