Hasil untuk "Economic theory. Demography"

Daron Acemoglu, P. Restrepo

Anthony J. Evans

Central banks across the world have remained in a state of emergency ever since the global financial crisis [...]

Saiful Anwar, Ega Rusanti, Dewi Rahmawati Maulidiyah

This study aims to examine whether the adoption of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Standards enhances carbon emission disclosure among banks in Indonesia. Furthermore, it provides empirical evidence that the presence of women on boards moderates the relationship between GRI adoption and carbon emission disclosure. The study was conducted on 40 conventional and Islamic banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2015–2021. The analysis employs Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, with robustness tests conducted using alternative measurement variables to ensure the consistency of the results. The findings consistently demonstrate that the adoption of GRI Standards positively influences carbon emission disclosure in Indonesian banks. The presence of women on boards promotes banks’ engagement in global climate change agendas, aligning with the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5, 8, and 13. This study reinforces stakeholder theory and Critical Mass Theory, indicating that a minimum threshold of female board members is necessary to influence strategic decisions, particularly in encouraging voluntary disclosures such as carbon emission reporting. Notably, the study also finds that carbon emission disclosure is valued by banking stakeholders in Indonesia. Therefore, policymakers are encouraged to establish regulations that mandate GRI adoption and ensure a minimum representation of women in strategic decision-making positions within the banking sector.

Sergiy Sydoriv, Lidia Sydoriv

The paper examines the challenges of training educators to organize an inclusive educational environment in the context of the existential threat to the Ukrainian nation. It is stated that epistemic injustice, which the authors consider in the aspects of hermeneutical and testimonial injustice caused by the colonial policies of the aggressor state, must be addressed through mechanisms that ensure the resilience of the multi-ethnic Ukrainian nation. It is determined that this national identity comprises a complex of individual and community identities, the formation of which requires a decolonial and inclusive approach. The authors describe a study exploring the understanding of the historical period of the Ukrainian Sich Rifles among future teachers, students with special educational needs, parents, and community members. The study also examines the influence of this historical period on the formation of national identity and statehood in the first half of the 20th century and its connection to contemporary realities. It was found that respondents lack well-structured knowledge and skills in analytically comparing historical periods and the present. A methodology was developed and proposed for preparing educators and fostering inclusive interaction between teachers and students with hearing disorders. This methodology synthesizes elements of national-patriotic education using materials from the historical epoch of the Ukrainian Sich Rifles. The hypothesis was confirmed that the sign language used by deaf and hard-of-hearing Ukrainians contains elements of the calqued Russian language but lacks unique signs to denote many nationally significant linguistic units. The study substantiates the following tasks: equipping future educators and students with a contextual understanding of the historical era of the Ukrainian Sich Rifles, focusing on its educational and cultural dimensions during the liberation movements of the early 20th century; developing methods for analyzing the ideological foundations and cultural practices of that period for modern students and schoolchildren through the awareness and formation of generational continuity and connections; incorporating elements of patriotic education into inclusive practices; fostering a nationally conscious sign-language identity; and informing the international community about more than a century of Ukraine's efforts to assert its nationhood. The article emphasizes that access for young people with hearing disorders to the historical, cultural, and linguistic heritage of the nation is a vital aspect of their inclusion in the creation and defense of the state.

Natia Kurdgelia

Regional development is the main vector of the state's regional economic policy. Policies aimed at stimulating economic activity in a specific region of the country are always important. As a rule, the object of regional policy is economically backward compared to its neighboring territories. After Georgia gained independence, regional economic policy was implemented on various scales and using various instruments. However, due to the political and economic processes developing in the country in the first decade, these efforts were minimal. The paper discusses in detail the specifics of the formation of gross domestic product and regional characteristics in Georgia, and analyzes the contribution of regions to GDP generation. The differentiation of regions according to types of economic activity and the difficulties caused by the asymmetric development of regions are presented. The irrational and asymmetrical distribution of resources among regions is the main condition for the weakening of the country. This is reflected in development inequalities and socio-economic problems. The joint efforts of the regions in terms of integrating labor, financial, and natural resources will contribute to solving the problems of regional economic development. It is necessary to develop standards for territorial economic development strategies, a unified methodology, tools, and performance indicators for the strategic planning process. This requires the implementation of legislative and other regulatory and normative changes. It is necessary to conduct regular analysis of regional opportunities, the resulting rankings of which will allow us to assess investment attractiveness and identify challenges.

