У статті «Каркасний підхід як стратегія дослідження і проектування складних просторових інформаційних систем (на прикладі НІГД)» сформулювано назви трьох його можливих інтерпретацій. Там же розглянута перша з них – як конкретна конструктивна стратегія використання геоінформаційних систем і технологій (ГІСіТ) для управління територією України. У цій роботі досліджується друга інтерпретація Каркасного підходу - як узагальнення методології поводження з просторовими інформаційними системами.
Поняття «узагальнена методологія» знаходиться на тому ж «епістемологічному» рівні ієрархії понять, що і поняття «конструктивна стратегія». Для розгляду цієї відповідності використовується поняття «мета Х», де Х приймає потрібні для цієї роботи значення. З теоретичної точки зору основна увага приділяється поняттю «мета-дослідження» і його складовій - поняттю «мета-методологія». З практичної точки зору основна увага приділяється поняттям «методологія» і «мета-методологія», відомим з кінця минулого століття як Microsoft Solutions Framework (MSF, версії 1.0 – 4.0). Більше того, вибрано такі розуміння «узагальненої методології», що відповідають поняттю «мета-методологія» у контексті Каркасного підходу поводження з ПрІС.
Віддаючи належне походженню терміну «Каркас Рішень (КаРі)», розгляд узагальненої методології (або узагальнення методологій) розпочинається з нагадування про версію 2.0 методології MSF, до усіх версій якої застосовується скорочення КаРі М (КаРі Microsoft). Такий запис робить логічним питання подібності між КаРі М і розглянутими раніше КаРі X(Y), такими як GeoSF (GeoSolutions Framework) або AtlasSF (Atlas Solutions Framework). Деякі з цих подібностей розглядаються у статті.
На межі сторіч методологія MSF 2.0 складалася з шести моделей (рішень) Microsoft, деякі з яких ми використовували на практиці: 1) виробничої архітектури, 2) команди проекту, 3) управління ризиками, 4) процесу розробки аплікацій, 5) процесу проектування, 6) аплікації підприємста. Усі вони описані у екзамені MCSD70-100 на прикладі гіпотетичної аплікації, актуальної на той час. Потім методологія MSF 2.0 була узагальнена, так що до MSF версії 4.0 ввійшли дві методології: MSF for Agile Software Development (MSF4ASD) і MSF for CMMI Process Improvement (MSF4CMMI). Існують джерела, в яких згадані конструкції називаються підходами. Справедливі такі відношення: 1) MSF4ASD ↑ MSF 4.0, 2) MSF 4.0 ↓ MSF4CMMI. Відношення ↑ є епістемологічним, а відношення ↓ - редукційним. Відношення ↑↓ доповнюються відношеннями включення: MSF 4.0 = MSF4ASD ∪ MSF4CMMI.
Оновлення MSF 4.0 і представлення його сучасним узагальненням методології поводження з ПрІС потрібне для можливої редукції з неї практично корисних на даний час методологій. Зокрема, побудованої з використанням сучасної продукції Microsoft, продукції з відкритим кодом, включаючи нашу «методологію розширення», а також інших. Формально поняття MSF тепер не розвивається і методологічні конструкції MSF є гіпотетичними, однак саме явище MSF реально існує, розвивається і використовується.
Актуальна зараз версія MSF у цій статті інтерпретується як мета-методологія, з якої редукцією (конкретизацією або спеціалізацією) можливо отримати потрібну для практики методологію застосування сучасних інформаційних технологій до поводження з ПрІС, включаючи актуальні інформаційні технології Microsoft. Відновлення нашого інтересу до рішень і технологій Microsoft пояснюється не тільки їх корисністю, але й більш ніж десятирічною стратегією їх поступового відкриття материнською (авторською) компанією. Завдяки цьому факту редукцією (однією або двома) з мета-методології MSF розраховуємо отримати і нашу «методологію розширення». Більш традиційною назвою останньої є Базована на Патернах Просторова Інженерія (БППІ) завдяки тому, що вона створюється зараз як Базована на Моделях Програмна Інженерія. Остання буде Базованою на Моделях Системною Інженерією.
