This paper, using materials from embassy books as a historical source, examines concepts that were used in the 16th century by Russian, Crimean, and Turkish diplomats in international dialogue. These are terms associated with the name of the monarch, the hierarchy of states, and the concept of power. The concept of “petition” (chelobitie) and its evolution in diplomatic relations is specifically examined. The author argues that by the 16th century, the concept of “petition” in international relations did not imply the different status of diplomatic partners, but a specific situation in which one party addresses the other with some initiative. The “petition” was acting as an ethical category, an element of political ritual. The article examines the problem of non-recognition of the Tsar’s title of Ivan the Terrible by the Crimean Khanate. The methods of legitimization of Russia’s power over the annexed territories and the problems of religious tolerance are considered separately. Different policies towards Muslim and Catholic countries, various methods of diplomatic argumentation, and explanatory strategies are noted. Mutual religious tolerance was linked to practical motives. The parties tried to reduce the factors that aggravated the prospects of reaching diplomatic agreements, and the refusal to exacerbate confrontation on religious grounds was one of the diplomatic instruments.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
The article provides an overview of operations of the London office of the All-Russian Cooperative Society Limited (ARСOS Ltd.) in 1920–27. The author has analyzed the activities of the trade organization in the period from the beginning of its existence in June 1920 to the restriction of its operations because of the police raid on Arcos in May 1927. Special attention is paid to the years 1921–22, since ARСOS Ltd. had greater independence and represented the most unified structure at that time. The author has prepared diagrams showing the organizational structure of Arcos according to the data from the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation. The article analyzes changes in the structure of the organization during that period, the processes of accepting orders for importing goods to Soviet Russia, and personnel policy, and also briefly describes the trading activities of the company, and enumerates some subsidiaries of Arcos. The author has come to the conclusion that the frequent change of the company’s structure is associated with a number of reasons, the simplest, most direct and working mechanism of records management in the first place. Within the framework of the organization’s personnel policy, priority was given to Soviet citizens or people ideologically loyal to Soviet Russia. From the very beginning of Arcos existence, and especially in 1923 and later, some departments that were engaged in narrowly focused work became more independent and left the company. The aspirations of the Trade Delegation to subjugate ARCOS Ltd. also played a role in the process of regular transformations in the organization’s structure. The author has concluded that despite all the differences in organizational, clerical, and personnel policy, the company achieved a significant increase in working capital and became the largest foreign trading association in the UK.
History of Civilization, History (General) and history of Europe
The background galaxies in Euclid Early Release Observation images of the Perseus cluster make up a remarkable sample for the combination of a 0.57 deg2 area, 25.3 and 23.2 AB mag depth, and angular resolutions in the optical and near-infrared bands of and , respectively. As part of the effort towards characterising the history of the Hubble sequence, we performed a morphological analysis of 2445 and 12,786 galaxies with IEłe21 and IEłe23, respectively. We used single-Sérsic profiles and the sums of a Sérsic bulge and an exponential disc to model these galaxies with ;;0.1 ;;0.3 SourceXtractor++ and analysed their positional, structural, and flux parameters in order to assess their similarities and differences. The fitted galaxies to IEłe21 span the various Hubble types with ubiquitous bulge and disc components and a bulge-to-total light ratio (B/T) that takes all values from 0 to 1. The effective radius of the single-Sérsic profile is an intermediate estimate of galaxy size (between the bulge and disc effective radii) depending on B/T. The axis ratio of the single-Sérsic profile is higher than the disc axis ratio, and this difference increases with B/T. The type of model impacts the photometry with -0.08 to 0.01 mag median systematic offsets between single-Sérsic and bulge-disc total magnitudes and a 0.05 to 0.15 mag dispersion from low to high B/T. We measured a median 0.3 mag bulge-disc colour difference in rest-frame M_g - M_i that originates from the disc-dominated galaxies, whereas bulge-dominated galaxies have median colours similar to those of their components. Remarkably, we also measured redder inside disc colour gradients based on 5 to 10% systematic variations of disc effective radii between the optical and near-infrared bands. This analysis demonstrates the usefulness and limitations of single-Sérsic profile modelling and the power of bulge-disc decomposition for characterising the morphology of lenticulars and spirals in Euclid images. We make available the catalogues of best-fit parameters for the morphological and SED fits.
