Hasil untuk "Commercial law"

Robert E. Usiskin, Yaxiang Lu, J. Popovic et al.

Adrienne Lutovsky

Lawrence Lessig

Esmat Zaidan, I. Ibrahim

The rapid advancement and deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) poses significant regulatory challenges for societies. While it has the potential to bring many benefits, the risks of commercial exploitation or unknown technological dangers have led many jurisdictions to seek a legal response before measurable harm occurs. However, the lack of technical capabilities to regulate this sector despite the urgency to do so resulted in regulatory inertia. Given the borderless nature of this issue, an internationally coordinated response is necessary. This article focuses on the theoretical framework being established in relation to the development of international law applicable to AI and the regulatory authority to create and monitor enforcement of said law. The authors argue that the road ahead remains full of obstacles that must be tackled before the above-mentioned elements see the light despite the attempts being made currently to that end.

Junle Liu, Peirong Zhang, Yuyi Zhang et al.

Commercial-grade poster design demands the seamless integration of aesthetic appeal with precise, informative content delivery. Current automated poster generation systems face significant limitations, including incomplete design workflows, poor text rendering accuracy, and insufficient flexibility for commercial applications. To address these challenges, we propose PosterVerse, a full-workflow, commercial-grade poster generation method that seamlessly automates the entire design process while delivering high-density and scalable text rendering. PosterVerse replicates professional design through three key stages: (1) blueprint creation using fine-tuned LLMs to extract key design elements from user requirements, (2) graphical background generation via customized diffusion models to create visually appealing imagery, and (3) unified layout-text rendering with an MLLM-powered HTML engine to guarantee high text accuracy and flexible customization. In addition, we introduce PosterDNA, a commercial-grade, HTML-based dataset tailored for training and validating poster design models. To the best of our knowledge, PosterDNA is the first Chinese poster generation dataset to introduce HTML typography files, enabling scalable text rendering and fundamentally solving the challenges of rendering small and high-density text. Experimental results demonstrate that PosterVerse consistently produces commercial-grade posters with appealing visuals, accurate text alignment, and customizable layouts, making it a promising solution for automating commercial poster design. The code and model are available at https://github.com/wuhaer/PosterVerse.

N. K. Shankaranarayanan, Akash Gupta, Zhuohuan Li et al.

Network energy efficiency is of critical importance to mobile network operators for economic and ecological reasons. The advent of the O-RAN architecture has brought disaggregation and virtualization, and in order to achieve the highest energy savings gains, we need rigorous measurement, analysis, and modeling of energy consumption at both the component and system levels. However, there remains a lack of publicly-available, quantitative data characterizing the behavior of commercial-grade O-RAN systems. In this white paper, we present a detailed energy-efficiency characterization and modeling of a commercial O-RAN system based on comprehensive power and performance measurements, using a network deployment that faithfully replicates a production O-RAN network deployed by a wireless carrier. The results are drawn from an energy test campaign conducted through a joint collaboration between the Open RAN Center for Integration and Deployment (ORCID) Lab Testing and Evaluation (T&E) Project and the Open Networking Foundation / Rutgers WINLAB Energy Efficiency R&D project. The test environment includes an O-RAN system with an AWS-hosted O-CU, a dedicated-server O-DU, and six high-power, multi-band O-RUs. Our results identify the dominant factors influencing power consumption across the O-RAN stack and quantify energy usage variation under different operational and traffic scenarios. These measurements can be used by operators to parameterize power-consumption models, ultimately supporting data-driven energy optimization and more sustainable operation of commercial O-RAN networks.

HUO Jingyu, CAO Yun, YAN Ping

Since the Food Safety Law first established the legal liability of food delivery platforms, the public law approach to governing platform food safety has progressively matured. Nevertheless, the current regulatory tools deployed by takeaway platforms primarily originate from commercial contracts, which exhibit significantly inadequate binding force, punitive force, and deterrence over merchants and riders. Constrained by ambiguous empowerment of platform autonomy and ineffective sharing of collaborative governance tools and faced with novel risks generated by elongated supply chains, the predominantly government-led external governance model struggles to respond rapidly to hybrid online-offline food safety risks. This paper examines the practice of food safety quasi-regulation on takeaway platforms, focusing on the root causes of the malfunction of the platform self-governance mechanism. We propose that by integrating external norms with internal rules, a panoramic governance framework be constructed featuring stakeholder participation in rule design, multi-entity collaboration in rule execution, and dynamic rule adaptation by societal actors. This framework aims to reshape the connection and integration of all links in the governance of food safety on takeaway platforms, thereby enriching and expanding the interface between platform quasi-regulation and post-hoc government regulation.