І. Б. Запухляк, Н. І. Маланюк

Процеси глобалізації та інтеграції, зокрема обмін технологіями, досвідом та фахівцями, поєднання внутрішнього потенціалу країни та можливостей глобального середовища не оминули і сферу освіти. У цьому аспекті освіта набуває важливого значення для забезпечення успішних інтеграційних процесів, що призводить, своєю чергою, до змін в системі освіти. Метою дослідження є вивчення процесів інтернаціоналізації вищої освіти з позиції теорії зацікавлених сторін та розроблення методичних рекомендацій щодо оцінювання стейкхолдерів закладу вищої  освіти (ЗВО). У дослідженні застосовано поєднання історичного, гносеологічного, порівняльного та концептуального аналізів інтернаціоналізації вищої освіти, що дозволило  розвинути концепцію інтернаціоналізації вищої освіти з врахуванням теорії стейкхолдерів та запропонувати методичний підхід до оцінювання стейкхолдерів інтернаціоналізації ЗВО. На основі історичного аналізу з’ясовано еволюцію ЗВО з позиції теорії стейкхолдерів, порівняльний аналіз класифікацій стейкхолдерів дозволив сформувати перелік зацікавлених сторін в інтернаціоналізації ЗВО та підібрати критерії для їх оцінювання. У роботі вивчено підходи до розуміння і класифікації стейкхолдерів у вищій освіті, що дозволило ідентифікувати зацікавлених сторін в інтернаціоналізації ЗВО. Досліджено еволюцію ЗВО з позиції теорії стейкхолдерів, що дозволило виокремити кожне покоління університетів, їх характеристику та показати зміну у ключових стейкхолдерах. Запропоновано розглядати сучасний ЗВО як університет зацікавлених сторін. Розглянуто процес залучення стейкхолдерів як послідовність ідентифікації, картування/аналізу, визначення пріоритетів, формування каналів комунікації, врахування потреб та інтересів, розробка стратегії залучення. Розроблено матрицю критеріїв ідентифікації стейкхолдерів для подальшого їх картографування та визначення стратегії взаємодії. Теоретичне значення дослідження полягає у розвитку концепції інтернаціоналізації ЗВО на основі теорії стейкхолдерів. Практична цінність проявляється через можливість застосування запропонованої матриці критеріїв для ідентифікації зацікавлених сторін інтернаціоналізації ЗВО та визначення характеру їх впливу. Наукова новизна полягає у розвитку концептуальних засад та прикладних аспектів інтернаціоналізації ЗВО з врахуванням зацікавлених осіб. Подальші дослідження доцільно спрямувати на вивчення стейкхолдерів інтернаціоналізації вітчизняних ЗВО, виявлення характеру їх впливу на процеси міжнародного розвитку ЗВО, розробити стратегію взаємодії ЗВО із ключовими зацікавленими сторонами.

Anouch Tamian, Vincent A Viblanc, Stephen Dobson et al.

Demography of herbivorous mammal populations may be affected by changes in predation, population density, harvesting, and climate. Whereas numerous studies have focused on the effect of single environmental variables on individual demographic processes, attempts to integrate the consequences of several environmental variables on numerous functional traits and demographic rates are rare. Over a 32-year period, we examined how forage availability (vegetation assessed through NDVI) and population density affected the functional traits and demographic rates of a population of Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus), an herbivorous hibernating rodent. We focused on mean population phenology, body mass, breeding success and survival. We found a negative effect of population density on demographic rates, including on breeding success and pup and adult survival to the next year. We found diverging effects of vegetation phenology on demographic rates: positive effects of earlier start to growing season on adult female and juvenile survival, but no clear effect on male survival. Interestingly, neither population density nor vegetation affected population phenology or body condition in the following year. Vegetative growth rate had a positive influence on female mass gain (somatic investment) over a season, but vegetative growth rate and biomass, surprisingly, had negative effects on the survival of young through their first hibernation. Later vegetative timing during the year had a positive influence on survival for all ground squirrels. Thus, ground squirrels appeared to benefit more from later timing of vegetation than increases in vegetative biomass per se. Our study provides evidence for complex ecological effects of vegetation and population density on functional traits and demographic rates of small mammal populations.

Matteo Mazzamurro, Petra Hermankova, Michele Coscia et al.

Economic complexity is a powerful tool to estimate the productive capabilities and future growth of modern economies. Little is known of how economic complexity evolves over long periods in history. In this paper, we use archaeological evidence from the Roman Empire in the form of short texts preserved on a durable material (i.e. inscriptions) to estimate the economic complexity of the various provinces of the empire. By connecting the occupations listed in the text of inscriptions with the location in which the inscribed objects were found we can estimate that the most complex areas during the first four centuries of the Roman Empire have a remarkable and statistically significant overlap with the most complex countries today. While we lack an explanation for the reason of the preservation of economic complexity through the ages, this evidence provides a suggestion about how difficult the development of economic capabilities might be.