The assembly of galaxy groups and clusters occur through dynamical interactions of smaller systems, resulting in the formation of a diffuse stellar halo known as the intragroup or intracluster light (IGL or ICL). By preserving the records of these interactions, the IGL and ICL provide valuable insight into the growth history of galaxy groups and clusters. Groups are especially interesting because they represent the link between galactic halos and massive clusters. However, the low surface brightness of this diffuse light makes it extremely challenging to detect individually. Recent deep wide-field imaging surveys allow us to push such measurements to lower brightness limits by stacking data for large ensembles of groups, thereby suppressing the noise and biases in the measurements. In this work, we present a special-purpose pipeline to reprocess individual r-band Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS) exposures to optimise the IGL detection. Using an initial sample of 2385 groups with at least five spectroscopically confirmed member galaxies from the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey and deep images from KiDS (reprocessed with our updated pipeline), we present the first robust measurement of IGL from a large group sample (∼ 750) down to 31-32 mag/arcsec^2 (varying in different stacked bins). We also compare our stacked IGL measurements to predictions from matched mock observations from the Hydrangea cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. Systematics in the imaging data can affect IGL measurements, even with our special-purpose pipeline. However, with a large sample and optimised analysis, we can place well-constrained upper and lower limits on the IGL fraction (3 - 21 per cent) for our group ensemble across $0.09łeq złeq 0.27$ and $12.5łeq M_ msun łeq 14.0$. This work explores the potential performance of stacked statistical analysis of diffuse light in large samples of systems from next-generation observational programs such as Euclid and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST).
Martin Illum, Hans Christian Bechsofft Mikkelsen, Emil Hovad Department of Applied Mathematics
et al.
Tennis is one of the world's biggest and most popular sports. Multiple researchers have, with limited success, modeled the outcome of matches using probability modelling or machine learning approaches. The approach presented here predicts the outcomes of points in tennis matches. This is based on given a probability of winning a point, based on the prior history of matches, the current match, the player rankings and if the points are started with a first or second. The use of historical public data from the matches and the players' ranking has made this study possible. In addition, we interpret the models in order to reveal important strategic factors for winning points. The historical data are from the years 2016 to 2020 in the two Grand Slam tournaments, Wimbledon and US Open, resulting in a total of 709 matches. Different machine learning methods are applied for this work such as, e.g. logistic regression, Random forest, ADABoost, and XGBoost. These models are compared to a baseline model, namely a traditional statistics measure, in this case the average. An evaluation of the results showed that the models for points proved to be a fraction better than the average. However, with the applied public data and the information level of the data, the approach presented here is not optimal for predicting who wins when the opponents are on the same position on the ranking. This methodology is interesting with respect to examining which factors are important for the outcomes of who wins points in tennis matches. Other higher quality data sets exists from e.g. Hawk Eye, although these data sets are not available for the public.
Yutaro Tsutsumi, Naoya Sakamoto, Kei Hirose
et al.
We determined the metal/silicate partition coefficients of hydrogen and carbon, DH and DC, simultaneously under typical conditions of Earth's core formation. Experiments demonstrate that both DH and DC diminish in the presence of carbon and hydrogen, respectively, indicating their strong interactions in liquid metal. With these partitioning data, we investigated the core and bulk Earth abundances of hydrogen and carbon based on core formation scenarios that are compatible with the bulk silicate Earth composition and the mass fraction and density deficit of the core. The results of the single-stage core formation modelling are markedly different from those using DH and DC individually determined in earlier experiments, indicating that the Earth building blocks do not match enstatite chondrites in water abundance and require contributions by carbonaceous chondrites. The multi-stage core formation models combined with an Earth accretion scenario accounting for isotopic composition show 0.18-0.49 wt% H and 0.19-1.37 wt% C in the core, leading to 0.53-1.40 wt% H2O (present as H in the core) and 0.07-0.44 wt% C in the bulk Earth. Our modelling also demonstrates that up to 53% and 72% of Earth's water (hydrogen) and carbon, respectively, could have been derived from non-carbonaceous chondritic materials.
