Hasil untuk "Economic history and conditions"

Kurniawan Prambudi Utomo Utomo, Muhammad Aziz Winardi N, Suhardoyo et al.

This study aims to analyze the impact of the sustainability of MSMEs affected by infrastructure development and environmental factors on financial performance, especially profitability and insolvency in the Nusantara Capital City (IKN) in East Kalimantan. MSMEs have an important role in the national and local economies, but they are vulnerable to structural changes. The development of the IKN driven by infrastructure, technology, and sustainability provides strategic opportunities to increase the competitiveness and resilience of MSMEs within the framework of IPAT (Impact, Population, Affluence, Technology). This study uses a quantitative approach with the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) method to analyze the direct and indirect relationships between variables. The research sample consisted of 85 MSMEs that met the research criteria. The results of the study show that the sustainability of MSMEs does not have a significant direct influence on financial performance. On the contrary, infrastructure and environmental factors have a positive and significant influence. In addition, environmental factors significantly mediate the relationship between infrastructure and financial performance, while the mediating role in the relationship between MSME sustainability and financial performance is not proven. These findings show that the sustainability of MSMEs is highly dependent on the quality of infrastructure and environmental management. The application of the IPAT perspective at the micro level shows that the technological and environmental dimensions are able to transform MSME activities into improved financial performance. Policy implications emphasize the importance of integrating infrastructure development and environmental policies in strengthening the sustainable resilience of MSMEs.

Jonah F Messinger, Florian Metzler, Huw Price

One of the most public episodes of gatekeeping in modern science was the case of so-called 'cold fusion'. At a news conference in 1989 the electrochemists Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced that they had found evidence of nuclear fusion in palladium electrodes loaded with deuterium. There was worldwide interest. Many groups sought to reproduce the results, most unsuccessfully. Within months, the prevailing view became strongly negative. The claims of Fleischmann and Pons came to be regarded as disreputable, as well as false. As the Caltech physicist David Goldstein put it, cold fusion became 'a pariah field, cast out by the scientific establishment' (Goldstein 1994). The case would already be interesting for students of gatekeeping if the story had ended at that point. Even more interestingly, however, the field survived and persisted. It has been enjoying a modest renaissance, with recent government funding both in the US and the EU. This piece offers an opinionated introduction to cold fusion as a case study of scientific gatekeeping, discussing both its early and recent history

Köz - gazdaság

Academy of Management Scholar Peter Bamberger of Tel Aviv University is the president of AOM and previously served as an associate editor of Academy of Management Journal. He is also research director of Cornell University’s Smithers Institute and editor-in-chief and a founding associate editor of Academy of Management Discoveries. Bamberger’s research focuses include automatic processes in human interaction; pro-social behavior, occupational health psychology, and pay communication. Author of over 100 scholarly journal articles.

Oleksii Havrylenko, Iuliia Myroshnychenko

In the context of escalating geopolitical instability and the global decarbonisation agenda, understanding the strategic role of renewable energy in enhancing national energy security has become increasingly urgent, especially for transition economies with legacy fossil fuel dependencies. This study aims to investigate whether the expansion of renewable energy contributes to measurable improvements in energy security in these countries. The analysis draws on annual panel data from 19 countries spanning the years 2000 to 2023. Renewable energy development is measured using three indicators: the share of renewables in total installed electricity capacity, electricity generation, and gross final energy consumption. Energy security is captured via the World Energy Council’s Trilemma Index, a multidimensional composite score. All renewable indicators were transformed using Box-Cox procedures to correct right-skewed distributions. The panel fixed-effects Granger causality models were estimated to have two-year lags to detect temporal causality while controlling for unobserved heterogeneity. The empirical results consistently show a significant unidirectional causal relationship running from renewable energy to energy security. Specifically, lagged increases in renewable electricity capacity are associated with subsequent improvements in energy security scores (β = 0.36, p < 0.01), as are increases in renewable electricity generation share (β = 0.28, p < 0.01) and in renewable energy's share of final energy consumption (β = 0.38, p < 0.05). Reverse causality tests, examining whether improvements in energy security predict renewable expansion, yield either insignificant or marginal results. These findings underscore that renewable energy acts as a proactive driver of systemic energy resilience, rather than merely a passive beneficiary of a secure energy environment.

Rem Sadykhov, Geoff Goodell, Philip Treleaven

This paper proposes a framework for categorizing economic policies in a form of a tree taxonomy. The purpose of this approach is to construct an exhaustive and standardized list of actions that a governing authority has access to and can change to control an economy. This is advantageous from two perspectives: by having an exhaustive list of tools, it becomes easier to construct "complete" models (i.e., models that take in all empirical data and aim to simulate economic dynamics) of an economy and understand what the assumptions of these models are; and by knowing all available actions, economic strategies can be devised that target specific economic performance metrics with an exhaustive list of policies.

