Hasil untuk "Civil law"

R. Delgado, Jean Stefancic

C. Thornhill

F. Ploeg

Are natural resources a “curse” or a “blessing”? The empirical evidence suggests either outcome is possible. The paper surveys a variety of hypotheses and supporting evidence for why some countries benefit and others lose from the presence of natural resources. These include that a resource bonanza induces appreciation of the real exchange rate, deindustrialization and bad growth prospects, and that these adverse effects are more severe in volatile countries with bad institutions and lack of rule of law, corruption, presidential democracies, and underdeveloped financial systems. Another hypothesis is that a resource boom reinforces rent grabbing and civil conflict especially if institutions are bad, induces corruption especially in non-democratic countries, and keeps in place bad policies. Finally, resource rich developing economies seem unable to successfully convert their depleting exhaustible resources into other productive assets. The survey also offers some welfare-based fiscal rules for harnessing resource windfalls in developed and developing economies.

J. Habermas, T. Burger

C. Mackinnon

Deborah A. Bräutigam, Stephen F. Knack

K. Crenshaw

Sebin Oh, Jinyan Zhao, Raul Rincon et al.

The fate of cities under natural hazards depends not only on hazard intensity but also on the coupling of structural damage, a collective process that remains poorly understood. Here we show that urban structural damage exhibits phase-transition phenomena. As hazard intensity increases, the system can shift abruptly from a largely safe to a largely damaged state, analogous to a first-order phase transition in statistical physics. Higher diversity in the building portfolio smooths this transition, but multiscale damage clustering traps the system in an extended critical-like regime (analogous to a Griffiths phase), suppressing the emergence of a more predictable disordered (Gaussian) phase. These phenomenological patterns are characterized by a random-field Ising model, with the external field, disorder strength, and temperature interpreted as the effective hazard demand, structural diversity, and modeling uncertainty, respectively. Applying this framework to real urban inventories reveals that widely used engineering modeling practices can shift urban damage patterns between synchronized and volatile regimes, systematically biasing exceedance-based risk metrics by up to 50% under moderate earthquakes ($M_w \approx 5.5$--$6.0$), equivalent to a several-fold gap in repair costs. This phase-aware description turns the collective behavior of civil infrastructure damage into actionable diagnostics for urban risk assessment and planning.

Aleksandar Keseljevic, Stefan Nikolic, Rok Spruk

We investigate the long-term impact of civil war on subnational economic growth across 78 regions in five former Yugoslav republics from 1950 to 2015. Leveraging the outbreak of ethnic tensions and the onset of conflict, we construct counterfactual growth trajectories using a robust region-level donor pool from 28 conflict-free countries. Applying a hybrid synthetic control and difference-in-differences approach, we find that the war in former Yugoslavia inflicted unprecedented regional per capita GDP losses estimated at 38 percent, with substantial regional heterogeneity. The most war-affected regions suffered prolonged and permanent economic declines, while capital cities experienced more transitory effects. Our results are robust to extensive variety of specification tests, placebo analyses, and falsification exercises. Notably, ethnic tensions between Serbs and Croats explain up to 40 percent of the observed variation in economic losses, underscoring the deep and lasting influence of ethnic divisions on economic impacts of the armed conflicts.

Bence András Auer

Ambre Jarassier

Inspired by ancient Rome, the Napoleonic senatus-consulte is a legal norm drafted by the conservative Senate under the aegis of Napoleon. This text embodies a norm that is both contra legem and contra constitutionem. The dissolution of the marriage between Napoleon and Josephine was contrary to the articles of the Civil Code concerning divorce by mutual consent. Joséphine's rights were violated. Moreover, the senatus-consulte violated article 14 of the Imperial Constitution of Floréal 28, Year XII, which provided for the establishment of a statute relating to the imperial family. The latter, dated March 30, 1806, prohibits divorce for all members of the imperial family, including the Emperor. Such violations were justified by necessity: the continuity of the Empire depended on the birth of an imperial prince. Joséphine would thus be responsible for the absence of a male heir, according to the Emperor and the Senate. The senatus-consulte, the Emperor's political weapon, crossed a new threshold with Napoleon's divorce. Whereas this senatorial norm had hitherto been used in the context of public law to further the Emperor's designs, it now came to regulate private law and provoke Empress Josephine's vulnerability.

Martyna Brzoza, Julia Stawińska-Dudek, Piotr Mikołajczyk et al.

Introduction and purpose: Throughout the years xylitol has become a commonly used sugar substitute. Presenting similar level of sweetness to sucrose, it serves as a much healthier alternative. The aim of this article is to expand knowledge about the beneficial impact of xylitol on human health mainly focusing on aspects regarding oral health. Materials and methods: A thorough analysis of scientific databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar has been undertaken using the key words chosen based on their relevance to the matter in subject. Studies since the year 2017 have been analyzed in order to obtain the most up to date information. The state of knowledge: Xylitol, being the sweetest of all polyols, has been prevalently used as a sugar substitute due to its various favorable effects on both oral and general health. It may be incorporated into daily oral care regimen as a preventive measure counteracting caries development both in adults and in children. According to the investigated studies, it also acts as a prebiotic, presents low caloric value as well as low glycemic and insulinemic indices. Conclusions: Xylitol is characterized by its facile availability in various forms such as for example chewing gums, pastilles, toothpastes, wipes and mouth rinses. It is derived either from natural, mainly plant based sources, or it may also be extracted synthetically. Due to those reasons and its favorable properties, it may serve as a prevalent sugar substitute. Used in appropriate doses it is safe regardless of age and presents multiple advantageous effects on various aspects of human health.

