Hasil untuk "Business ethics"

Caroline Biron, Étienne Fouquet, Marie-Ève B Legault et al.

Introduction Psychosocial safety climate (PSC) is increasingly recognised as an important organisational resource for promoting mental health at work and preventing psychosocial risks, which are aspects of work design, organisation and management that could threaten employees' psychological or physical well-being. While substantial theoretical and empirical evidence supports the role of PSC as a protective factor, limited research has explored how PSC can be deliberately and sustainably enhanced through organisational interventions. This scoping review aims to map PSC-related interventions, synthesise how PSC is conceptualised and operationalised, and identify elements that studies have reported as contributing to strengthening PSC.Methods and analysis This scoping review will follow established methodological frameworks and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines to systematically identify and synthesise studies describing organisational interventions related to PSC. A comprehensive search strategy will be implemented across several databases, including MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, ABI/INFORM and Business Source Premier. Eligible studies must describe, implement or evaluate interventions explicitly targeting PSC. Data on intervention types, mechanisms, outcomes and contextual factors will be extracted and narratively synthesised to address the descriptive research questions and map how PSC interventions have been conceptualised and implemented across organisational contexts. This protocol does not involve human participants. The review is not yet registered. Findings will inform future research and organisational practices related to PSC-focused interventions.Ethics and dissemination This review involves analysis of published literature only and does not require ethics approval. Findings will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant academic and professional conferences. Results will be reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and will inform the development of future organisational interventions aimed at enhancing PSC.

Vincent C. Müller

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a digital technology that will be of major importance for the development of humanity in the near future. AI has raised fundamental questions about what we should do with such systems, what the systems themselves should do, what risks they involve and how we can control these. - After the background to the field (1), this article introduces the main debates (2), first on ethical issues that arise with AI systems as objects, i.e. tools made and used by humans; here, the main sections are privacy (2.1), manipulation (2.2), opacity (2.3), bias (2.4), autonomy & responsibility (2.6) and the singularity (2.7). Then we look at AI systems as subjects, i.e. when ethics is for the AI systems themselves in machine ethics (2.8.) and artificial moral agency (2.9). Finally we look at future developments and the concept of AI (3). For each section within these themes, we provide a general explanation of the ethical issues, we outline existing positions and arguments, then we analyse how this plays out with current technologies and finally what policy consequences may be drawn.

Heather Lent, Erick Galinkin, Yiyi Chen et al.

As NLP models are used by a growing number of end-users, an area of increasing importance is NLP Security (NLPSec): assessing the vulnerability of models to malicious attacks and developing comprehensive countermeasures against them. While work at the intersection of NLP and cybersecurity has the potential to create safer NLP for all, accidental oversights can result in tangible harm (e.g., breaches of privacy or proliferation of malicious models). In this emerging field, however, the research ethics of NLP have not yet faced many of the long-standing conundrums pertinent to cybersecurity, until now. We thus examine contemporary works across NLPSec, and explore their engagement with cybersecurity's ethical norms. We identify trends across the literature, ultimately finding alarming gaps on topics like harm minimization and responsible disclosure. To alleviate these concerns, we provide concrete recommendations to help NLP researchers navigate this space more ethically, bridging the gap between traditional cybersecurity and NLP ethics, which we frame as ``white hat NLP''. The goal of this work is to help cultivate an intentional culture of ethical research for those working in NLP Security.

Viktor Dorfler, Giles Cuthbert

We paraphrase Descartes' famous dictum in the area of AI ethics where the "I doubt and therefore I am" is suggested as a necessary aspect of morality. Therefore AI, which cannot doubt itself, cannot possess moral agency. Of course, this is not the end of the story. We explore various aspects of the human mind that substantially differ from AI, which includes the sensory grounding of our knowing, the act of understanding, and the significance of being able to doubt ourselves. The foundation of our argument is the discipline of ethics, one of the oldest and largest knowledge projects of human history, yet, we seem only to be beginning to get a grasp of it. After a couple of thousand years of studying the ethics of humans, we (humans) arrived at a point where moral psychology suggests that our moral decisions are intuitive, and all the models from ethics become relevant only when we explain ourselves. This recognition has a major impact on what and how we can do regarding AI ethics. We do not offer a solution, we explore some ideas and leave the problem open, but we hope somewhat better understood than before our study.