Олена Головня

Стаття присвячена проблемі теоретичних і практичних основ дослідження й обґрунтування механізмів формування та реалізації стратегії розвитку водного туризму на основі концепції цілей сталого розвитку та гармонізації взаємовідносин у системі «екологія–економіка–cуспільство». Доведено, що в системі внутрішнього туризму провідне місце посідає водний туризм. Автор звертає увагу, що розрізняють некатегорійні та категорійні водні маршрути. Найчастіше застосовують американську версію International Scale of River Difficulty (American Whitewater), згідно з якою всі річки для сплавів ділять на шість категорій. В статті проаналізовані найпопулярніші водні маршрути України для організованих сплавів ІІ-ІІІ категорії складності, серед яких провідне місце займають Білий та Чорний Черемош в межах Івано-Франківської області.

Наталія Овчарова

Стаття присвячена актуальним питанням формування обліково-інформаційного забезпечення сталого розвитку сільськогосподарських підприємств. Доведено, що розвиток концепції стійкого розвитку потребує врахування нових факторів стабільного функціонування суб’єктів господарювання в поточній та довгостроковій перспективі. При цьому на кожному шаблі розвитку виникає потреба формування інформаційної бази яка б спиралася на відповідну нормативну базу, враховувала внутрішні та зовнішні запити та особливості розвитку галузі. В статті проаналізовано особливості формування облікового забезпечення сільськогосподарської галузі, його слабкі та сильні сторони в контексті розвитку концепції сталого розвитку. Сформована система облікового-забезпечення сталого розвитку сільськогосподарських підприємств.

Kshama Dwarakanath, Svitlana Vyetrenko, Tucker Balch

We present an agent-based simulator for economic systems with heterogeneous households, firms, central bank, and government agents. These agents interact to define production, consumption, and monetary flow. Each agent type has distinct objectives, such as households seeking utility from consumption and the central bank targeting inflation and production. We define this multi-agent economic system using an OpenAI Gym-style environment, enabling agents to optimize their objectives through reinforcement learning. Standard multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) schemes, like independent learning, enable agents to learn concurrently but do not address whether the resulting strategies are at equilibrium. This study integrates the Policy Space Response Oracle (PSRO) algorithm, which has shown superior performance over independent MARL in games with homogeneous agents, with economic agent-based modeling. We use PSRO to develop agent policies approximating Nash equilibria of the empirical economic game, thereby linking to economic equilibria. Our results demonstrate that PSRO strategies achieve lower regret values than independent MARL strategies in our economic system with four agent types. This work aims to bridge artificial intelligence, economics, and empirical game theory towards future research.

A. Hargreaves, I. Goodson

Bronson Mutanda, Maireva Chrispen

The advent of digital financial technology left the business community and its clients celebrating convenient ways of online shopping, paying bills and money transfers. However, digital banking technology came with its share of challenges, due to highly digitalised economies in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, cyber fraudsters are increasingly targeting and leveraging on financial market infrastructures. Cyber security of banking institutions and the financial systems across the globe remains a major concern of Central Banks, investors, internal auditors and financial risk managers. The purpose of this research paper was to examine the efficacy of cyber fraud prevention measures used by commercial banks in Zimbabwe. The study also looked into the difficulties encountered in managing cyber-fraud. Results indicate that cyber fraud risk management strategies adopted by Commercial banks are partly effective which indicates existence of opportunities for cyber fraudsters to attacks and get away with it at the expense of clients, banks and the financial system as a whole. Results also indicate that Commercial banks are facing quite a number of challenges which include the following: lack of sophisticated systems, cyber attackers are always ahead, some of the clients do not take awareness messages send to them seriously, some clients share passwords and credit cards and lack of enough education and knowhow of employees. The study therefore concludes that, cyber fraud risk management strategies adopted by Commercial banks are partly effective. Monetary and fiscal authorities need to continue monitoring Commercial banks with regard to implementation of cyber security risk based supervision framework.

