Hasil untuk "Asian. Oriental"

Xuanrui Hu, Yuefang Sun

The oriented Turán number of a given oriented graph $\overrightarrow{F}$, denoted by $\exo(n,\overrightarrow{F})$, is the largest number of arcs in $n$-vertex $\overrightarrow{F}$-free oriented graphs. This parameter could be seen as a natural oriented version of the classical Turán number. In this paper, we study the supersaturation phenomenon for oriented Turán problems, and prove oriented versions of the famous Erdős-Simonovits Supersaturation Theorem and Moon-Moser inequality, and supersaturation theorems for transitive tournaments and antidirected complete bipartite graphs.

Krystal Guo, Ross J. Kang, Gabriëlle Zwaneveld

We investigate `almost counterexamples' to Seymour's second neighbourhood conjecture. In what we call Seymour-tight orientations, the size of the first neighbourhood of each vertex equals the size of its second neighbourhood. We give several examples and constructions. Specifically, we prove that the class of Seymour-tight orientations is closed under taking (generalized) lexicographic products. Moreover, the lexicographic product of a putative counterexample to Seymour's second neighbourhood conjecture and a Seymour-tight orientation is again a counterexample. Using lexicographic products, we show that if the conjecture is false, then there exist counterexamples that are close to regular tournaments, and moreover that any digraph occurs as an induced subgraph of a counterexample. We then use this same machinery to construct special putative counterexamples to Sullivan's conjecture. The inherent symmetry of these orientations give access to an algebraic perspective. Seymour-tight orientations that are also Cayley digraphs correspond to special pairs of critical sets in groups, which connects potentially to additive combinatorics. We use Kemperman's theorem to characterize those Seymour-tight orientations that are the Cayley digraph of an abelian group.

Chris J Mitchell, Peter R Wild

Orientable sequences, periodic sequences in which any $n$-tuple appears at most once in either direction, were introduced in the early 1990s for use in certain position location applications; constructions and upper bounds on the period for the binary case were published by Dai et al. More recent work has focussed on $k$-ary sequences for arbitrary $k>2$; one method of construction involves negative orientable sequences, in which an $n$-tuple appears at most once in either the sequence or the negative of its reverse. In this paper we show how additional $n$-tuples can be added to one previously described approach for generating negative orientable sequences, resulting in new sequences with asymptotically optimal period. These sequences can in turn be used to generate orientable sequences, again with asymptotically optimal period.

Maidman, Maynard P.

The focus of this article is Tieš-urḫe son of Takku, the last attested member of the house founded by Puḫi-šenni son of Tur-šenni (the Puḫi-šenni who fathered the famous Teḫip-tilla). He is the only known scion of this family going back five generations to Nuzi’s very origins.  The article traces his assorted activities in the shadow of Nuzi’s final days. We shall see that Tieš-urḫe was conspicuous as a landlord, as a bureaucrat, and as a military man—the last perhaps to the time of his death. He was a worthy scion of a family seemingly always in the forefront of Nuzi’s economic, social, and political life.

Deepsikha Chatterjee

Nepal and surrounding regions in India are known for resplendent masked performances. Often ritual in nature, they serve as tools for spiritual belonging, community cohesion, ties of kinship, and artistic expression. Research on Nepal’s culture and performance traditions has been smaller compared to neighboring South Asian countries such as India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Nepal’s performance traditions are complex, with centuries of history, culture, and religious beliefs attached to them. In Nepal, many of these traditional performances are called Pyakhan or stories/parables. They are deserving of in-depth study, much like their other South Asian counterparts. This paper takes a deep dive into masked dance forms of Nepal, especially the making and use of masks in Bhairab Nach, and Navadurga performance.