Asma Yamani, Malak Baslyman, Moataz Ahmed

Incorporating ethics into the requirement elicitation process is essential for creating ethically aligned systems. Although eliciting manual ethics requirements is effective, it requires diverse input from multiple stakeholders, which can be challenging due to time and resource constraints. Moreover, it is often given a low priority in the requirements elicitation process. This study proposes a framework for generating ethics requirements drafts by introducing an ethics advocate agent in a multi-agent LLM setting. This agent critiques and provides input on ethical issues based on the system description. The proposed framework is evaluated through two case studies from different contexts, demonstrating that it captures the majority of ethics requirements identified by researchers during 30-minute interviews and introduces several additional relevant requirements. However, it also highlights reliability issues in generating ethics requirements, emphasizing the need for human feedback in this sensitive domain. We believe this work can facilitate the broader adoption of ethics in the requirements engineering process, ultimately leading to more ethically aligned products.

F Wijsen

This article compares the outcomes of studies using the so-called Humans and Nature scale in The Netherlands and in Indonesia. The scale measures public support for policies that aim to address environmental challenges, conceptualizing and operationalizing 4 images of human-nature interaction, based on philosophy and religion. The scale was developed in The Netherlands, which is considered to be one of the most secularized countries in the world. It has been used in more than 12 countries, and recently in Indonesia, a country that is considered to be overwhelmingly religious, predominantly Muslim. The main research questions are whether religion matters when it comes to environment, and whether The Netherlands and Indonesia differ in this respect. The answers are relevant because in the environmentalism debate there is a tension between secular and religious environmentalists that does not facilitate a joint effort. The main finding is that humans primarily respond to environmental issues as humans, not as Muslims or Christians, Indonesians or Dutch, and that respondents of various backgrounds are united in their support for a view of humans as eco-friendly stewards of nature. However, this fundamental human attitude towards nature may be framed in religious language, if that language is available in a specific context. In a world where there seems to be a growing gap between the West and the Muslim world, yet a world which faces global environmental challenges, this outcome might be surprising and significant. It is good news for policy makers who foster collaboration between religions, religious and secular (non-religious) actors, and Westerners and non-Westerners in overcoming environmental challenges.

Rosa Cocozza, Fernando Metelli

The purpose of this article is to suggest a primer for culture risk, aimed at outlining actionable and practical approaches distinguishing between ‘risk culture’ and ‘culture risk’. The topic, originally addressed by the Financial Stability Board (FSB, 2014), has recently garnered renewed interest due to the Draft Guide on Governance and Risk Culture disseminated by the European Central Bank (ECB, 2024), setting out supervisory expectations, informed by the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), European Banking Authority (EBA) guidelines, and international standards. Although the subject may be perceived as abstract, nevertheless it holds significant concrete relevance, despite the inherent challenges of measuring it. Therefore, the purpose is to move beyond the abstract boundaries of principled statements, striving instead to establish a framework that forms the logical foundation for properly managing the culture risk, which could aptly be described as the ‘mother of all risks’. The stated insights may serve as a roadmap for risk managers who are tasked with addressing a significant and, in many respects, fundamental challenge. The remainder of this article, which is a theoretical paper based on conceptual analysis, is structured as follows: the first section explores definitions of risk culture and culture risk; the second outlines potential roles of corporate functions in mitigating culture risk. The third section examines the implications for the Risk Appetite Framework. The final section draws preliminary conclusions and sets the stage for future challenges

Jeanette R. van der Lee, Elianne F. van Steenbergen, Jessanne Mastop et al.