Ключові слова: узагальнена методологія поводження з ПрІС, методологія і мета-методологія MSF, Базована на Патернах Просторова Інженерія.
Conformal mapping may be the best-known topic in complex analysis. Any simply connected nonempty domain $Ω$ in the complex plane ${\mathbb{C}}$ (assuming $Ω\ne {\mathbb{C}}$) can be mapped bijectively to the unit disk by an analytic function with nonvanishing derivative, as in Figure 1. If $Ω$ is doubly-connected, it can be mapped to a circular annulus $1<|z|<R$ for some $R$, called the conformal modulus, which is uniquely determined by $Ω$, as in Figure 2. If $Ω$ has connectivity higher than $2$, it can be mapped onto various canonical domains such as a disk with exclusions in the form of slits or smaller disks, as in Figure 3.
Abstract This paper presents a way to create a complex system for the automatic connection of individual map sheets into one seamless map. The goal is to provide a seamlessly connected map and allow its online presentation. This way, the maps will be easily available and allow much more efficient work for historians, archivists, and the general public. We also detail a set of methods for processing and analysis of historical cadastral maps and evaluate and compare the methods among them. The processed maps are hand-drawn and bring many challenges for machine processing. We focus on the following tasks: nomenclature detection and recognition; map frame detection; landmark detection, and map area segmentation. The tasks are solved utilising a combination of traditional computer vision techniques and neural networks. The experimental section concentrates on the comparison of different methods and the selection of the best candidates for the final system. Moreover, we have created two annotated datasets that are used for the evaluation of the presented methods. The datasets are publicly available for research purposes.
Illegal amber mining has become an environmental disaster in Rivne region. In particular, since 2014, amber has been illegally mined in the Varas district of the Rivne region, near the village of Zelene. Local residents are witnessing the destruction of the ecological and recreational value of forests, which until recently were places for them to rest, pick mushrooms, berries, etc. In order to extract amber, forests are cut down, the unique ecosystem is destroyed, the soil cover is disturbed, the water regime of the soil is changed, etc. Thus, "amber fever" causes significant damage to land resources. Land disturbance due to amber mining has caused significant economic losses and irreversible environmental changes. This research topic is timely, relevant and important from the point of view of ensuring the sustainable development of territories. The purpose of this study is to monitor lands whose soil cover has been disturbed as a result of unauthorized amber mining by means of remote land sensing (RLS) and geospatial analysis. RLS methods in combination with field observations of the research object confirm the obtained results. As a result of the illegal mining of amber within the experimental area of 40 hectares, a violation of the soil cover in the amount of 46.25% of the total area was found. The scientific work has a valuable practical result and makes it possible to remotely determine the location, time periods and extent of land cover violations caused by arbitrary amber mining with high accuracy using space cameras. Such a research area is representative, and the research results can be used to develop recommendations and strategies for environmental protection and sustainable development of territories.
Key words: amber mining; soil cover disturbance; monitoring of land resources; geospatial analysis; retrospective analysis; illegal mining; consequences of amber mining; lands, soil cover of wich is disturbed.
Preventive archaeology has increased
the number of work possibilities
in design and execution.
The archaeologist must acquire a
new professional mentality, open
to dialogue with other professional
figures. This theme includes
collaboration on interventions
in OG2 and participation in the
construction of spatial planning
tools. The open professional horizon
projects the archaeologist into
the world of actual design, putting
him in a position to provide
proposals, solutions and produce
work that can be understood by
other designers and those who will
have to carry out the work.
Maxim Artamonov, Paola Catapano , Andrew Comrie-Picard
et al.
Through exploration, we want to contribute to scientific knowledge and collect data that will change our understanding of the universe, engaging individuals, organizations, and people along this extraordinary journey.