Ziyi Guo, Yan Wang

Natural disasters such as hurricanes and wildfires increasingly introduce unusual disturbance on economic activities, which are especially likely to reshape commercial land use pattern given their sensitive to customer visitation. However, current modeling approaches are limited in capturing such complex interplay between human activities and commercial land use change under and following disturbances. Such interactions have been more effectively captured in current resilient urban planning theories. This study designs and calibrates a Urban Theory-Informed Spatio-Temporal Attention Model for Predicting Post-Disaster Commercial Land Use Change (Urban-STA4CLC) to predict both the yearly decline and expansion of commercial land use at census block level under cumulative impact of disasters on human activities over two years. Guided by urban theories, Urban-STA4CLC integrates both spatial and temporal attention mechanisms with three theory-informed modules. Resilience theory guides a disaster-aware temporal attention module that captures visitation dynamics. Spatial economic theory informs a multi-relational spatial attention module for inter-block representation. Diffusion theory contributes a regularization term that constrains land use transitions. The model performs significantly better than non-theoretical baselines in predicting commercial land use change under the scenario of recurrent hurricanes, with around 19% improvement in F1 score (0.8763). The effectiveness of the theory-guided modules was further validated through ablation studies. The research demonstrates that embedding urban theory into commercial land use modeling models may substantially enhance the capacity to capture its gains and losses. These advances in commercial land use modeling contribute to land use research that accounts for cumulative impacts of recurrent disasters and shifts in economic activity patterns.

Feng-Ji Chen, Chao-Kai Wen, De-Ming Chian

While numerous experimental studies have demonstrated the feasibility of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology, most have primarily focused on extending coverage. In contrast, this paper presents an experimental evaluation of multiple active RISs deployed in a 5G multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) commercial network, emphasizing enhancements in channel rank and throughput. We propose a low-complexity, codebook-based beamforming algorithm specifically tailored for multi-RIS configurations, which diversifies directional channels and reduces reliance on explicit channel state information. Field tests using a commercial base station and user equipment reveal that the multi-RIS system can improve channel rank and throughput by up to 14% compared to single-RIS deployments, while maintaining low computational complexity. These findings underscore the practical benefits of active multi-RIS systems for next-generation networks.

Gregor P. Henze, Kevin J. Kircher, James E. Braun

Over the last two decades, research and development efforts have shown that advanced control of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment in commercial buildings can improve energy efficiency, reduce emissions, and turn buildings into active participants in the power grid. Despite these efforts, advanced commercial HVAC control has not yet seen widespread adoption. In this paper, we argue that the research community can help companies deploy advanced HVAC control at speed and scale by reorienting research efforts toward clearly demonstrating the business case for adoption. To support this argument, we draw on findings from the 2023 Intelligent Building Operations Workshop, which brought together researchers, entrepreneurs, and representatives from industry and government to discuss current business offerings, state-of-the-art field demonstrations, barriers to adoption, and future directions.

Mingyu Yu, Jiayang Wang, Sahani A. Iddawela et al.

GaAs(111)B is a semiconductor substrate widely used in research and commercial fields due to its low cost, mature synthesis technology, and excellent properties for manufacturing electronic devices. It is not only used to grow three-dimensional (3D) strongly-bonded materials, but has also been used as a substrate for layered, van der Waals (vdW)-bonded chalcogenide film growth. However, GaAs(111)B wafers cannot be directly used for growing epitaxial vdW chalcogenide films for two reasons: (1) the GaAs surface has a substantial number of dangling bonds that need to be passivated for vdW layers growth; (2) the substrate surface is covered with a thin epi-ready oxide layer which must be removed before film growth. In this paper, we optimize the method for deoxidizing GaAs(111)B substrates under a Se overpressure and successfully create a smooth, deoxidized, and passivated substrate for subsequent growth of vdW chalcogenide materials. We demonstrate the benefits of this method for the growth of vdW chalcogenide thin films using GaSe as a representative of vdW chalcogenides. In addition, we find that severely aged substrates have difficulty maintaining a smooth surface during the deoxidation and passivation process and cause GaSe crystals to nucleate in random shapes and orientations. We describe a method using water droplet testing to determine the age of the substrate. Finally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization reveals that the natural aging of GaAs(111)B in the air results in an increase in surface oxides, Ga2O3 and As2O3, while exposure to ultraviolet (UV)-ozone not only enhances the contents of these two oxides but also generates a new oxide, As2O5. Our research contributes to expanding the compatibility of GaAs(111)B with diverse growth materials and the production of high-quality heterostructure devices.

Yuan Zhou, Qiuyue Wang, Yuxuan Cai et al.