To effectively stimulate compliance, supervisory bodies need to understand which processes lead to non-compliance. The final responsibility for companies’ compliance lies with their board members. In this study, we applied Protection Motivation Theory to examine whether psychological processes play a role in board members’ decision making. We conducted a field experiment and a survey in 2021 among 78 board members of companies listed on Euronext Amsterdam. Specifically, we studied how board members’ threat appraisal (perceived vulnerability to and perceived impact of incorrect handling of inside information), coping appraisal (response efficacy of measures to reduce incorrect handling of inside information and self-efficacy to reduce incorrect handling of inside information), and knowledge of the relevant law relate to their motivation and intention to handle inside information correctly, in line with the letter and the spirit of the law. We found that higher response efficacy and self-efficacy were related to higher motivation to handle inside information correctly. Higher motivation, in turn, significantly predicted higher intention to comply and to behave ethically. Furthermore, we examined the effectiveness of a tool in promoting threat appraisal, coping appraisal, knowledge of the law, motivation, intention to comply, and intention to behave ethically. This tool was designed with the aim of helping board members actively engage with advice on the correct handling of information, in contrast to the more passive act of reading about best practices for handling inside information. We found almost no self-reported differences between the board members that received the tool and companies that only received a link to best practices. Contrary to what was expected, self-efficacy was higher amongst the board members who only received the best practices. We conclude that board members who find the correct handling of inside information important and feel responsible for this within their company (i.e. those who are motivated to handle inside information correctly) have higher intentions to comply and behave ethically. To increase board members’ motivation, supervisors should stimulate board members’ perception that there are effective actions (response efficacy) that they are able to take (self-efficacy) to reduce the risk of non-compliance occurring. Additionally, supervisors should stimulate board members’ perception of their own ability to comply. The current tool was not more effective at stimulating board members’ perceptions and intentions than the existing best practices.

Nur Komariah, Ichwan P. Syamsuddin, Muhammad Rasyad Al-Fajar

This study aims to examine the behavior of young entrepreneurs in the city of Bima from the perspective of Islamic business ethics. The business actors referred to in this study are members of independent business groups located in Bima City, specifically in the areas of Amahami Park, Mangge Maci Field, Serasuba Field, and Pahlawan Field. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study strategy. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and direct documentation of the relevant subjects. Data validity is ensured through triangulation. The findings reveal five principles of Islamic business ethics practiced by young entrepreneurs. The first is the principle of tawhid or unity, which emphasizes the obligation to perform prayers when the time comes, upholding honesty, and avoiding riba (usury). Second, ensuring the protection of employee and consumer rights. Third, upholding the principle of free will by granting employees and consumers full freedom to use facilities, give suggestions, and choose products. Fourth, practicing the principle of responsibility by ensuring quality services, good product quality, and timely payment of salaries. Fifth, applying the principle of benevolence, as reflected in friendly and non-discriminatory customer service. In conclusion, from an Islamic perspective, young entrepreneurs in Bima City have implemented the principles of Islamic business ethics.

Bylhah Mugotitsa, Bylhah Mugotitsa, Reinpeter Momanyi et al.

ObjectiveWhile mental health conditions play a significant role in the global disease burden, their determinants and predictors are still not well understood in Kenya. This study examined the prevalence of mental health conditions among university students and the factors associated with them.MethodsThis cross-sectional study evaluated 1,424 students at Pwani University in Kenya, assessing anxiety, depression, and psychosis, using validated screening tools: the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Psychosis Screening Questionnaire (PSQ). The Chi-square tests analyzed associations, while binary logistic regression identified predictors. Confounders were controlled using multivariable adjustments, with model selection based on both clinical relevance and statistical significance of the variables.ResultsThe prevalence of mental health conditions among students was 30.9%. Those from unsupportive families exhibited the highest prevalence at 35.2% (χ2 = 94.91, p < 0.001), while first-year students reported the highest rate among academic levels at 40.7% (χ2 = 24.38, p < 0.001). Students aged 25–29 years were 2.6 times more likely to experience mental health conditions (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.67–3.98, p < 0.001). Access to mental health services (χ2 = 4.62, p = 0.032) and mental health insurance (χ2 = 4.11, p = 0.043) were associated with lower odds of mental health conditions, thereby reducing the risk by 34 and 33%, respectively.ConclusionThe findings highlight the urgent need for age-sensitive, student-centered mental health interventions in Kenyan universities. Specifically, universities should implement targeted support programs for first-year and final-year students who face unique mental health risks due to transitional and graduation-related stressors. Additionally, integrating family engagement initiatives to strengthen family support structures can serve as a protective factor against mental health challenges. Policies aimed at expanding access to mental health insurance and services should also be prioritized. Given the use of non-probabilistic sampling, findings should be interpreted with caution. Future research should investigate longitudinal trends to establish causal relationships and inform the development of evidence-based policies.