Volodymyr Ivantsov

The article is aimed at identifying the peculiarities of financing shipping under conditions of uncertainty and analysing the sources of financing of shipping companies. Methodology. This study is based on the analysis of trends in the socio-economic, military-political and environmental situation, which cause global uncertainty and limit the ability of shipping companies to obtain external financing. The article compares the Petrofin Global Ship Finance Index with the dynamics of seaborne trade volumes for the period from 2008 to 2022, determines the correlation coefficient of these indicators and identifies the leaders among the banks-creditors of the shipping industry in terms of the volume of shipping loans in the loan portfolio. Results. The study shows a direct correlation between the shortage of shipping financing and the three main forms of global uncertainty. The results of comparing the Petrofin index with the growing dynamics of seaborne trade indicate a decrease in the role of banks and an increase in the role of alternative sources to cover the shortfall in shipping financing, such as raising resources from capital markets, financial and leasing companies, private equity funds, private equity and venture capital investments, investment platforms, hedge funds, state capital, and capital from international organisations. The main reasons for the change in the structure of shipping companies' funding sources are the conservative lending policy of banks in the crisis, tighter regulation, higher interest rates, lending only to borrowers with a positive credit history, and increased loan collateral requirements. Instead, the advantages of alternative sources of financing are flexibility, speed, less regulation compared to banks, the ability to provide large volumes, new types and forms of financing, and more competitive rates. Practical implications. The volatile external environment complicates the process of finding financing for shipping companies, which directly affects fleet renewal, the increase in the cost of ship construction and refurbishment, and the digital and environmental modernisation of shipping. Therefore, shipping companies should diversify their sources of financial resources, have a margin of safety in equity, and redistribute their borrowing portfolio between bank loans and alternative forms of financing. Value/Originality. The analysis of traditional and alternative sources of financing for shipping in the context of macroeconomic instability allows to identify key trends in investment policy towards shipping companies, to identify the specific needs of shipping companies in the face of various forms of global uncertainty and to outline the features of the most common sources of financing.

Macavilca Tello Bartolome, Kevin Fernandez, Oscar Cutipa-Luque et al.

This study explores the dynamic relationship between corruption and economic growth through an approach based on a system of stochastic equations. In the context of globalization and economic interdependencies, corruption not only affects investment and distorts markets, but it can also, under certain conditions, temporarily boost economic activity. Using data from the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Corruption Perception Index (CPI), we implement a time-series-based model to capture the interactions between these two variables. Through a coupled vector autoregressive equations system, our model identifies patterns of interdependence between economic fluctuations and perceptions of corruption at a global level. Employing graph theory and Granger causality, we build a network of interconnections that illustrates how corruption dynamics in one country can influence economic growth and corruption perception in others. The results provide a robust tool for analyzing international political-economic relationships and can serve as a basis for designing policies that promote transparency and sustainable development.

A. A. Watson

A brief history of the development of surface detectors for the study of the high-energy cosmic rays is presented. The paper is based on an invited talk given at UHECR2022 held in LAquila, October 2022. In a complementary talk, P Sokolsky discussed the development of the fluorescence technique for air-shower detection.

Justus Haucap, Leon Knoke

Abstract This article summarises the arguments in favour of legalising cannabis and makes proposals for the design of the regulatory framework. The main argument for a regulated cannabis market is not the expected tax revenues or the legal jobs that would be created, but the improved youth and health protection in a state-regulated cannabis market. While consumption of legal addictive substances such as tobacco and alcohol has been successfully curbed, cannabis consumption has been increasing for years despite prohibition. A well designed market order with appropriate market regulation and taxation is crucial for effective youth and health protection.