Significant advancements have been made in the field of video generation, with the open-source community contributing a wealth of research papers and tools for training high-quality models. However, despite these efforts, the available information and resources remain insufficient for achieving commercial-level performance. In this report, we open the black box and introduce $\textbf{Allegro}$, an advanced video generation model that excels in both quality and temporal consistency. We also highlight the current limitations in the field and present a comprehensive methodology for training high-performance, commercial-level video generation models, addressing key aspects such as data, model architecture, training pipeline, and evaluation. Our user study shows that Allegro surpasses existing open-source models and most commercial models, ranking just behind Hailuo and Kling. Code: https://github.com/rhymes-ai/Allegro , Model: https://huggingface.co/rhymes-ai/Allegro , Gallery: https://rhymes.ai/allegro_gallery .

Morgan Hauptfleisch, Denise Tembo, Reece Alberts et al.

While the numbers and distribution of African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana) have declined in most African range States, they have been steadily increasing in much of southern Africa. In Namibia’s arid north-west, elephants are expanding beyond Protected areas (PA) into multiple types of land use, leading to socio-economic implications, both positive and negative. Our study aimed to quantify cross-land use movements and fence breaches and explore the institutional, legislative and policy implications of fencing, and a new conservation paradigm for the area. We used satellite movements of eight collared elephant herds in multiple types of land use to the south and west of Etosha National Park for one year. Of these herds, seven had home ranges spanning multiple PA/communal/commercial landscapes, often crossing fences with management or disease significance.  The implications of the movements between land uses are assessed in the context of relevant policy regarding management and economics. We conclude that despite challenges to livestock disease control and fencing damage, the expansion of elephant range has resulted in economic benefits to landowners and communal conservancies through tourism and possible consumptive use opportunities, as well as an improvement in general wildlife conservation practices in the area. Regardless of these benefits and the growing interest among rural residents in supporting the establishment of elephant corridors and the removal of fences, Namibia’s legal and policy framework creates numerous implications for landowners and managers when considering fence breaches by elephants. We conclude with recommendations for holistic situational analysis of policy, law and practice and the consideration of amendments to outdated fencing requirements, thereby unlocking the economic and conservation benefits of elephant range expansion in the area.

Abdelrehim Awad, Ahmed Moustafa Aldabousi

In the digital age, viral marketing has emerged as a key driver in shaping brand equity, particularly in the highly competitive Egyptian home appliances sector. Traditional marketing strategies have proven insufficient in reaching consumers with the same efficacy as viral campaigns, which leverage digital platforms and consumer networks. This study examines the influence of viral marketing on brand equity dimensions – brand awareness, perceived quality, brand loyalty, and brand association – through the lens of both customer perception and legal frameworks Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 270 respondents across 389 companies, with a response rate of approximately 70% of the total population in Egypt’s home appliances sector, with simple linear regression analysis employed to assess the relationships. The results indicate a strong positive effect of viral marketing on brand equity. Specifically, viral marketing accounts for 27.2% of the variance in brand awareness (R² = 0.272, p < 0.001), 28.1% in perceived quality (R² = 0.281, p < 0.01), 13.6% in brand loyalty (R² = 0.136, p < 0.05), and 40.9% in brand association (R² = 0.409, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the study finds that regulatory compliance plays a moderating role, ensuring that viral marketing campaigns remain within ethical and legal bounds, thereby enhancing consumer trust and the long-term impact of marketing efforts.These findings highlight the strategic value of integrating viral marketing with a firm understanding of legal frameworks to optimize brand equity in Egypt’s home appliances industry. This research provides actionable insights for brand managers and marketers looking to maximize the efficacy of their viral campaigns while maintaining brand integrity. AcknowledgmentThe authors are thankful to the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at University of Bisha for supporting this work through the Fast-Track Research Support Program.

Adekemi Omotubora

Nigeria has a significant gender financial inclusion gap with women disproportionately represented among the financially excluded. Artificial intelligence (AI) powered financial technologies (fintech) present distinctive advantages for enhancing women’s inclusion. This includes efficiency gains, reduced transaction costs, and personalized services tailored to women’s needs. Nonetheless, AI harbours a paradox. While it promises to address financial inclusion, it can also inadvertently perpetuate and amplify gender bias. The critical question is thus, how can AI effectively address the challenges of women’s financial exclusion in Nigeria? Using publicly available data, this research undertakes a qualitative analysis of AI-powered Fintech services in Nigeria. Its objective is to understand how innovations in financial services correspond to the needs of potential users like unbanked or underserved women. The research finds that introducing innovative financial services and technology is insufficient to ensure inclusion. Financial inclusion requires the availability, accessibility, affordability, appropriateness, sustainability, and alignment of services with the needs of potential users, and policy-driven strategies that aid inclusion.

Tu Le, Alan Wang, Yaxing Yao et al.

