C. Filsfils, Nagendra Kumar Nainar, C. Pignataro
et al.
Network operators anticipate the offering of an increasing variety of cloud-based services with stringent Service Level Agreements. Technologies currently supporting IP networks however lack the flexibility and scalability properties to realize such evolution. In this article, we present Segment Routing (SR), a new network architecture aimed at filling this gap, driven by use-cases defined by network operators. SR implements the source routing and tunneling paradigms, letting nodes steer packets over paths using a sequence of instructions (segments) placed in the packet header. As such, SR allows the implementation of routing policies without per-flow entries at intermediate routers. This paper introduces the SR architecture, describes its related ongoing standardization efforts, and reviews the main use-cases envisioned by network operators.
Steven Prideaux, Emma Conway O'Brien, T. Chevassut
Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells leading to clinical features that include hypercalcaemia, renal dysfunction, anaemia, and bone disease (frequently referred to by the acronym CRAB) which represent evidence of end organ failure. Recent evidence has revealed myeloma to be a highly heterogeneous disease composed of multiple molecularly-defined subtypes each with varying clinicopathological features and disease outcomes. The major division within myeloma is between hyperdiploid and nonhyperdiploid subtypes. In this division, hyperdiploid myeloma is characterised by trisomies of certain odd numbered chromosomes, namely, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, and 21 whereas nonhyperdiploid myeloma is characterised by translocations of the immunoglobulin heavy chain alleles at chromosome 14q32 with various partner chromosomes, the most important of which being 4, 6, 11, 16, and 20. Hyperdiploid and nonhyperdiploid changes appear to represent early or even initiating mutagenic events that are subsequently followed by secondary aberrations including copy number abnormalities, additional translocations, mutations, and epigenetic modifications which lead to plasma cell immortalisation and disease progression. The following review provides a comprehensive coverage of the genetic and epigenetic events contributing to the initiation and progression of multiple myeloma and where possible these abnormalities have been linked to disease prognosis.
ABSTRACT In the era of artificial intelligence (AI)‐driven high‐performance computing, phase change materials (PCMs) are critical for high‐flux thermal management. PCMs are evolving toward high enthalpy, low interfacial thermal resistance (ITR), and high reliability. Herein, we design double‐brush phase‐change polymer (PVBS‐TMCn) crosslinked by B─O─B and Si─O─B dynamic bonds, characterized by the ultra‐fast relaxation time of 0.8 s under 80°C and closed‐loop cycling. This architecture enhances the content of phase‐change units for elevated theoretical enthalpy, while inherent multiple dynamic bonds and ultra‐low entanglement minimize enthalpy loss, resulting in a record enthalpy of 240.7 J·g−1. Furthermore, a composite of flexibility PVBS‐TMC14/24 and graphene foam films (PVBS‐TMC/GF) is fabricated as thermal interface materials using a stacking‐cutting strategy, which self‐adaptively modulates low‐ITR in response to temperature, owing to phase transition properties, ultra‐low modulus, and adaptive filling capability of dynamic polymer matrix. PVBS‐TMC/GF significantly generates better thermal management efficiency compared to commercial products. The topology design of double‐brush polymer dynamic networks and interfacial contact mechanisms provide fundamental insights for developing phase‐change adaptive materials and advancing thermal management.