Shankar Subramanian Iyer

This paper examines the emerging circular economy trends in universities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The circular economy is a model that aims to reduce waste and maximize the use of resources, promoting sustainable development. The study analyses UAE universities' various initiatives to adopt circular economy practices, including using renewable energy, sustainable building design, and waste reduction strategies. The paper also discusses the challenges and opportunities for implementing circular economy practices in universities in the UAE and highlights examples of circular economy initiatives in various universities. The paper concludes by providing recommendations for universities in the UAE to promote sustainable practices further and contribute to the circular economy movement. The findings of this study provide insights into the emerging circular economy trends in universities in the UAE and offer directions for future research in this area. The ADKAR change management can be adapted to inspire the CE initiatives of the UAE Education sector.

Kadir Aden, Sadik Aden Dirir

Transportation has a profound effect on the environment, aggravating air pollution, climate change, and natural resource depletion. Additionally, the construction and maintenance of transportation infrastructure contribute to deforestation and habitat loss. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the correlation between c02 emissions, natural resource depletion, trade, FDI inflow and transportation in a chosen number of eastern Asian countries, with a unique perspective of examining the influence of institutional qualities as a moderator among these factors. The analysis involves the utilization of CS-ARDL and dumitrescu-hurlin causality test to examine the data. The findings suggest that institutional qualities have a positive impact on the relationship between c02 emissions and transportation, reversing the negative association. Additionally, trade has a negative correlation with transportation, this can be explained by the fact that weak institutional quality can lead to corruption and a lack of transparency, which can discourage foreign investment and trade in the transportation sector. On the other hand, resource depletion and FDI inflows affect negatively the transportation services in East Asian countries. Therefore, the study highlights the significance of effective governance, regulation, and management of institutions in promoting better transportation planning and coordination, ultimately leading to sustainable transportation service.

Benjamin Steinberg

This paper develops the fundamentals of modular representation theory for finite monoids, introducing the decomposition matrix and exploring its connection to Brauer characters. We define modular characteristic and explain how the representation theory in nonmodular positive characteristic behaves like the characteristic zero theory by showing that one can lift from nonmodular characteristic $p$ all simple and projective indecomposable modules, as well as a quiver presentation of the basic algebra. As an application of the theory developed, we give a new proof of Glover's theorem that the monoid of $2\times 2$-matrices over $\mathbb F_p$ has infinite representation type over fields of characteristic $p$. We also investigate the relationship between nonsingularity of the Cartan matrix of a monoid algebra in characterstic zero and in positive characteristic. We show that for von Neumann regular monoids the Cartan matrix is always nonsingular and we show that if a monoid has aperiodic left (or right) stabilizers, then nonsingularity in characteristic zero implies nonsingularity in positive characteristic. Florian Eisele has recently shown that the Cartan matrix of a monoid algebra can be nonsingular in characteristic zero and singular in positive characteristic, disproving a conjecture of the author in an earlier version of this paper. A new conjecture is proposed, unifying the cases of regular monoids and monoids with aperiodic stabilizers.

C. C. Onyeneke, Aly H. Karam

Debates in urban social research indicate that one of the most significant problems facing cities of the global south is the dilemma of crime. This study explores the research question: what is the level of influence of economic deprivation and residential mobility weights on criminal activities within vulnerable neighborhoods in urban centres? This research focuses on the urban social structural theory of social disorganization, to investigate how socioeconomic, demographic, and physical characteristics affect criminal behaviour. The study adopted a qualitative research approach that is cross-sectional. With the use of volunteer self-selection sampling techniques, in-depth interviews were conducted with heads of households via a semi-structured interview guide. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The study found that sociological factors such as economic deprivation and socioeconomic inequality lead to the gradual integration of delinquency in cities. The findings of this research build on the existing theory of social disorganization. To ensure safety, residents’ economic status must be standardized by supporting the provision of more regulated informal sector opportunities and activities for active engagement in supervising and controlling youth behaviour.

T. Sobotka, V. Skirbekk, D. Philipov

L. Jacobs, S. Mettler, Ling Zhu

How do policy feedback effects occur? A growing number of rigorous empirical studies provide evidence that new policies can, indeed, stimulate new politics, such as increased political participation among citizens, but greater understanding is needed of the underlying mechanisms and long- term policy feedback effects. This paper puts forth a dynamic theory of the mechanisms through which policy experiences may influence political participation, focusing particularly on political efficacy. We use five waves of panel data collected over 8 years to investigate the impact of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), controlling for pre- existing ideology and socio- economic and demographic factors. We analyze the impact of resource and interpretive effects and disentangle direct and indirect effects. We find that the ACA has elevated Americans’ political efficacy and political participation with large and enduring effects, and we show the pathways through which this has occurred.

Manohar P. Sharma, M. Zeller