Data collection through the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, or smart devices, in commercial buildings enables possibilities for increased convenience and energy efficiency. However, such benefits face a large perceptual challenge when being implemented in practice, due to the different ways occupants working in the buildings understand and trust in the data collection. The semi-public, pervasive, and multi-modal nature of data collection in smart buildings points to the need to study occupants' understanding of data collection and notification preferences. We conduct an online study with 492 participants in the US who report working in smart commercial buildings regarding: 1) awareness and perception of data collection in smart commercial buildings, 2) privacy notification preferences, and 3) potential factors for privacy notification preferences. We find that around half of the participants are not fully aware of the data collection and use practices of IoT even though they notice the presence of IoT devices and sensors. We also discover many misunderstandings around different data practices. The majority of participants want to be notified of data practices in smart buildings, and they prefer push notifications to passive ones such as websites or physical signs. Surprisingly, mobile app notification, despite being a popular channel for smart homes, is the least preferred method for smart commercial buildings.

Mandana Kariminejad, David Tormey, Saif Huq et al.

Injection moulding is an important industry, providing a significant percentage of the demand for plastic products throughout the world. The process consists of many variables which directly or indirectly influence the part quality and cycle time. The first step in optimizing the process parameters is identifying the most significant variables affecting the desired output. For this purpose, various Design of Experiments methods (DOE) have been developed to investigate the effect of the experimental variables on the output and predict the required settings to achieve the optimal value of the output. In this study we investigate the application of DOE for a commercial injection moulded component which suffers from a long cycle time and high shrinkage. The Taguchi method has been used to analyze the effect of four input variables on the two output variables: cycle time and shrinkage. The component has been simulated in the Moldflow software to validate the predicted output and optimized settings of the variables from the DOE. A comparison of the simulation result and the predicted value from the DOE illustrated good accordance. The calculated optimal setting with the Taguchi method reduced the cycle time from the 40s to about 23s and met the shrinkage criteria for this commercial part.

Ranjan Sapkota, Dawood Ahmed, Salik Ram Khanal et al.

This research presents a novel, robotic pollination system designed for targeted pollination of apple flowers in modern fruiting wall orchards. Developed in response to the challenges of global colony collapse disorder, climate change, and the need for sustainable alternatives to traditional pollinators, the system utilizes a commercial manipulator, a vision system, and a spray nozzle for pollen application. Initial tests in April 2022 pollinated 56% of the target flower clusters with at least one fruit with a cycle time of 6.5 s. Significant improvements were made in 2023, with the system accurately detecting 91% of available flowers and pollinating 84% of target flowers with a reduced cycle time of 4.8 s. This system showed potential for precision artificial pollination that can also minimize the need for labor-intensive field operations such as flower and fruitlet thinning.

Bongjoon Hyun, Taehun Kim, Dongjae Lee et al.

Processing-in-memory (PIM) has been explored for decades by computer architects, yet it has never seen the light of day in real-world products due to their high design overheads and lack of a killer application. With the advent of critical memory-intensive workloads, several commercial PIM technologies have been introduced to the market ranging from domain-specific PIM architectures to more general-purpose PIM architectures. In this work, we deepdive into UPMEM's commercial PIM technology, a general-purpose PIM-enabled parallel architecture that is highly programmable. Our first key contribution is the development of a flexible simulation framework for PIM. The simulator we developed (aka PIMulator) enables the compilation of UPMEM-PIM source codes into its compiled machine-level instructions, which are subsequently consumed by our cycle-level performance simulator. Using PIMulator, we demystify UPMEM's PIM design through a detailed characterization study. Building on top of our characterization, we conduct a series of case studies to pathfind important architectural features that we deem will be critical for future PIM architectures to support

Nina Maksimović Sekulić

With the rapid development of information and communication technologies in the EU, the establishment of the digital single market through the EU’s strategy has allowed for fair market competition using the internet by both individuals (natural persons) and legal entities. However, regulatory disparities among EU member states have posed challenges for businesses engaged in cross-border activities within the EU’s single market. There are big differences among member states in terms of the availability of internet tools that enable entrepreneurs and companies to communicate with competent bodies regarding issues related to their business. Furthermore, e-government services differ among member states. Some member states offer comprehensive userfriendly services entirely online, while others struggle to provide digital solutions at crucial stages of a company’s life cycle. In certain EU member states, the establishment of a company or the submission of document and information amendments to the register are only allowed in person, or in person or electronically, while in some member states this can only be done electronically. Digitalization was supposed to simplify the procedures for establishing business entities and enable free business establishment at the EU level. The aim of this paper is to analyze the legislative framework at the EU level, which should facilitate business operations in the digitalworld and provide security to participants in the European single market, with a special focus on EU Directive 2019/1151.