لیلا گرجی

شیوع ویروس کرونا به طور جدی بر فعالیت‌های اقتصادی، مانند تراز مالی عمومی جهانی، نرخ بی‌کاری جهانی، نرخ تورم جهانی، حجم تجارت جهانی و نرخ رشد جهانی تأثیر منفی گذشته است. در ادبیات اقتصاد کلان، وجود پدیده‌های مذکور بعنوان شاخص‌های بی‌ثباتی اقتصادی قلمداد می‌شوند که بر تعادل مالی و حجم تجارت خارجی مؤثرند. هدف اصلی تحقیق حاضر، بررسی تأثیر همه‌گیری کرونا بر تعادل مالی و حجم تجارت خارجی در ایران می‌باشد. در این تحقیق، تأثیر همه‌گیری کرونا بر تعادل مالی و حجم تجارت خارجی در ایران در سال 1399 با استفاده از داده‌های سری زمانی و مدل خود توضیح‌برداری (‌VAR) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در این تحقیق از تجزیه و تحلیل رگرسیونی با استفاده از الگوی خود توضیح برداری (‌VAR) به روش هم جمعی یوهانسن – جوسیلیوس برای برازش و تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها به کمک نرم افزار ایویوز استفاده شده است. یافته‌ها تأثیرپذیری تعادل مالی و حجم تجارت خارجی از همه‌گیری کرونا را نشان می‌دهد و مورد تأیید قرار داده است. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد که حجم تجارت ایران از بیماری کرونا و همچنین سیاست‌های تجاری و اقتصادی با خارج تأثیر زیادی می‌پذیرد.

Gerald A. Goldin

Prediction of ``anyons'', often attributed exclusively to Wilczek, came first from Leinaas & Myrheim in 1977, and independently from Goldin, Menikoff, & Sharp in 1980-81. In 2020, experimentalists successfully created anyonic excitations. This paper discusses why the possibility of quantum particles in two-dimensional space with intermediate exchange statistics eluded physicists for so long after bosons and fermions were understood. The history suggests ideas for the preparation of future researchers. I conclude by addressing failures to attribute scientific achievements accurately. Such practices disproportionately hurt women and minorities in physics, and are harmful to science.

Jonas Stelzig, Scott O. Wilson

This paper introduces a generalization of the ddc-condition for complex manifolds. Like the dd^c-condition, it admits a diverse collection of characterizations, and is hereditary under various geometric constructions. Most notably, it is an open property with respect to small deformations. The condition is satisfied by a wide range of complex manifolds including all compact complex surfaces, and all compact Vaisman manifolds. We show there are computable invariants of a real homotopy type which in many cases prohibit it from containing any complex manifold satisfying such ddc-type conditions in low degrees. This gives rise to numerous examples of almost complex manifolds which cannot be homotopy equivalent to any of these complex manifolds.

Andrea Carosso

In this work, I explore the concept of quantization as a mapping from classical phase space functions to quantum operators. I discuss the early history of this notion of quantization with emphasis on the works of Schrödinger and Dirac, and how quantization fit into their overall understanding of quantum theory in the 1920's. Dirac, in particular, proposed a quantization map which should satisfy certain properties, including the property that quantum commutators should be related to classical Poisson brackets in a particular way. However, in 1946, Groenewold proved that Dirac's mapping was inconsistent, making the problem of defining a rigorous quantization map more elusive than originally expected. This result, known as the Groenewold-Van Hove theorem, is not often discussed in physics texts, but here I will give an account of the theorem and what it means for potential "corrections" to Dirac's scheme. Other proposals for quantization have arisen over the years, the first major one being that of Weyl in 1927, which was later developed by many, including Groenewold, and which has since become known as Weyl Quantization in the mathematical literature. Another, known as Geometric Quantization, formulates quantization in differential-geometric terms by appealing to the character of classical phase spaces as symplectic manifolds; this approach began with the work of Souriau, Kostant, and Kirillov in the 1960's. I will describe these proposals for quantization and comment on their relation to Dirac's original program. Along the way, the problem of operator ordering and of quantizing in curvilinear coordinates will be described, since these are natural questions that immediately present themselves when thinking about quantization.

B. Enjolras

Volunteer rates vary greatly across Europe despite the voluntary sector’s common history and tradition. This contribution advances a theoretical explanation for the variation in volunteering across Europe—the capability approach—and tests this approach by adopting a two-step strategy for modeling contextual effects. This approach, referring to the concept of capability introduced by Sen (Choice, welfare and measurement, Oxford University Press, 1980/1982), is based on the claim that the demand and supply sides of the voluntary sector can be expected to vary according to collective and individual capabilities to engage in volunteering. To empirically test the approach, the study relied on two data sources—the 2015 European Union (EU) Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), including an ad hoc module on volunteering at the individual level, and the Quality of Government Institute and PEW Research Center macro-level data sets—to operationalize economic, human, political, social, and religious contextual factors and assess their effects on individuals’ capability to volunteer. The results support the capability hypothesis at both levels. At the individual level, indicators of human, economic, and social resources have a positive effect on the likelihood of volunteering. At the contextual level, macro-structural indicators of economic, political, social, and religious contexts affect individuals’ ability to transform resources into functioning—that is, volunteering.