Udaya Chandrika Kandasamy

Artificial Intelligence is currently and rapidly changing the way organizations and businesses operate. Ethical leadership has become significantly important since organizations and businesses across various sectors are evolving with AI. Organizations and businesses may be facing several challenges and potential opportunities when using AI. Ethical leadership plays a central role in guiding organizations in facing those challenges and maximizing on those opportunities. This article explores the essence of ethical leadership in the age of AI, starting with a simplified introduction of ethical leadership and AI, then dives into an understanding of ethical leadership, its characteristics and importance, the ethical challenges AI causes including bias in AI algorithms. The opportunities for ethical leadership in the age of AI answers the question: What actionable strategies can leaders employ to address the challenges and leverage opportunities? and describes the benefits for organizations through these opportunities. A proposed framework for ethical leadership is presented in this article, incorporating the core components: fairness, transparency, sustainability etc. Through the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, case studies of ethical leadership in AI, and recommendations, this article emphasizes that ethical leadership in the age of AI is morally essential and strategically advantageous.

David Gray Widder

What counts as legitimate AI ethics labor, and consequently, what are the epistemic terms on which AI ethics claims are rendered legitimate? Based on 75 interviews with technologists including researchers, developers, open source contributors, and activists, this paper explores the various epistemic bases from which AI ethics is discussed and practiced. In the context of outside attacks on AI ethics as an impediment to "progress," I show how some AI ethics practices have reached toward authority from automation and quantification, and achieved some legitimacy as a result, while those based on richly embodied and situated lived experience have not. This paper draws together the work of feminist Anthropology and Science and Technology Studies scholars Diana Forsythe and Lucy Suchman with the works of postcolonial feminist theorist Sara Ahmed and Black feminist theorist Kristie Dotson to examine the implications of dominant AI ethics practices. By entrenching the epistemic power of quantification, dominant AI ethics practices -- employing Model Cards and similar interventions -- risk legitimizing AI ethics as a project in equal and opposite measure to which they marginalize embodied lived experience as a legitimate part of the same project. In response, I propose humble technical practices: quantified or technical practices which specifically seek to make their epistemic limits clear in order to flatten hierarchies of epistemic power.

Ali Fenwick, Gabor Molnar, Piper Frangos

Abstract The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the business sector has led to a new era of digital transformation. AI is transforming processes, functions, and practices throughout organizations creating system and process efficiencies, performing advanced data analysis, and contributing to the value creation process of the organization. However, the implementation and adoption of AI systems in the organization is not without challenges, ranging from technical issues to human-related barriers, leading to failed AI transformation efforts or lower than expected gains. We argue that while engineers and data scientists excel in handling AI and data-related tasks, they often lack insights into the nuanced human aspects critical for organizational AI success. Thus, Human Resource Management (HRM) emerges as a crucial facilitator, ensuring AI implementation and adoption are aligned with human values and organizational goals. This paper explores the critical role of HRM in harmonizing AI's technological capabilities with human-centric needs within organizations while achieving business objectives. Our positioning paper delves into HRM's multifaceted potential to contribute toward AI organizational success, including enabling digital transformation, humanizing AI usage decisions, providing strategic foresight regarding AI, and facilitating AI adoption by addressing concerns related to fears, ethics, and employee well-being. It reviews key considerations and best practices for operationalizing human-centric AI through culture, leadership, knowledge, policies, and tools. By focusing on what HRM can realistically achieve today, we emphasize its role in reshaping roles, advancing skill sets, and curating workplace dynamics to accommodate human-centric AI implementation. This repositioning involves an active HRM role in ensuring that the aspirations, rights, and needs of individuals are integral to the economic, social, and environmental policies within the organization. This study not only fills a critical gap in existing research but also provides a roadmap for organizations seeking to improve AI implementation and adoption and humanizing their digital transformation journey.