Sebastian Kowalski

The study analyses the legislative changes made by the Act of 7 July 2023 amending the Act – the Code of Civil Procedure, the Act – the Law on the System of Common Courts, the Act – the Code of Criminal Procedure and some other acts, relating to the institution of subsidiary prosecution, concerning the discontinuation of criminal proceedings due to the lack of a complaint of an authorised accuser by a decision issued at a session or a main hearing. They were related to the introduction of the provisions of Article 339 § 3b and Article 368a to the Code of Criminal Procedure. The aim of the analysis undertaken was to assess the legitimacy of the changes made. The research carried out by the dogmatic-legal method led to the conclusion that the two new articles are inconsistent with each other, and that the changes introduced are unlikely to improve the quality of criminal proceedings conducted following the filing of a subsidiary indictment.

Szymon Zaręba

This article examines the 2024 judgment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in J. Paul Getty Trust and Others v. Italy, concerning the ownership and cultural heritage status of the ancient bronze statue Atleta di Fano (Victorious Youth). It analyses how the ECtHR addresses questions of cultural property and its inclusion in a nation’s cultural heritage. The judgment demonstrates that, when evaluating the cultural heritage value of a work of art for a particular country, the Court considers the issue of possible state ownership to be of little importance, and instead takes a range of other, even relatively unconventional factors into account, provided that the national authorities have done so as well. This approach reveals the ECtHR’s willingness to grant States Parties to the European Convention on Human Rights a wide margin of appreciation in determining both the relevant facts and their legal interpretation. Moreover, the judgment in J. Paul Getty Trust and Others v. Italy shows a degree of deference even towards domestic findings that may appear less persuasive. Such reasoning ultimately benefits states that have long maintained robust legal frameworks for the appropriation of discovered cultural property, reinforcing their capacity to protect and retain objects of archaeological heritage.

Matthew A. Bershady, Kyle B. Westfall, Shravan Shetty et al.

We measure the age-velocity relationship from the lag between ionized gas and stellar tangential speeds in ~500 nearby disk galaxies from MaNGA in SDSS-IV. Selected galaxies are kinematically axisymmetric. Velocity lags are asymmetric drift, seen in the Milky Way's (MW) solar neighborhood and other Local Group galaxies; their amplitude correlates with stellar population age. The trend is qualitatively consistent in rate (d(sigma)/dt) with a simple power-law model where sigma is proportional to t^b that explains the dynamical phase-space stratification in the solar neighborhood. The model is generalized based on disk dynamical times to other radii and other galaxies. We find in-plane radial stratification parameters sigma_(0,r} (dispersion of the youngest populations) in the range of 10-40 km/s and 0.2<b_r<0.5 for MaNGA galaxies. Overall b_r increases with galaxy mass, decreases with radius for galaxies above 10.4 dex (M_solar) in stellar mass, but is ~constant with radius at lower mass. The measurement scatter indicates the stratification model is too simple to capture the complexity seen in the data, unsurprising given the many possible astrophysical processes that may lead to stellar population dynamical stratification. Nonetheless, the data show dynamical stratification is broadly present in the galaxy population, with systematic trends in mass and density. The amplitude of the asymmetric drift signal is larger for the MaNGA sample than the MW, and better represented in the mean by what is observed in the disks of M31 and M33. Either typical disks have higher surface-density or, more likely, are dynamically hotter (hence thicker) than the MW.

Odysseas S. Chlapanis, Ion Androutsopoulos, Dimitrios Galanis

The SemEval task on Argument Reasoning in Civil Procedure is challenging in that it requires understanding legal concepts and inferring complex arguments. Currently, most Large Language Models (LLM) excelling in the legal realm are principally purposed for classification tasks, hence their reasoning rationale is subject to contention. The approach we advocate involves using a powerful teacher-LLM (ChatGPT) to extend the training dataset with explanations and generate synthetic data. The resulting data are then leveraged to fine-tune a small student-LLM. Contrary to previous work, our explanations are not directly derived from the teacher's internal knowledge. Instead they are grounded in authentic human analyses, therefore delivering a superior reasoning signal. Additionally, a new `mutation' method generates artificial data instances inspired from existing ones. We are publicly releasing the explanations as an extension to the original dataset, along with the synthetic dataset and the prompts that were used to generate both. Our system ranked 15th in the SemEval competition. It outperforms its own teacher and can produce explanations aligned with the original human analyses, as verified by legal experts.

Sabyasachi Chattopadhyay, Matthew A. Bershady, David R. Law et al.