At a time of crucial change for our survival on the planet, we feel compelled to contribute and engineer new and brilliant solutions to keep the earth’s inhabitants healthy and human civilization to thrive.
The continued fraction mapping maps a number in the interval $[0,1)$ to the sequence of its partial quotients. When restricted to the set of irrationals, which is a subspace of the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}$, the continued fraction mapping is a homeomorphism onto the product space $\mathbb{N}^{\mathbb{N}}$, where $\mathbb{N}$ is a discrete space. In this short note, we examine the continuity of the continued fraction mapping, addressing both irrational and rational points of the unit interval.
Scott Fredriksson, Akshit Saradagi, George Nikolakopoulos
This article presents a novel approach to identifying and classifying intersections for semantic and topological mapping. More specifically, the proposed novel approach has the merit of generating a semantically meaningful map containing intersections, pathways, dead ends, and pathways leading to unexplored frontiers. Furthermore, the resulting semantic map can be used to generate a sparse topological map representation, that can be utilized by robots for global navigation. The proposed solution also introduces a built-in filtering to handle noises in the environment, to remove openings in the map that the robot cannot pass, and to remove small objects to optimize and simplify the overall mapping results. The efficacy of the proposed semantic and topological mapping method is demonstrated over a map of an indoor structured environment that is built from experimental data. The proposed framework, when compared with similar state-of-the-art topological mapping solutions, is able to produce a map with up to 89% fewer nodes than the next best solution.
We study torsion generators for the (extended) mapping class group or the extended mapping class group of a closed connected orientable surface of genus g. We show that for every g is grater than or equal to 14, mapping class group can be generated by two torsion elements of order g+1 if g is even, and of orders g+1 and g+1 if g is odd. Also for g grater than or equal to 16, mapping class group can be generated by two torsion elements of orders g+1 if g+1 is not divisible by 3, and of orders g+1 and g+1 if g+1 is divisible by 3. Similarly, we obtain two torsion elements generating extended mapping class groups.
Historical photographs, whether taken from the air or from the ground, are usually synonyms
of grayscale or sepia prints. From the very beginning of photography, during the first
half of 19th century, people were amazed by this new media that could record all aspects
of a scene with great detail. Soon though, everybody started wondering why would such
an impressive innovation fail to record colors? A process of trials and errors then started
(including the most successful and pioneer one, involving the use of potato starch, by Lumière
brothers) aiming to add colors to photographs, till the consolidation of new systems
(camera and film) capable to collect photographs directly in color. In the past, before and
during this innovative approach, native black and white photographs were painted in the
effort to give them life. Today, only few methods are available to convert a panchromatic
image into a color one, and they need a number of steps and further development to work
properly. The paper tries to present different methods to colorize native black and white
photographs, based on available automatic or interactive Artificial Intelligence (Machine
Learning or Deep Learning) algorithms, on revised remote sensing procedures and on
visual tricks, aiming at exploring the possible improvement in readability and interpretation
of photographed contests in the usual analytic process of photo-interpretation. At the
same time, colorized historical photographs hold different appeal in the general public
and have the potential to attract and involve non-experts in the archaeological/historical
reconstruction phases.