M. Olaimat, S. Bozdag, the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Dept. Science
et al.
Abstract Motivation Electronic health records (EHRs) represent a comprehensive resource of a patient’s medical history. EHRs are essential for utilizing advanced technologies such as deep learning (DL), enabling healthcare providers to analyze extensive data, extract valuable insights, and make precise and data-driven clinical decisions. DL methods such as recurrent neural networks (RNN) have been utilized to analyze EHR to model disease progression and predict diagnosis. However, these methods do not address some inherent irregularities in EHR data such as irregular time intervals between clinical visits. Furthermore, most DL models are not interpretable. In this study, we propose two interpretable DL architectures based on RNN, namely time-aware RNN (TA-RNN) and TA-RNN-autoencoder (TA-RNN-AE) to predict patient’s clinical outcome in EHR at the next visit and multiple visits ahead, respectively. To mitigate the impact of irregular time intervals, we propose incorporating time embedding of the elapsed times between visits. For interpretability, we propose employing a dual-level attention mechanism that operates between visits and features within each visit. Results The results of the experiments conducted on Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) datasets indicated the superior performance of proposed models for predicting Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) compared to state-of-the-art and baseline approaches based on F2 and sensitivity. Additionally, TA-RNN showed superior performance on the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-III) dataset for mortality prediction. In our ablation study, we observed enhanced predictive performance by incorporating time embedding and attention mechanisms. Finally, investigating attention weights helped identify influential visits and features in predictions. Availability and implementation https://github.com/bozdaglab/TA-RNN.
Teacher quality, teaching quality, school resources, and school climate are commonly identified as protective factors in the academic resilience literature. Variables reflecting these four concepts were applied in a latent profile analysis across 36 education systems participating in the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2019. The best-fitting model suggested four different latent profiles of protective factors. A three-step BCH method with an auxiliary regression model was adopted to investigate the influence of education expenditure on academic resilience across the profiles. Education expenditure promoted academic resilience in a profile characterized by low mathematics resources and another profile with low teaching quality and school climate. Education expenditure had no significant influence in the remaining two profiles characterized by very low and high levels of classroom and school protective factors, respectively. Moreover, countries were classified into six cultural groups representing education systems sharing similarities in language, history, or geography. Within each group, there was a certain degree of consistency in the distribution of profiles. Conclusions are drawn for strategies to promote academic resilience.
Euclid Collaboration N. Tessore, B. Joachimi, A. Loureiro
et al.
The Cosmic Dawn Survey (DAWN survey) provides multiwavelength (UV/optical to mid-IR) data across the combined 59 deg2 of the Euclid Deep and Auxiliary fields (EDFs and EAFs). In this work, the first public data release from the DAWN survey is presented. The catalogues made available herein consist of a subset of the full DAWN survey that includes two EDFs: EDF North (EDF-N) and EDF Fornax (EDF-F). Each field has been covered by the ongoing Hawaii Twenty Square Degree Survey (H20), which includes imaging from the CFHT MegaCam in the u filter and from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) in the griz filters. Each field has been further covered by Spitzer/IRAC 3.6–4.5µm imaging spanning 10 deg2 and reaching ~25 mag AB (5σ). All present H20 imaging and all publicly available imaging from the aforementioned facilities were combined with the deep Spitzer/IRAC data to create source catalogues spanning a total area of 16.87 deg2 in EDF-N and 2.85 deg2 in EDF-F for this first release. These catalogues are referred to as the ‘pre-launch’ (PL), as Euclid data is not yet public for these fields and therefore it is not included. Photometry was measured from these multiwavelength data using The Farmer, a novel and well validated model-based photometry code. Photometric redshifts and stellar masses were computed using two independent codes for modelling spectral energy distributions: EAZY and LePhare. Photometric redshifts show good agreement with spectroscopic redshifts (σNMAD ~ 0.5, η < 8% at i < 25). Number counts, photometric redshifts and stellar masses were further validated in comparison to the COSMOS2020 catalogue. The DAWN survey PL catalogues are designed to be of immediate use in these two EDFs and will be continuously updated and made available as both new ground-based data and spaced-based data from Euclid are acquired and made public. Future data releases will provide catalogues of all EDFs and EAFs and include Euclid data.
