Hasil untuk "Criminal law and procedure"

J. Travis, B. Western, F. Redburn

Riko Fitrian, Laurensius Arliman, Herman Bakir

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum dengan spesifikasi yang bersifat deskriptif analitis. Pelaksanaan operasi kejahatan kendaraan oleh satreskrim Poles Payakumbuh sebagai upaya non penal penanggulangan tindak pidana pencurian kendaraan bermotor roda dua dilakukan dengan meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat, melakukan patroli di daerah rawan, membangun kerja sama dengan berbagai pihak untuk menciptakan sistem keamanan. Operasi kejahatan kendaraan diawali dengan proses pemetaan daerah rawan kejahatan kendaraan bermotor dengan mengumpulkan berbagai data dari laporan masyarakat, hasil investigasi lapangan, serta catatan kriminal dari tahun-tahun sebelumnya. Selanjutnya dilakukan peningkatan patroli di lokasi-lokasi yang telah diidentifikasi sebagai titik rawan pencurian kendaraan bermotor. Kendala dalam pelaksanaan operasi kejahatan kendaraan oleh satreskrim Polres Payakumbuh sebagai upaya non penal penanggulangan tindak pidana pencurian kendaraan bermotor roda dua, terbatasnya sumber daya personel kepolisian. Minimnya kesadaran dan partisipasi masyarakat dalam menjaga keamanan kendaraan mereka sendiri. Kurangnya fasilitas penunjang seperti sistem pemantauan CCTV yang masih terbatas. Kurangnya koordinasi antara pihak kepolisian dan pemilik usaha parkir. Efektivitas operasi kejahatan kendaraan oleh satreskrim Polres Payakumbuh terhadap penanggulangan tindak pidana pencurian kendaraan bermotor roda dua diukur melalui berbagai indikator, yaitu penurunan angka kejahatan, peningkatan jumlah kasus yang berhasil diungkap, serta dampak operasi terhadap kesadaran masyarakat dalam menjaga keamanan kendaraan mereka. Data dari kepolisian menunjukkan bahwa setelah pelaksanaan Operasi kejahatan kendaraan secara intensif, angka pencurian kendaraan di Payakumbuh mengalami penurunan yang cukup signifikan dibandingkan tahun-tahun sebelumnya.

Vahid Pooryousef, Lonni Besançon, Maxime Cordeil et al.

Law enforcement authorities are increasingly interested in 3D modelling for virtual crime scene reconstruction, enabling offline analysis without the cost and contamination risk of on-site investigation. Past work has demonstrated spatial relationships through static modelling but validating the sequence of events in dynamic scenarios is crucial for solving a case. Yet, animation tools are not well suited to crime scene reconstruction, and complex for non-experts in 3D modelling/animation. Through a co-design process with criminology experts, we designed "Criminator"-a methodological framework and XR tool that simplifies animation authoring. We evaluated this tool with participants trained in criminology (n=6) and untrained individuals (n=12). Both groups were able to successfully complete the character animation tasks and provided high usability ratings for observation tasks. Criminator has potential for hypothesis testing, demonstration, sense-making, and training. Challenges remain in how such a tool fits into the entire judicial process, with questions about including animations as evidence.

Weizhe Shi, Qiqi Wang, Yihong Pan et al.

A criminal judicial opinion represents the judge's disposition of a case, including the decision rationale and sentencing. Automatically generating such opinions can assist in analyzing sentencing consistency and provide judges with references to similar past cases. However, current research typically approaches this task by dividing it into two isolated subtasks: legal reasoning and sentencing prediction. This separation often leads to inconsistency between the reasoning and predictions, failing to meet real-world judicial requirements. Furthermore, prior studies rely on manually curated knowledge to enhance applicability, yet such methods remain limited in practical deployment. To address these limitations and better align with legal practice, we propose a new LegalAI task: Judicial Opinion Generation, which simultaneously produces both legal reasoning and sentencing decisions. To achieve this, we introduce LegalChainReasoner, a framework that applies structured legal chains to guide the model through comprehensive case assessments. By integrating factual premises, composite legal conditions, and sentencing conclusions, our approach ensures flexible knowledge injection and end-to-end opinion generation. Experiments on two real-world and open-source Chinese legal case datasets demonstrate that our method outperforms baseline models.

Evdoxia Taka, Temitope Lawal, Muffy Calder et al.