L. Ya. Prokopenko

In the current conditions of confrontation with the West, Russia seeks to diversify its external relations, hence a growing attention it pays to such partners as African countries. Establishing effective cooperation requires deep knowledge of political elites, which is largely facilitated by the research of Russian Africanists, conducted primarily at the Institute of African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences as well as in other research centers - the Centre for African Studies of the Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Asian and African Countries of Moscow State University, MGIMO University, HSE University, IMEMO of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg State University, etc. Among their areas of interest are such subjects as the study of female political elites, as well as the elites in multilateral institutions, primarily in the UN structures.Since the early 2000s, one of the main features of the formation of political leadership in the Republic of South Africa (South Africa) has been the expansion of women’s representation in government bodies at all levels. Some of these women held leadership positions in various UN structures. This article uses functional and biographical research methods to analyze the activities of South African women who have been active in human rights issues, in the fight against hunger and HIV/AIDS at the national and international levels, at the UN and the African Union. This article’s research was centered at such prominent South African political figures as Mrs. N. Pillay, Mrs. P. Mlambo-Ngcuka, and Mrs. S. Sisulu. The author notes both their achievements in solving the above-mentioned contemporary problems and the difficulties they encountered in their activities.Special attention is paid to the attitude of South African women towards the issue of gender equality, which they consider a necessary condition for democratic development. At various multilateral venues, Mrs. N. Pillay, Mrs. P. Mlambo-Ngcuka, and Mrs. S. Sisulu advocated for the empowerment of women in all areas of political, economic, and public life, both while holding leadership positions in the UN and after completing their terms of office. The long-standing work of South African women at the UN in the fight for human rights, against hunger and HIV/AIDS and for gender equality demonstrates the possibility of women’s participation in solving contemporary problems at levels of utmost significance.

Fahri Avdija

Ishani Dasgupta

This is an ethnographic snapshot of an encounter with a Gaddi shepherd in the hills of Himachal Pradesh. The Gaddis are a semi-nomadic pastoral people who live across the Himalayan belt of Northern India. In this piece, I recount how this lone shepherd, with just a slight gesture and in unspoken words, shows me how a journey can be lived unbounded by time

Maya Stein, Ana Trujillo-Negrete

We prove that if $D$ is a digraph of maximum outdegree and indegree at least $k$, and minimum semidegree at least $k/2$ that contains no oriented $4$-cycles, then $D$ contains each oriented tree $T$ with~$k$ arcs. This can be slightly improved if $T$ is either antidirected or an arborescence.

Kevin Buchin, Antonia Kalb, Anil Maheshwari et al.

Given a point set $P$ in a metric space and a real number $t \geq 1$, an \emph{oriented $t$-spanner} is an oriented graph $\overrightarrow{G}=(P,\overrightarrow{E})$, where for every pair of distinct points $p$ and $q$ in $P$, the shortest oriented closed walk in $\overrightarrow{G}$ that contains $p$ and $q$ is at most a factor $t$ longer than the perimeter of the smallest triangle in $P$ containing $p$ and $q$. The \emph{oriented dilation} of a graph $\overrightarrow{G}$ is the minimum $t$ for which $\overrightarrow{G}$ is an oriented $t$-spanner. We present the first algorithm that computes, in Euclidean space, a sparse oriented spanner whose oriented dilation is bounded by a constant. More specifically, for any set of $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^d$, where $d$ is a constant, we construct an oriented $(2+\varepsilon)$-spanner with $\mathcal{O}(n)$ edges in $\mathcal{O}(n \log n)$ time and $\mathcal{O}(n)$ space. Our construction uses the well-separated pair decomposition and an algorithm that computes a $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximation of the minimum-perimeter triangle in $P$ containing two given query points in $\mathcal{O}(\log n)$ time. While our algorithm is based on first computing a suitable undirected graph and then orienting it, we show that, in general, computing the orientation of an undirected graph that minimises its oriented dilation is NP-hard, even for point sets in the Euclidean plane. We further prove that even if the orientation is already given, computing the oriented dilation is APSP-hard for points in a general metric space. We complement this result with an algorithm that approximates the oriented dilation of a given graph in subcubic time for point sets in $\mathbb{R}^d$, where $d$ is a constant.

Harmandeep Kaur Gill, Theresia Hofer

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Ezgi Sarıtaş, Yelda Şahin Akıllı

Feminist historiography in Turkey has long dismissed the period between the 1930s and 1980s as the ‘barren period’ of the women’s movement. To understand the diverse and conflicted genealogies of Turkey’s feminism(s), we argue, it is necessary to critically engage with the notion of the ‘barren period.’ In the 1950s, ‘the discourse of indebtedness’ to Atatürk and the gender project of Kemalism became hegemonic through production of collective memory in which the women’s movement participated. Haunted by the radical struggles of Ottoman and early Republican feminists for equality, the mid-twentieth century women’s movement selectively remembered them in shaping this memory. Beginning in the second half of the 1960s, younger generations of women began to question women’s movement’s agendas and actions. This article focuses on two issues where the intergenerational conflict was particularly evident: (Anti-)veiling and (anti-)communism. These themes reveal that the discourse of indebtedness was unsustainable by the second half of the 1960s, when new political agencies emerged that did not assume the privileged saviour role of the women’s movement or positioned themselves as victims to be rescued. While the established women’s movement gradually acknowledged the history of radical autonomous struggle of Ottoman and early Republican feminists and their suppression by the early Republican regime, deep political and ideological rifts hindered the communication and transmission of this history to a new generation of women in the mid-1960s.