Euclid Collaboration A. Enia, M. Bolzonella, L. Pozzetti
et al.
will collect an enormous amount of data during the mission's lifetime, observing billions of galaxies in the extragalactic sky. Along with traditional template-fitting methods, numerous machine learning (ML) algorithms have been presented for computing their photometric redshifts and physical parameters (PPs), requiring significantly less computing effort while producing equivalent performance measures. However, their performance is limited by the quality and amount of input information entering the model (the features), to a level where the recovery of some well-established physical relationships between parameters might not be guaranteed -- for example, the star-forming main sequence (SFMS). To forecast the reliability of photo-$z$s and PPs calculations, we produced two mock catalogs simulating the photometry with the UNIONS $ugriz$ and filters. We simulated the Euclid Wide Survey (EWS) and Euclid Deep Fields (EDF), alongside two auxiliary fields. We tested the performance of a template-fitting algorithm ( and four ML methods in recovering photo-$z$s, PPs (stellar masses and star formation rates), and the SFMS on the simulated fields. To mimic the processing as closely as possible, the models were trained with labels and tested on the simulated ground truth. For the EWS, we found that the best results are achieved with a mixed labels approach, training the models with wide survey features and labels from the results on deeper photometry, that is, with the best possible set of labels for a given photometry. This imposes a prior to the input features, helping the models to better discern cases in degenerate regions of feature space, that is, when galaxies have similar magnitudes and colors but different redshifts and PPs, with performance metrics even better than those found with We found no more than 3 performance degradation using a COSMOS-like reference sample or removing $u$ band data, which will not be available until after data release DR1. The best results are obtained for the EDF, with appropriate recovery of photo-$z$, PPs, and the SFMS.
This article gives a concise introduction to some of the potential benefits of studying the archaeology of the 18th to 20th centuries. Using a selection of examples, it aims to provide guides to multi-, inter- and trans-disciplinary approaches to the material culture from this period. It reflects on some of the archaeological remains, the theoretical frameworks and the practices that originated in the 18th to 20th centuries and remain pertinent to those who focus on this period today. By outlining some of the general theoretical underpinnings, and the range of established and emerging practices within what we know as the Anthropocene, it will enable researchers to recognise that they are not alone in their endeavours to explore, interpret, manage and learn from the complex recent pasts.
This paper examines the subsistence economy in the South Caucasus during the Early Chalcolithic (c.4700–4300 BC) through bioarchaeological analyses of the Bavra Ablari rock shelter site. This region, rich in biodiversity and characterized by a variety of climates and landscapes, has a history of agropastoral occupation dating back to the beginning of the 6th millennium BC. Up to now, archaeological studies have mainly focused on the valleys and lowlands, leaving the mountainous areas less explored. Recent excavations at Bavra Ablari, located at an altitude of 1,650 m, have enabled new bioarchaeological analyses to be carried out, providing data on the faunal and botanical assemblages of this period. These analyses reveal a mixed agro-pastoral exploitation, with a predominance of caprine (sheep and goats) rearing and cultivation of cereals, such as barley and einkorn. Faunal remains and evidence of hunting and fishing reveal extensive use of several biotopes. The study highlights the importance of pastoralism, attested to as far back as the Neolithic period, with herds moving seasonally to higher pastures in summer. Early Chalcolithic occupations, such as those at Bavra Ablari, show the persistence of pastoral activities in these mountainous regions despite severe winter conditions and suggest seasonal occupation of the site.