Shimon Edelman

In its pragmatic turn, the new discipline of AI ethics came to be dominated by humanity's collective fear of its creatures, as reflected in an extensive and perennially popular literary tradition. Dr. Frankenstein's monster in the novel by Mary Shelley rising against its creator; the unorthodox golem in H. Leivick's 1920 play going on a rampage; the rebellious robots of Karel Čapek -- these and hundreds of other examples of the genre are the background against which the preoccupation of AI ethics with preventing robots from behaving badly towards people is best understood. In each of these three fictional cases (as well as in many others), the miserable artificial creature -- mercilessly exploited, or cornered by a murderous mob, and driven to violence in self-defense -- has its author's sympathy. In real life, with very few exceptions, things are different: theorists working on the ethics of AI completely ignore the possibility of robots needing protection from their creators. The present book chapter takes up this, less commonly considered, ethical angle of AI.

Joan Étude Arrow, Sara E. Marsh, Josephine C. Meyer

This paper first provides an overview of the growing subfield of quantum ethics, including a working definition; research to date into social, economic, and political implications of quantum technologies; and directions for future research. Second, it introduces the Quantum Ethics Project (QEP), its activities to date, and its organizing philosophy. The third section reports on QEP's ongoing curriculum development work, i.e. creating one of the first full-length courses on Ethics and Social Impacts of Quantum Technology. We outline the pedagogical approach being taken in the course design, including key learning outcomes, topic areas, teaching methods, and rationale. Finally, we discuss current limitations and future areas of attention, such as drawbacks to teaching ethical reasoning and ideas for assessment and implementation.

Elía Carmina Cota Montes, Blanca Mérida Juárez García

The demands of the world economy and the health contingency caused by the COVID-19 virus have led to the creation of more innovative business models to meet the needs of society and the demands of a more competitive market, where companies they have been forced to seek their continuity. The study analyzes the philosophy of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) of the 2030 Agenda. In Mexico, in this sense, it has established alliances with the public and private sectors, where companies they participate in certifications for the CSR badge, which is evaluated based on the SDGs, but due to various factors they cannot maintain the badge for a long time. For this reason, the design of an inclusive Business Model based on the objective regarding economic impact is proposed in this research, which focuses on industry, innovation and infrastructure, the reduction of inequalities, consumption and responsible production, decent work and economic growth decoupled from environmental degradation. That is why the objective of the research is focused on determining the factors to achieve the premises of the 2030 Agenda through CSR. This research was carried out in the State of Sinaloa, Mexico, considering 326 certified companies from the agricultural, commercial and service sector, analyzing internal factors and problems, primarily highlighting the disarticulation of the strategy with the principles and dimensions of CSR: ethics, quality of life, environment and community, under this premise the research was focused with a qualitative approach. The level of the research was exploratory, thus opening the way to deepen the subject in future research, in the data collection the survey, interview and in-situ observation were applied. The results express that companies have multiple problems that must be solved by improving the mechanisms and culture of CSR, and must be assumed by the staff and the owners, proposing a model as an alternative to evaluate the economic, social and environmental situation. Environment in the short and long term, provide recommendations and restructure strategies to improve their actions and allow them to be active agents in fulfilling the SDGs in the new context for the development of their regions.

Louise Manning, John J. Dooley, Illtud Dunsford et al.