Jimlea Nadezhda Mendoza, Natalia Hanazaki, Baiba Prūse et al.

Abstract Background Ethnobotanical knowledge about the role of plants in fisheries provides valuable ecological information vital for sustainable management of local resources; however, it is diluted and understudied globally. This literature review aims to map the knowledge of plant use within traditional fishing communities. Methods Through the PRISMA method, we identified and selected 34 articles reporting the use of plants in fisheries, and including 344 taxa of plants and algae. Uses of plants and algae were grouped into different categories. Results In the novel categorization of fishery-related uses we proposed, the most mentioned were for fishing and building/repair of fishing artifacts and habitat-related uses, while the records of plants related to fiber uses, providing aid in fishing management and species causing problems, were among the least mentioned. Semi-structured interview is most commonly used with local resource users, especially fishery experts, in exploring perceptions on plant use within traditional fishing communities. Diversity was high in all the recorded families, but most were reported locally. Conclusion Ethnobotanical studies with fishers are not common in the documented literature but they provide a large number of use reports. On the basis this review, in most of the world, the information is of a casual and sporadic nature. Fishers can provide information on aquatic plants and algae that create problems and aid in fishing management, which are crucial in understanding the ecosystem of a region experiencing environmental challenges. This knowledge is greatly understudied globally and undergoing a rapid decline, as highlighted in several of the reviewed articles. Thus, further systematic research on fishery-related uses of plants by fisherfolk is needed considering its potential contribution to the sustainable management of fishery resources.

Zeynep Tüfekçioğlu

Yaoran Fan, Jianbin Feng, Zefei Wang et al.

Salinity is an ecological factor that affects the physiological metabolism, survival, and distribution of crustaceans. Although some crustaceans can tolerate an extensive range of salinity, drastic fluctuations can induce damage and even cause death. The oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense, is a major commercial aquaculture species in China, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries and can survive in a salinity range of 7–20. To explore the metabolic responses and molecular mechanisms of salinity tolerance in M. nipponense, a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis and high-throughput RNA sequencing were combined to evaluate the metabolic effects and primary regulatory pathways in gills, hepatopancreas, and muscle of M. nipponense in response to acute high salinity stress in a time-dependent manner. Differentially expressed genes (DGEs) were identified, and total of 632, 836, and 1246 DEGs with a cutoff of significant two-fold change were differentially expressed in hepatopancreas, gills, and muscle tissues, respectively. The DEGs of hepatopancreas and gill tissues were mainly enriched in PPAR signaling pathway, longevity regulating pathway, protein digestion and absorption, and the DEGs of muscle tissue in arginine biosynthesis, adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, cardiac muscle contraction, and cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. The transcriptomic response suggested that M. nipponense exposed to acute high salinity stress may regulate mechanisms related to ion exchange, metabolism, and immune responses to adapt to the environmental alteration. Through LC-MS analysis, 1432 metabolites (589 negative and 843 positive metabolites) were identified. Metabolomic analysis revealed that multiple amino acids and fatty acids were affected. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses indicated that 16 pathways were identified in three tissues of M. nipponense. In addition, 24 metabolites and 34 related DEGs were recorded. Hence, salinity exposure affected metabolic processes in M. nipponense and a higher expression of aminophospholipid genes and enhanced fatty acids may be related to strengthening tolerance to acute high salinity. Overall, these results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying acute high salinity stress responses and tolerance in M. nipponense.