Commercial or in-house developments of probabilistic AI systems are introduced in policing and the wider criminal justice (CJ) system worldwide, often on a force-by-force basis. We developed a systematic way to characterise probabilistic AI tools across the CJ stages in a form of mapping with the aim to provide a coherent presentation of the probabilistic AI ecosystem in CJ. We use the CJ system in England and Wales as a paradigm. This map will help us better understand the extent of AI's usage in this domain (how, when, and by whom), its purpose and potential benefits, its impact on people's lives, compare tools, and identify caveats (bias, obscured or misinterpreted probabilistic outputs, cumulative effects by AI systems feeding each other, and breaches in the protection of sensitive data), as well as opportunities for future implementations. In this paper we present our methodology for systematically mapping the probabilistic AI tools in CJ stages and characterising them based on the modes of data consumption or production. We also explain how we collect the data and present our initial findings. This research is ongoing and we are engaging with UK Police organisations, and government and legal bodies. Our findings so far suggest a strong reliance on private sector providers, and that there is a growing interest in generative technologies and specifically Large Language Models (LLMs).

Sravya Palla, Anitha Shivajirao

Background: Individualisation is essential when assessing physical evidence that is discovered at a crime scene to connect the evidence to a suspect or victim. Many studies on the identification of an individual from various evidence types have been conducted across the globe. Once identified, a person's sex completes 50% of the individualisation process, which assists the investigator in leading the investigation in a specific direction by narrowing down the pool of suspects. The current study intends to ascertain an individual's sex, be it male or female, based on footprint evidence, which is a highly neglected research area. The present study is part of an anthropometrical research in which seven different footprint measurements, specifically lengths and widths, were recorded and statistically assessed to determine a person's sex from inked bilateral footprints of 132 individuals (61 males and 71 females) aged 18–50 years, who were born in South India. Results: The t-test scores show that the right footprint parameters are similar to the left footprint, except T1 (Length between the pternion and the first toe anterior point) and B1 (Total Ball Breadth) in females. T4_R (Length between the pternion and the fourth toe anterior end of the right foot) exhibited the strongest correlation with sex. In contrast, HB_Index_R (Heel ball index of right foot) exhibited the weakest correlation. The male and female footprints achieved 77% and 93% accuracy rates, respectively. Conclusions: A person's sex can be established, to a satisfactory degree, with the help of individual footprint measurements. Further studies can develop population-specific footprint standards to help investigators hasten the identification process.

Yongming Chen, Miner Chen, Ye Zhu et al.

Judicial efficiency is critical to social stability. However, in many countries worldwide, grassroots courts face substantial case backlogs, and judicial decisions remain heavily dependent on judges' cognitive efforts, with insufficient intelligent tools to enhance efficiency. To address this issue, we propose a highly efficient law article recommendation approach combining a Knowledge Graph (KG) and a Large Language Model (LLM). First, we construct a Case-Enhanced Law Article Knowledge Graph (CLAKG) to store current law articles, historical case information, and their interconnections, alongside an LLM-based automated construction method. Building on this, we propose a closed-loop law article recommendation framework integrating graph embedding-based retrieval and KG-grounded LLM reasoning. Experiments on judgment documents from China Judgments Online demonstrate that our method boosts law article recommendation accuracy from 0.549 to 0.694, outperforming strong baselines significantly. To support reproducibility and future research, all source code and processed datasets are publicly available on GitHub (see Data Availability Statement).

Andrea Lombraña, Carolina Di Prospero, Natalia Ojeda

The article presents a set of dissimilar experiences and a diversity of state responses in prison matters since the recovery of democracy in Argentina, based on the identification of three relevant moments: the first, marked by the search for a politically progressive public policy and a democratic penitentiary practice (1983-1989); the second, marked by the design and implementation of the Plan Director de la Política Penitenciaria Argentina (master plan for Argentine prison policy), aimed at the recovery of the correctionalist model and its institutional consolidation (1990-1999); and the third, sustained by an abrupt change of course embodied in the Sentencing Plan, following the models of ‘risk’, the desistance from crime and the Anglo-Saxon criminologies of ‘What Works’ (2014-2020).

NTfK

Романов С. А.