<p>The state of Israel is a small country, in terms of area, with one the higher population growth rate among all the OECD countries. Hence, each year more than 50,000 housing units built and more than 1,500 km roads constructed in average, each year along the last decade.</p><p>The Survey of Israel )SOI( is a National Mapping and Cadastral agency (NMCA) that holds the responsibility to update, maintain and disseminate the National Topographic Data Base (NTDB) to all of the governmental offices and municipalities, to utilize, plan and promote the construction of the public needs.</p><p>Today, the reality is dynamic and the changes occurs every day, therefore, the users expect that the existing database will portray the current reality as possible. In order to address the user's requirements for rapid updating rate, the Survey of Israel promote a new and modern initiatives, including:</p><ol><li>Promote the cooperation and working relationship with the municipalities to rapidly update the streets, address and POI’s.</li><li>Data Fusion from different governmental and municipalities data sources.</li><li>Developing change detection techniques to update the buildings and roads layers.</li><li>Developing new frameworks for the manual inspection and QA/QC procedures.</li><li>Developing automatic tools to update the height component via high resolution DSM and DTM (50cm GSD).</li><li>Disseminate quarterly the NTDB products to the users.</li><li>Develop a modern processes management system for the update and QA workflow</li></ol><p>In this article, we will demonstrate the initiatives and techniques that improved our NTDB updating rate to less than a year and a half in a national average.</p>
To address the security risk caused by fixed offset mapping and the limited recoverability of random mapping used in image watermarking, we propose an image self-embedding fragile watermarking algorithm based on deneighborhood mapping. First, the image is divided into several 2*2 blocks, and authentication watermark and recovery watermark are generated based on the average value of the image blocks. Then, the denighborhood mapping is implemented as, for each image block, its mapping block is randomly selected outside it's neighborhood whose size is specified by a parameter. Finally, the authentication watermark and the recovery watermark are embedded in the image block itself and its corresponding mapping block. Theoretical analysis indicates that in the case of continuous region tampering, the proposed watermarking method can achieve better the recovery rate of the tampered image block than the method based on the random mapping. The experimental results verify the rationality and effectiveness of the theoretical analysis. Moreover, compared with the existing embedding algorithms based on random mapping, chaos mapping and Arnold mapping, in the case of continuous region tampering, the average recovery rate of the tampered region achieved by the proposed algorithm is higher.
We present a novel mapping approach for WENO schemes through the use of an approximate constant mapping function which is constructed by employing an approximation of the classic signum function. The new approximate constant mapping function is designed to meet the overall criteria for a proper mapping function required in the design of the WENO-PM6 scheme. The WENO-PM6 scheme was proposed to overcome the potential loss of accuracy of the WENO-M scheme which was developed to recover the optimal convergence order of the WENO-JS scheme at critical points. Our new mapped WENO scheme, denoted as WENO-ACM, maintains almost all advantages of the WENO-PM6 scheme, including low dissipation and high resolution, while decreases the number of mathematical operations remarkably in every mapping process leading to a significant improvement of efficiency. The convergence rates of the WENO-ACM scheme have been shown through one-dimensional linear advection equation with various initial conditions. Numerical results of one-dimensional Euler equations for the Riemann problems, the Mach 3 shock-density wave interaction and the Woodward-Colella interacting blastwaves are improved in comparison with the results obtained by the WENO-JS, WENO-M and WENO-PM6 schemes. Numerical experiments with two-dimensional problems as the 2D Riemann problem, the shock-vortex interaction, the 2D explosion problem, the double Mach reflection and the forward-facing step problem modeled via the two dimensional Euler equations have been conducted to demonstrate the high resolution and the effectiveness of the WENO-ACM scheme. The WENO-ACM scheme provides significantly better resolution than the WENO-M scheme and slightly better resolution than the WENO-PM6 scheme, and compared to the WENO-M and WENO-PM6 schemes, the extra computational cost is reduced by more than 83% and 93%, respectively.
The Louisiana and Florida territories sat at the intersection of empires in the late eighteenth century. Between 1750 and 1820 the area was controlled by the French and Spanish empires, the emerging United States of America, as well as the Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole nations. While political surveys produced images of the moving borders between sovereign powers, cadastral surveys show the constancy of local landowners. Landowners superseded national distinction and were a constant in an area in the midst of great change. As control of the region shifted, landowning families continued their way of life. The continued circulation of Spanish cadastral surveys after the transfer of the region to the United States of America shows how Spanish spatial representations of property ownership shaped the image of the Lower Mississippi Valley.