C. Brooks, L. Crowder, H. Österblom et al.

In October 2016, the international community made history by adopting the world's largest marine protected area in the Ross Sea, Antarctica—by consensus. Achieving this feat required trade‐offs and compromise among the 24‐Member States (plus the European Union) comprising the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. The process took 5 years of intense international negotiations and more than 10 years of scientific planning. Based on interviews with national delegations and other stakeholders, 5 years of participatory observation of Commission meetings (2012–2016), and analysis of hundreds of documents, we present unique insights that explain the conditions that stalled or facilitated the adoption of the Ross Sea MPA. These included economic interests, geopolitics, an erosion of trust, high‐level diplomacy, and the compromises that were ultimately necessary. We reflect on lessons learned as the world considers how to achieve future large‐scale conservation successes in the global commons.

L. Giovanella, M. H. Mendonça, P. M. Buss et al.

The Brazilian National Constitution of 1988 acknowledges the link between economic and social development and environmental conditions in the determination of the health-disease process and defines “health as the right of all and the state’s duty”. The 1988 Constitution creates a universal public health system, the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS), with a 30-year history in pursuit of the principles of universality, comprehensiveness, equity, and social participation.

C. Mass, David Ovens

A series of large wildfires began over the terrain north of San Francisco, California, during the evening of 8 October 2017 and spread across nearly 250,000 acres, including areas near the towns of Santa Rosa and Napa. These “Wine Country” wildfires were the most destructive in California history, with 44 deaths; the loss of 9,000 buildings; damage to approximately 21,000 structures; $10 billion of insured losses; and substantially greater total economic loss.This paper describes the synoptic and mesoscale conditions that were associated with the wildfires, with strong, easterly “Diablo” winds playing a central role in both initiating and supporting the fires. The climatological conditions preceding the fires are reviewed, including near-normal precipitation and above-normal temperatures during the summer, as well as much above-normal precipitation the previous winter, which led to abundant dry grass that provided fuel for the wind-driven fires.High-resolution meteorological modeling realistically simulated the strong winds associated with this event. Importantly, operational mesoscale forecast models provided excellent forecasts of the high winds several days in advance. It appears that a vulnerable power system, urbanization of fire-prone areas, flammable invasive species, and poor communication of dangerous conditions contributed to this catastrophic event. The potential for mitigating or preventing such destructive wildfires using skillful weather prediction is examined, as well as the possible role of global warming.

Michiel De Haas

Julio C. Rifa Tellez, Marisela de la C. Guerra Salcedo, Isidro E. Méndez Santos et al.

Context: The local vegetation was studied to identify elements that could host butterfly rearing (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in the butterfly refuge at the Camaguey’s Botanical Park Aim: To unveil the nomenclature, taxonomy, phenotypical characterization, differences from akin taxa, distribution, and ethnobiological traits of a host plant (Passiflora incarnata L.), and one of the butterflies that lives in it (Agraulis vanillae insularis Maynard, 1889). Methods: Field observation, work with biological collections, digital image processing, specimen identification through descriptive catalogs and analytical keys, experimental breeds in controlled conditions. Results: The recorded history of P. incarnata L. in Cuba was reconstructed, and the origin of the germplasm found at the Camaguey’s Botanical Park was elucidated. A. vanillae insularis Maynard (1889) demonstrated a potential as a host plant in Cuba. Different criteria were defined to contrast the two taxa with their akin. The feasibility of using the plant to rear butterflies for exhibition purposes was discussed. Conclusions: Due to the frequency P. incarnata L. is cultivated in Cuba, it should be acknowledged as part of the economic flora of the nation. Considering that it acts as a host plant at the Camaguey’s Botanical Park, and is capable of host the rearing of A. vanillae insularis Maynard (1889) butterflies, which have the potential to be included in the butterfly refuge under construction in the park.

Victor Olkhov

The economic and financial variables of economic agents determine macroeconomic variables. Current models consider agents' variables that are determined by the sums of values and volumes of agents' trades during some time interval Δ. We call them first-order economic variables. We describe how the volatilities and correlations of market trade values and volumes determine price volatility. We argue that such a link requests consideration of agents' economic variables of the second order that are composed of sums of squares of agents' transactions during Δ. Almost any variable of the first order should be complemented by its second-order pair. Respectively, the sums of agents' second-order variables introduce macroeconomic variables of the second order. The description of the first- and second-order macroeconomic variables establishes the subject of second-order economic theory. We highlight that the complexity of second-order economic theory essentially restricts any hopes for precise predictions of price probability and, at best, could provide estimates of price volatility. That limits the predictions of price probability to Gauss's approximations only.