Zhixi Yin

The essay focused on the TV documentary series <i>The Silk Road</i> and discussed the significance of this co-production between China and Japan. Two television stations, NHK and CCTV, provided each other with technical support to create a new image of the Silk Road in 1980. They attempted to rediscover the cultural relationship in Asia. Japanese Oriental studies were either the base for this co-production or the source of trouble. CCTV needed to utilize and overcome Japanese technology and the resources from Oriental studies, to represent national culture and identity through images. On the other hand, Japan once again sought ways to represent the Asian “others.” However, the challenge was making it relative to Orientalism and imperialism. This essay also compares the two versions and suggests that both ancient Asian cultural histories that they represented through images reflected the contemporaneous political situation of the Cold War. In CCTV’s version, the images of the Silk Road became a symbol of the re-establishment of China’s national identity, including the imagination of a “multi-ethnic state” and a “community of cultural memory that unites East and West”. Furthermore, this version also represented the trade with neighboring states. Each of these elements had a realistic role in the political environment of 1980. On the other hand, NHK’s version contains a narrative to prove Japan is the last stop on the Silk Road. Moreover, before this documentary, Japanese literature had long sought the “unknown” of the Silk Road and became a strong intellectual foundation for <i>The Silk Road</i>. The narrative of Japan “being a part of the Silk Road, but unlike in colonialism, as a traveler” is what Yasushi Inoue repeatedly expressed in his literary works and appeared to have been passed on through the images of the documentary. Carrying the negative legacy of Japanese imperialism, then being caught between the United States and the Socialist bloc, and having a difficult choice of political identity, Japanese intellectuals refrained from expressing their political positions and chose to describe cultural history from the “traveler’s” perspective. This essay suggests this is an attempt to redefine Japan on the cultural map of Asia and indirectly to break through the polarization of capitalism and socialism in the Cold War.

Sangay Tamang

Among the various crises that have fuelled multiple ethnic movements in India, the crisis of ‘land’ is one of the most fundamental yet understudied domains in the study of ethnicity and nationalism. This article examines the intricate relationship between land and ethnicity through the case study of Gorkha’s demand for ‘Gorkhaland’ in Darjeeling Hills, India. The scholarship on the ethnic study has largely failed to understand the significance of land as identity and belongingness among many indigenous communities and this has created a distorted understanding of the place, community, and identity. In this article, I argue that land claims have been one of the fundamental elements of ethnic politics among Gorkhas in Darjeeling Hills and their movement for homeland articulates a distinct attachment of Gorkha struggle for land in Darjeeling Hills. Through ethnographic fieldwork conducted in various parts of Darjeeling Hills, this article examines the complexity surrounding the notion of land and identity that has created fear and anxiety of not having land ownership. This article argues that the lack of landownership perpetuates ethnic politics in the Eastern Himalaya, but it has not yet gained attention in academia. Therefore, this article is an attempt to establish the centrality of land in a region like Darjeeling Hills where ethnicity has overshadowed other phenomena. It also shows how the state uses such material discourse of land ownership to manipulate not only ethnic politics for the homeland but also the implementation of various beneficiary schemes.

Santiago Guzmán-Pro, Winfried Hochstättler

Colourings and flows are well-known dual notions in Graph Theory. In turn, the definition of flows in graphs naturally extends to flows in oriented matroids. So, the colour-flow duality gives a generalization of Hadwiger's conjecture about graph colourings, to a conjecture about coflows of oriented matroids. The first non-trivial case of Hadwiger's conjecture for oriented matroids reads as follows. If $\mathcal{O}$ is an $M(K_4)$-minor free oriented matroid, then $\mathcal{O}$ has a now-where $3$-coflow, i.e., it is $3$-colourable in the sense of Hochstättler-Nešetřil. The class of generalized series parallel ($GSP$) oriented matroids is a class of $3$-colourable oriented matroids with no $M(K_4)$-minor. So far, the only technique towards proving that all orientations of a class $\mathcal{C}$ of $M(K_4)$-minor free matroids are $GSP$ (and thus $3$-colourable), has been to show that every matroid in $\mathcal{C}$ has a positive coline. Towards proving Hadwiger's conjecture for the class of gammoids, Goddyn, Hochstättler, and Neudauer conjectured that every gammoid has a positive coline. In this work we disprove this conjecture by exhibiting an infinite class of strict gammoids that do not have positive colines. We conclude by proposing a simpler technique for showing that certain oriented matroids are $GSP$. In particular, we recover that oriented lattice path matroids are $GSP$, and we show that oriented cobicircular matroids are $GSP$.

Thomas Bellitto, Christopher Duffy, Gary MacGillivray

Homomorphically full graphs are those for which every homomorphic image is isomorphic to a subgraph. We extend the definition of homomorphically full to oriented graphs in two different ways. For the first of these, we show that homomorphically full oriented graphs arise as quasi-transitive orientations of homomorphically full graphs. This in turn yields an efficient recognition and construction algorithms for these homomorphically full oriented graphs. For the second one, we show that the related recognition problem is GI-hard, and that the problem of deciding if a graph admits a homomorphically full orientation is NP-complete. In doing so we show the problem of deciding if two given oriented cliques are isomorphic is GI-complete.

Yavuz Köse