Communal areas in South Africa invariably lack cadastre and other information needed for sustainable planning. Usually land ownership is unclear and only limited state capacity exists in providing basic services infrastructure. This paper describes community mapping as a participatory means to encourage development. The impact of community-based mapping is assessed and if participatory methodology can fulfil its well-known objectives. Reflections on two community-based mapping projects facilitated with residents show that in these circumstances, community-based mapping is effective in bringing about change. Flamingo Crescent is an urban informal settlement located in Lansdowne, Cape Town. Informal settlements such as these are high density and organic, making service delivery difficult due to the lack of space. Re-blocking is an in-situ method of upgrading an informal settlement so that basic service and access can be provided. The Goedverwacht Moravian Mission Station in the Western Cape has no internal cadastral boundaries and therefore the spatial framework is fuzzy and confusing. The objective of the study is to use a mapping technique that is economically viable, fast and at an accuracy determined by purpose rather than technical and legal requirements for formal land registration. Findings spotlight some of the advantages of community-based mapping during these projects by assessing their impact using critical outcomes of participation, empowerment and ownership.
National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies have been creating geospatial products for customers for many decades and, in some cases, for over two centuries. During that time the nature of the products largely remained the same, consisting of cartographic representations of the world, usually generalized and projected in a two-dimensional form. Even when mapping agencies began to convert their mapping from paper to digital form, the products created were largely based on their paper map counterparts. In recent times, the general public has become far more aware of geospatial data due to global initiatives from Google, Bing, Apple, OpenStreetMap and others. While some users of geospatial data still require the same products as before, many other users need different kinds of geospatial data and products, ones which will provide new challenges to National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies. In this paper we discuss some of these new geospatial data users and illustrate some the challenges using an example from Ordnance Survey’s recent experience of a project in the connected autonomous vehicle domain.
In 2015, the figure of the Geographic Information
Manager (GIM) was officially born in Italy,
presented as the result of an analysis by a group
of professionals in the sector who had started
to give shape to this new figure. Officialised in
2018 by AGID, it is now in progress to be included
as a reference figure in the new regional
and municipal political programs.
The Baryon Mapping eXperiment (BMX) is an interferometric array designed as a pathfinder for a future post-reionization 21 cm intensity mapping survey. It consists of four 4-meter parabolic reflectors each having offset pyramidal horn feed, quad-ridge orthomode transducer, temperature-stabilized RF amplification and filtering, and pulsed noise injection diode. An undersampling readout scheme uses 8-bit digitizers running at 1.1 Gsamples/sec to provide access to signals from 1.1 - 1.55 GHz (third Nyquist zone), corresponding to HI emission from sources at redshift $0 < z < 0.3$. An FX correlator is implemented in GPU and generates 28 GB/day of time-ordered visibility data. About 7,000 hours of data were collected from Jan. 2019 - May 2020, and we will present results on system performance including sensitivity, beam mapping studies, observations of bright celestial targets, and system electronics upgrades. BMX is a pathfinder for the proposed PUMA intensity mapping survey in the 2030s.
We classify in terms of Hopf-type properties mapping tori of residually finite Poincaré Duality groups with non-zero Euler characteristic. This generalises and gives a new proof of the analogous classification for fibered 3-manifolds. Various applications are given. In particular, we deduce that rigidity results for Gromov hyperbolic groups hold for the above mapping tori with trivial center.
Let $γ$ be a generator of a cyclic group $G$ of order $n$. The least index of a self-mapping $f$ of $G$ is the index of the largest subgroup $U$ of $G$ such that $f(x)x^{-r}$ is constant on each coset of $U$ for some positive integer~$r$. We determine the index of the univariate Diffie-Hellman mapping $d(γ^a)=γ^{a^2}$, $a=0,1,\ldots,n-1$, and show that any mapping of small index coincides with~$d$ only on a small subset of $G$. Moreover, we prove similar results for the bivariate Diffie-Hellman mapping $D(γ^a,γ^b)=γ^{ab}$, $a,b=0,1,\ldots,n-1$. In the special case that $G$ is a subgroup of the multiplicative group of a finite field we present improvements.