Введение: статья посвящена вопросам реформирования системы контрольно-надзорных органов в современной России. Анализируются этапы становления и развития данных органов, трансформация законодательства о контроле и надзоре. Цель: рассмотреть трансформацию контрольно-надзорного института в современной России; проанализировать нормативную базу, на основании которой осуществляется «архитектура» контрольно-надзорного механизма государства; раскрыть новые подходы к полномочиям контрольных и надзорных органов Российской Федерации, закрепленных действующим законодательством о контроле и надзоре. Методологическую основу составляют логико-юридический, сравнительно-правовой, дискриптивный методы, методы контент-анализа, познания правовой действительности. Выводы: анализ действующего законодательства в сфере контроля и надзора позволяет говорить о том, что последний этап реформирования контрольно-надзорного механизма и его деятельности, выразившийся в разработке федерального закона «О государственном контроле (надзоре) и муниципальном контроле в Российской Федерации», имеет ряд преимуществ: изменена и расширена сфера применения риск-ориентированного подхода при осуществлении государственного контроля и надзора, проведено законодательное закрепление всевозможных контрольно-надзорных мероприятий и инструментов, которые могут применяться органами контроля и надзора; обеспечен отход от тотального применения проверок как основного инструмента в работе органов контроля и надзора; создана единая система принципов, на основании которой создается и развивается контрольно-надзорный механизм.

IBCCRIM

O IBCCRIM, em editorial de seu Boletim 294, de maio de 2017, intitulado “Pela definitiva extinção das casas dos horrores”, apontava para a urgência em dar-se cumprimento à lei 10.216/2001 (Lei da Reforma Psiquiátrica) no âmbito das medidas de segurança. Com base em experiências bem-sucedidas como o Programa de Atenção Integral ao Louco Infrator (PAILI), em Goiás, naquela oportunidade, externamos a já antiga posição institucional em prol da Política Antimanicomial: É mais que urgente o fechamento dos Manicômios Judiciários e a reorientação das medidas de segurança para atendimento pelo SUS, ficando a internação adstrita às necessidades do caso clínico, mediante avaliação de equipe multiprofissional e laudo médico. Os Manicômios Judiciários, nomeados como Hospitais de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico pela LEP e pelo Código Penal, são instituições asilares, proibidas pela Lei 10.216/2001, de vigência posterior. Ou seja, são instituições ilegais, onde a medicalização desenfreada e a segregação não servem para nada além da completa destruição da dignidade do paciente.

Lototskyi Mykhailo

Purpose. The purpose of the work is to study the current legislation that ensures the legality of secret investigative (search) actions. The author of this work substantiates the illegality of using the materials of secret investigative (search) actions to prove the guilt of a person if an unauthorized person was involved in conducting such investigative actions. Method. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions. During the research, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: comparative-legal, logical-grammatical, systemic-structural, modeling. The results. In the process of research, it was established that persons who are not employees (employees) of operative divisions of law enforcement agencies, who are not allowed to the state secret, cannot participate in secret investigative (search) actions, but authorized persons who conduct such investigative actions can use information received from "other" persons. Evidence obtained in violation of the procedure for conducting secret investigative (search) actions must be declared inadmissible by the court. Scientific novelty. With regard to the development by scientists of the topic of involving persons not admitted to state secrets in secret (investigative) investigative actions, this topic is new. In the process of research, it was scientifically proven that the involvement of unauthorized persons in conducting such investigative actions is a violation of current legislation. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in law-making activities for the further improvement of the national criminal procedural legislation regarding the improvement of the institution of the use of covert investigative (search) actions, in the practical work of law enforcement agencies, the defense side, the administration of justice, as well as in the educational process during the teaching and learning of academic disciplines "Criminal Procedural Law of Ukraine" and "Advocacy".

Yuxiang Gao, Shiming Lei, Eleanor M. Clements et al.

The intrinsic anomalous Hall effect (AHE) has been reported in numerous ferromagnetic (FM) Weyl semimetals. However, AHE in the antiferromagnetic (AFM) or paramagnetic (PM) state of Weyl semimetals has been rarely observed experimentally, and only in centrosymmetric materials. Different mechanisms have been proposed to establish the connection between the AHE and the type of magnetic order. In this paper, we report AHE in both the AFM and PM states of non-centrosymmetric compound SmAlSi. To account for the AHE in non-centrosymmetric Weyl semimetals without FM, we introduce a new mechanism based on magnetic field-induced Weyl nodes evolution. Angle-dependent quantum oscillations in SmAlSi provide evidence for the Weyl points and large AHE in both the PM and the AFM states. The proposed mechanism qualitatively explains the temperature dependence of the anomalous Hall conductivity (AHC), which displays unconventional power law behavior of the AHC in both AFM and PM states of SmAlSi.

Lisa Koutsoviti Koumeri, Magali Legast, Yasaman Yousefi et al.