Purpose of the study: Identification of patterns and heterogeneities in the chronological distribution of epigraphic monuments. An attempt to correlate dated material with certain events in the life of the medieval city of Solkhat/Kirim. Detection of chronological markers in the typology and design of lapidary monuments, on the basis of which it will be possible to give a chronological reference for monuments without dating.
Research materials: The article contains information about more than a hundred dated epigraphic monuments with Arabic inscriptions found at different times on the territory of the Golden Horde city of Solkhat/Kirim and in its environs. The data was collected on the basis of lapidary material stored in museum and private collections, including 26 monuments that are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The information mentioned in the works of Evliya Celebi, domestic researchers of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century was taken into account, the studies of O.N. Akchokrakly, diaries and drawings of U. Bodaninsky, and photographic materials of archaeological expeditions of the 1920s.
Research results: The work presents the distribution of dated monuments over the time period from the second half of the 13th century to the last quarter of the 15th century. Also presented are the results of the chronological distribution for some subtypes of grave monuments and the time frame for the use of the Turkic language on the epigraphic monuments of Solkhat/Kirim.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
Fatma Hatun, Türkiye Selçuklu sultanlarından II. İzzeddin Keykâvus’un kızıdır. Selçuklu sultanlarından olan II. İzzeddin Keykâvus, Moğol tahakkümü devrinde Türkmenlerle birlikte hem kardeşine hem de Moğollara karşı Selçuklu ülkesinin, hanedan ailesinin ve Anadolu halkının bağımsızlığını korumak için türlü yollar aramış ancak başarılı olamayınca ülkesini terk ederek ailesiyle birlikte önce Bizans’a sonra da Altın Orda Hanlığına sığınmak zorunda kalmıştır. Muhtemelen babasıyla birlikte Konya’dan Kırım’a giden ya da Kırım’da dünyaya gelen Fatma Hatun’un hayatı birçok bilinmeyenle doludur. Buna rağmen onun Türkiye Selçuklu ülkesine döndüğü ve burada hem annesi ve kendisi hem de sütannesi için bir vakıf inşa ettirdiği ortadadır. Selçuklu ülkesinde saltanat kadınlarının kurdukları vakıfların türlerini, konumlarını, malzemesini, bu eserlerin kitâbe ve süslemelerini belirlemeleri, onların kendilerini nerede ve nasıl hangi araçlarla temsil etmek istediklerini açıkça göstermektedir. Bunun yanında, kadın vakıf kurucuların eserlerini yalnızca toplumun sosyal bir ihtiyacının karşılanması, mimari ve sanatsal bir değer ya da itibar meşruiyeti olarak değerlendirmek doğru değildir. Bu vakıflar, kadınlara Selçuklu döneminde atfedilmiş olan toplumsal değerlerin sonraki kuşaklara aktarılması bakımından da çok önemlidir. Dolayısıyla bu vakıf külliye, Fatma Hatun’un vakfettiği gelirlerle 20. yüzyılın başlarına kadar ekonomik işleyişini devam ettirmenin ve bir medeniyetin kültürel devamlılığını sağlamanın yanında Selçuklu hanedan ailesi ile ilgili birçok bilginin ortaya çıkmasına da imkân vermiştir.
Objective To investigate the value of serum cystatin C (Cys-C) in the clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer patients (PCa). Methods We utilized data from the 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle. Variables were downscaled by LASSO regression to screen for influencing factors, and parallel multifactorial cox regression analyses were performed to assess the association between Cys-C and prostate cancer, as well as restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses. Subgroup analyses by age, education, race, body mass index, and smoking history were also performed. The correlation between age and Cys-C was analyzed using Spearman's correlation analysis. Results Mean ± standard deviation (SD) Cystatin C levels were higher than normal in prostate patients. The ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the univariate and multivariate models I, II and III were 1.6117 (0.0412,0.9144), 1.5841 (-0.0192,0.8819), and 1.3357 (-0.3876,0.8454), respectively. Restricted cubic spline regression analysis did not show a nonlinear correlation between cystatin C and PCa (nonlinear p=0.007). Spearman's correlation analysis showed that serum cystatin C levels were statistically significantly correlated with age (r=0.476,P<0.01). Kaplan⁃Meier survival curves showed that patients with high levels of Cystatin C had a faster downward trend in the survival curves. Elevated Cys-C was significantly associated with an increased risk of PCa, and prostate cancer patients with elevated Cys-C had a shorter time to survival and a lower survival rate. Conclusion Cys-C is positively correlated with the presence of PCa, serum Cys-C level has significant correlation with age, and Cys-C should be given clinically can be used as an auxiliary diagnostic index for regular monitoring of prostate cancer patients of different ages and normal people.