We have re-observed $\rm\sim$40 low-inclination, star-forming galaxies from the MaNGA survey ($\upsigma\sim65$~\kms) at $\sim$6.5 times higher spectral resolution ($\upsigma\sim10$~\kms) using the HexPak integral field unit on the WIYN 3.5m telescope. The aim of these observations is to calibrate MaNGA's instrumental resolution and to characterize turbulence in the warm interstellar medium and ionized galactic outflows. Here we report the results for the H$\rm\upalpha$ region observations as they pertain to the calibration of MaNGA's spectral resolution. Remarkably, we find that the previously-reported MaNGA line-spread-function (LSF) Gaussian width is systematically underestimated by only 1\%. The LSF increase modestly reduces the characteristic dispersion of HII regions-dominated spectra sampled at 1-2 kpc spatial scales from 23 to 20 km s$^{-1}$ in our sample, or a 25\% decrease in the random-motion kinetic energy. This commensurately lowers the dispersion zeropoint in the relation between line-width and star-formation rate surface-density in galaxies sampled on the same spatial scale. This modest zero-point shift does not appear to alter the power-law slope in the relation between line-width and star-formation rate surface-density. We also show that adopting a scheme whereby corrected line-widths are computed as the square root of the median of the difference in the squared measured line width and the squared LSF Gaussian avoids biases and allows for lower SNR data to be used reliably.

Yi-Fan Zhao, Ruoxi Zhang, Zi-Ting Sun et al.

Magnetic topological states refer to a class of exotic phases in magnetic materials with their non-trivial topological property determined by magnetic spin configurations. An example of such states is the quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) state, which is a zero magnetic field manifestation of the quantum Hall effect. Current research in this direction focuses on QAH insulators with a thickness of less than 10nm. The thick QAH insulators in the three-dimensional(3D) regime are limited, largely due to inevitable bulk carriers being introduced in thick magnetic TI samples. Here, we employ molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to synthesize magnetic TI trilayers with a thickness of up to ~106 nm. We find these samples exhibit well-quantized Hall resistance and vanishing longitudinal resistance at zero magnetic field. By varying magnetic dopants, gate voltages, temperature, and external magnetic fields, we examine the properties of these thick QAH insulators and demonstrate the robustness of the 3D QAH effect. The realization of the well-quantized 3D QAH effect indicates that the nonchiral side surface states of our thick magnetic TI trilayers are gapped and thus do not affect the QAH quantization. The 3D QAH insulators of hundred-nanometer thickness provide a promising platform for the exploration of fundamental physics, including axion physics and image magnetic monopole, and the advancement of electronic and spintronic devices to circumvent Moore's law.

Mohsen Ahmadi, Ahmad Gholizadeh Lonbar, Hajar Kazemi Naeini et al.

This research assesses the performance of two deep learning models, SAM and U-Net, for detecting cracks in concrete structures. The results indicate that each model has its own strengths and limitations for detecting different types of cracks. Using the SAM's unique crack detection approach, the image is divided into various parts that identify the location of the crack, making it more effective at detecting longitudinal cracks. On the other hand, the U-Net model can identify positive label pixels to accurately detect the size and location of spalling cracks. By combining both models, more accurate and comprehensive crack detection results can be achieved. The importance of using advanced technologies for crack detection in ensuring the safety and longevity of concrete structures cannot be overstated. This research can have significant implications for civil engineering, as the SAM and U-Net model can be used for a variety of concrete structures, including bridges, buildings, and roads, improving the accuracy and efficiency of crack detection and saving time and resources in maintenance and repair. In conclusion, the SAM and U-Net model presented in this study offer promising solutions for detecting cracks in concrete structures and leveraging the strengths of both models that can lead to more accurate and comprehensive results.

Zhihang Yu, Shu Wang, Yunqiang Zhu et al.

The Ecological Civilization Pattern Recommendation System (ECPRS) aims to recommend suitable ecological civilization patterns for target regions, promoting sustainable development and reducing regional disparities. However, the current representative recommendation methods are not suitable for recommending ecological civilization patterns in a geographical context. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, regions have spatial heterogeneity, and the (ECPRS)needs to consider factors like climate, topography, vegetation, etc., to recommend civilization patterns adapted to specific ecological environments, ensuring the feasibility and practicality of the recommendations. Secondly, the abstract features of the ecological civilization patterns in the real world have not been fully utilized., resulting in poor richness in their embedding representations and consequently, lower performance of the recommendation system. Considering these limitations, we propose the ECPR-MML method. Initially, based on the novel method UGPIG, we construct a knowledge graph to extract regional representations incorporating spatial heterogeneity features. Following that, inspired by the significant progress made by Large Language Models (LLMs) in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), we employ Large LLMs to generate multimodal features for ecological civilization patterns in the form of text and images. We extract and integrate these multimodal features to obtain semantically rich representations of ecological civilization. Through extensive experiments, we validate the performance of our ECPR-MML model. Our results show that F1@5 is 2.11% higher compared to state-of-the-art models, 2.02% higher than NGCF, and 1.16% higher than UGPIG. Furthermore, multimodal data can indeed enhance recommendation performance. However, the data generated by LLM is not as effective as real data to a certain extent.