Empirical evidence suggests that algorithmic decisions driven by Machine Learning (ML) techniques threaten to discriminate against legally protected groups or create new sources of unfairness. This work supports the contextual approach to fairness in EU non-discrimination legal framework and aims at assessing up to what point we can assure legal fairness through fairness metrics and under fairness constraints. For that, we analyze the legal notion of non-discrimination and differential treatment with the fairness definition Demographic Parity (DP) through Conditional Demographic Disparity (CDD). We train and compare different classifiers with fairness constraints to assess whether it is possible to reduce bias in the prediction while enabling the contextual approach to judicial interpretation practiced under EU non-discrimination laws. Our experimental results on three scenarios show that the in-processing bias mitigation algorithm leads to different performances in each of them. Our experiments and analysis suggest that AI-assisted decision-making can be fair from a legal perspective depending on the case at hand and the legal justification. These preliminary results encourage future work which will involve further case studies, metrics, and fairness notions.

Luke Peilen

We study the statistical mechanics of the log-gas, or $β$-ensemble, for general potential and inverse temperature. By means of a bootstrap procedure, we prove local laws on the next order energy that are valid down to microscopic length scales. To our knowledge, this is the first time that this kind of a local quantity has been controlled for the log-gas. Simultaneously, we exhibit a control on fluctuations of linear statistics that is valid at all mesoscales. Using these local laws, we are able to exhibit for the first time a CLT at arbitrary mesoscales, improving upon a previous result of Bekerman-Lodhia that was true only for power mesoscales.

Michele Campobasso, Luca Allodi

Collecting data on underground criminal communities is highly valuable both for security research and security operations. Unfortunately these communities live within a constellation of diverse online forums that are difficult to infiltrate, may adopt crawling monitoring countermeasures, and require the development of ad-hoc scrapers for each different community, making the endeavour increasingly technically challenging, and potentially expensive. To address this problem we propose THREAT/crawl, a method and prototype tool for a highly reusable crawler that can learn a wide range of (arbitrary) forum structures, can remain under-the-radar during the crawling activity and can be extended and configured at the user will. We showcase THREAT/crawl capabilities and provide prime evaluation of our prototype against a range of active, live, underground communities.

Brendon McConnell

Several key actors -- police, prosecutors, judges -- can alter the course of individuals passing through the multi-staged criminal justice system. I use linked arrest-sentencing data for federal courts from 1994-2010 to examine the role that earlier stages play when estimating Black-white sentencing gaps. I find no evidence of sample selection at play in the federal setting, suggesting federal judges are largely responsible for racial sentencing disparities. In contrast, I document substantial sample selection bias in two different state courts systems. Estimates of racial and ethnic sentencing gaps that ignore selection underestimate the true disparities by 15% and 13% respectively.

Miri Zilka, Holli Sargeant, Adrian Weller

We present a survey of tools used in the criminal justice system in the UK in three categories: data infrastructure, data analysis, and risk prediction. Many tools are currently in deployment, offering potential benefits, including improved efficiency and consistency. However, there are also important concerns. Transparent information about these tools, their purpose, how they are used, and by whom is difficult to obtain. Even when information is available, it is often insufficient to enable a satisfactory evaluation. More work is needed to establish governance mechanisms to ensure that tools are deployed in a transparent, safe and ethical way. We call for more engagement with stakeholders and greater documentation of the intended goal of a tool, how it will achieve this goal compared to other options, and how it will be monitored in deployment. We highlight additional points to consider when evaluating the trustworthiness of deployed tools and make concrete proposals for policy.

Jeremy Waldron

Klaus Witold

A Romanian Roma community has been present in the largest Polish cities since the beginning of the 1990s. Although their presence was initially perceived as temporary, some members of this group have now been living in Poland for more than 20 years. However, for much of that time they have been invisible to the authorities, with only occasional exposure, and the main reasons for intervention were an attempt to remove them from the country, or from territory they were living on. In this paper, I would like to describe the situation of Romanian Roma in one Polish city, Wrocław. On their example I present different levels of exclusion from the community and space, describe the process of marginalisation (as a part of anti-Roma practices), as well as the tendency to use criminal law to discipline behaviours which society considers to be inappropriate and which it does not want to see. I’m thus presenting problems of evictions from public and private spaces, cases of prejudice followed by xenophobic attacks performed by representatives of Polish society and general lack of support neither from the general public, social institutions or police. Those practices lead to dep ravation of sense of security of the Roma population in Wrocław as police officers are perceived by them (and behaves) rather as oppressors who chase beggars away, fine them and confiscate money they earned on the street. And they fail in protection Roma community against xenophobic violence form the host society – or to be more precise they decided to abdicate from this role. The control of and state’s violence against the Roma community is made possible by labelling them as non-members of society, as strangers – persons to whom we can apply different rules than to ourselves.