Private letters written by historians are in demand in the study of a number of issues on the history of historical science. Like other sources of personal origin, they are often used to analyze various conditions of professional activity of scholars, the specifi cs of their relationship with a wide range of people (including those who are not directly related to the academic fi eld), the process of creating research papers, and the circulation of scientifi c ideas. From the point of view of studying the intellectual atmosphere of scientifi c activity, “works and days” of researchers and a number of other problems related to everyday life and scientifi c daily life, the sources of personal origin of their relatives also attract attention. This publication includes letters of S. B. Veselovskiy and his wife to A. I. Andreev written in 1938-1943. These sources allow us to clarify important issues related to the reconstruction of the Soviet period of S. B. Veselovsky’s intellectual biography. They contain his refl ection on the progress of a number of studies on the history of land ownership, the era of Ivan the Terrible and auxiliary historical disciplines, information about his social circle. The informational potential of the letters is also associated with the study of scientifi c and everyday life of the researchers from Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, who were evacuated during the Great Patriotic War.
Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with cognitive dysfunction and behavioral impairment. We aimed to use principal components factor analysis to explore the association between gait domains and AD under single and dual-task gait assessments. Methods: A total of 41 AD participants and 41 healthy control (HC) participants were enrolled in our study. Gait parameters were measured using the JiBuEn® gait analysis system. The principal component method was used to conduct an orthogonal maximum variance rotation factor analysis of quantitative gait parameters. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounding or risk factors. Results: Based on the factor analysis, three domains of gait performance were identified both in the free walk and counting backward assessments: “rhythm” domain, “pace” domain and “variability” domain. Compared with HC, we found that the pace factor was independently associated with AD in two gait assessments; the variability factor was independently associated with AD only in the counting backwards assessment; and a statistical difference still remained after adjusting for age, sex and education levels. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that gait domains may be used as an auxiliary diagnostic index for Alzheimer’s disease.
DB-HERITAGE provides open and free sharing of wide-ranging technical data on hundreds of samples of building materials from diverse periods, extracted from Portuguese built heritage all over the world. It has been developed to improve know-how for historic building materials and as a basis for developing best practices for built heritage conservation. It incorporates both physical and digital repositories for building material samples and related data, providing tools for the systematic recording of data concerning the history, properties, and performance of materials used in Portuguese built heritage.
DB-HERITAGE targets different communities, researchers, and stakeholders involved in the preservation of archaeological and architectural heritage. It provides a systematisation of building assets, within their related environmental, social, and cultural contexts, as well as displaying technical and scientific information on structural elements, built components and their constituent materials. Although the rationale of the wide context sustaining the DB-HERITAGE concept is clear, coordinating communities and reduced time-to-value represent extra requirements for data quality, improved tools, and an efficient management plan.
The participation in ARIADNEplus challenged DB-HERITAGE to get the most out of standardised procedures and the FAIR principles, strengthening its data management plan and practices. Data processing has been improved by deploying a common ontology and further developing standards, shared semantics, and identifiers. Updated protocols for data sharing and detailed information on provenance have also been developed to enhance data reuse.
This article presents an overview of the aggregation process of DB-HERITAGE data into ARIADNEplus. It includes a summary of DB-HERITAGE's strengths and of the challenges faced within the scope of the aggregation process, with examples of some of DB-HERITAGE's major outputs. Additionally, it considers the benefits and opportunities provided by participation in ARIADNEplus.