BackgroundThe environmental and social impacts of cultured meat, and its economic viability, are contingent on its implications for food production and for agriculture. However, the implications of cultured meat production for farmers have not yet been thoroughly investigated and are poorly understood. The aim of this research was to engage with the farming sector in critically assessing cultured meat as a technology which could profoundly affect future farm livelihoods, land use, rural and farming communities and agricultural value chains. Ensuring farmers’ voices, and potential ‘counter-narratives’ inform the development of cultured meat is not only inclusive, but could identify unexpected impacts of this emerging technology and contribute to the framing of the social license of the industry developing them.MethodsSix focus groups were undertaken with 75 UK farmers from a variety of farming sectors and regions. Questions focused on what the term ‘cultured meat’ means to farmers, the potential impacts of cultured meat, and potential business scenarios arising for farmers. All meetings were recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed.Results and discussionFarmers expressed complex and considered reflections on cultured meat, raising several perceived opportunities and risks associated with the themes of ‘ethics and affective’ narratives, ‘environment-based’ narratives, and ‘socio-economic’ narratives. Aspects of foci of power, food system control and transparency associated with cultured meat emerged from the conversations, as well as cultured meat’s potential impacts on the environment and on jobs, farming/rural communities and connecting with the land.ConclusionGlobally, meat production underpins the livelihoods of many rural communities, so a transition to cultured meat is likely to have deep-seated ethical, environmental, and socio-economic impacts. Within the discourse on cultured meat the voices of farmers are often lost. While not claiming to be representative of all UK farming, this study engaged UK farmer perspectives as a way of starting the substantive process of greater stakeholder inclusion in cultured meat innovation pathways, and which should underpin responsible technology transitions in agriculture.

Jorge Iván Zurutuza Lorméndez, Mario Salvador Caba Vinagre, Pascual Linares-Márquez

La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y la enfermedad derivada, la COVID-19, representan un reto que pone a prueba la capacidad de respuesta de las instituciones de salud, pero que afecta todos los ámbitos de la práctica clínica, incluida la investigación. El alto riesgo de contagio en las interacciones ha dificultado todos los aspectos de la socialización. Los médicos que se dedican a la investigación han encontrado una barrera, ya que deben considerar la posibilidad de infección. Este artículo propone modificaciones al consentimiento informado, considerando este riesgo latente, procurando que sea entendible y expresado de forma clara y sencilla para los participantes. Asimismo, se considera importante identificar las medidas extrapoladas de la atención clínica que deben utilizarse en la interacción entre investigadores y sujetos de estudio, buscando la identificación de casos y prevención de la enfermedad, priorizando las consideraciones bioéticas de la investigación, en momentos de incertidumbre..

Tim Gorichanaz

Out of the three major approaches to ethics, virtue ethics is uniquely well suited as a moral guide in the digital age, given the pace of sociotechnical change and the complexity of society. Virtue ethics focuses on the traits, situations and actions of moral agents, rather than on rules (as in deontology) or outcomes (consequentialism). Even as interest in ethics has grown within HCI, there has been little engagement with virtue ethics. To address this lacuna and demonstrate further opportunities for ethical design, this paper provides an overview of virtue ethics for application in HCI. It reviews existing HCI work engaging with virtue ethics, provides a primer on virtue ethics to correct widespread misapprehensions within HCI, and presents a deductive literature review illustrating how existing lines of HCI research resonate with the practices of virtue cultivation, paving the way for further work in virtue-oriented design.

Abhishek Gupta, Connor Wright, Marianna Bergamaschi Ganapini et al.

This report from the Montreal AI Ethics Institute (MAIEI) covers the most salient progress in research and reporting over the second half of 2021 in the field of AI ethics. Particular emphasis is placed on an "Analysis of the AI Ecosystem", "Privacy", "Bias", "Social Media and Problematic Information", "AI Design and Governance", "Laws and Regulations", "Trends", and other areas covered in the "Outside the Boxes" section. The two AI spotlights feature application pieces on "Constructing and Deconstructing Gender with AI-Generated Art" as well as "Will an Artificial Intellichef be Cooking Your Next Meal at a Michelin Star Restaurant?". Given MAIEI's mission to democratize AI, submissions from external collaborators have featured, such as pieces on the "Challenges of AI Development in Vietnam: Funding, Talent and Ethics" and using "Representation and Imagination for Preventing AI Harms". The report is a comprehensive overview of what the key issues in the field of AI ethics were in 2021, what trends are emergent, what gaps exist, and a peek into what to expect from the field of AI ethics in 2022. It is a resource for researchers and practitioners alike in the field to set their research and development agendas to make contributions to the field of AI ethics.