Hasil untuk "Archaeology"

G. Larson, D. Piperno, R. Allaby et al.

Chloe Pearce, Fabien Léonard, Oxana V. Magdysyuk et al.

The preservation of archaeological bone is of great importance for both archaeological and conservation science studies. Traditional methods of preservation assessment, such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), are minimally invasive and destructive. Neutron and X-ray tomography offer a totally non-invasive novel analysis method for the state of preservation of archaeological bones. Seven archaeological animal bones were selected for analysis based on animal maturity, species, visual factors, and ATR-FTIR analysis results. Archaeological bone is a hierarchical composite material constructed from both organic and mineral components; therefore, neutron tomography and synchrotron X-ray tomography have been combined in this novel approach to assess the state of preservation of animal archaeological bone. The neutron data demonstrated that the organic distribution along the diaphysis of archaeological bones varied significantly both within bones and between different animal bones. There is minimal consistency between the samples, emphasizing the inhomogeneity in archaeological bone collections. X-ray tomography revealed unseen physical details, including cracks and substantial damage. The collection of this information via non-invasive methods is highly valuable for cultural heritage, providing a deeper understanding of the observed inhomogeneity in ATR-FTIR analysis data and revealing obscured physical details.

А.П. Бородовский

Статья посвящена анализу одной из деталей парных сейминско-турбинских копий с автоморфным декором из Седельниковского района Омской области РФ. Целью работы является выяснение степени взаимодействия дизайна и декора на примере сейминско-турбинских бронз как отражения единства конструирования и декорирования таких предметов. Открытость вопроса об интерпретации вильчатого элемента на перьях этих копий как изображения бороды солнцеголовых янусовидных персонажей позволяет выдвинуть предположение о наличии такого элемента в окуневской изобразительной традиции. Художественное оформление и узкие лезвия копий позволяют относить эти предметы к атрибутам группы населения достаточно высокого социального статуса. В свою очередь, борода для эпохи бронзы явно входит в круг инсигний власти, где присутствуют еще булава и посох. Присутствие антропоморфных бородатых изображений на копьях, как атрибутах элитариев сейминско-турбинских кланов, могло дополнительно подчеркивать их особое положение.

Angel Blanco-Lapaz, Ana B. Marín-Arroyo, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti et al.

The Gravettian site of Fuente del Salín Cave is located in the northern Iberian Peninsula (Cantabrian Region, Spain). In 2016, excavations conducted at the site yielded numerous faunal remains, including mammals and fish. Researchers also recovered molluscs remains during the 1990, 1991, and 2000 campaigns. This study presents the results of the archaeozoological and taphonomical analyses of the large mammals and fish remains recovered during these excavations. At Fuente del Salín Cave, a high level of bone fragmentation and the presence of burning damage characterizes the faunal assemblage. Taxonomy of large game shows diverse habitat exploitation, such as coastal valleys and plains (red deer, Cervus elaphus; horse, Equus ferus) as well as rocky landscapes (Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica; and chamois, Rupicapra rupicapra). Additionally, fish remains show the presence of salmonids (Salmo sp.), cyprinids, and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), indicating the exploitation of coastal, demersal, and riverine species. The taphonomic analysis of the mammals revealed burning damage concentrated on axial elements and epiphyses, characterized by temperatures typical of carbonization or calcification. The scarcity of carnivore gnawing marks and the presence of butchering marks prove that humans were the main accumulators at Fuente del Salín Cave. Concerning fish, most remains correspond to spines, branchial spines, ribs, and vertebrae, indicating humans processed fish by removing these elements for consumption. Based on our results, Fuente del Salín Cave provides an essential record of the subsistence strategies of the inhabitants of the Cantabrian Region during the Gravettian.

Antonio Ignacio Molina

Reseña de B. Antela-Bernárdez, Apología de Olimpia de Épiro: Tres ensayos críticos, Madrid, Ediciones Clásicas, 2021, 136.pp. [ISBN 978-84-7882-872-2].

Brina Škvor Jernejčič, Elena Leghissa, Barbara Brezigar

The article represents a short synthesis about settlements from the Middle and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age in central and eastern regions of Slovenia. Special attention is given to two key-sites, Medvode-Svetje and Trata near Škofja Loka, both from the Gorenjska region. Numerous archaeological excavations and subsequent research publications in the last two decades brought about new insights on dwelling features, forms of housing and on settlement characteristics itself. At the same time, a completely new understanding of the spectre of ceramic repertoire has been obtained, while new radiocarbon dating results enable us to complement the absolute chronology of the given time period.

Andrej Preložnik

Jews settled in three coastal towns of the medieval diocese of Koper (Capodistria) – Koper, Izola and Piran – at the end of the 14th century. They came there stimulated by the needs of cities that, after the collapse of Tuscan banks, did not have the financial sources to support the developing economy. In addition to some bankers who are fairly well known from archival sources, we also have to consider a layer of the poorer population of servants and merchants. These were relatively small communities composed of few families, which were tolerated in a distinctly Catholic environment, but in close contact with the majority population sometimes received a benevolent or even aggressive pressure to convert. For studied region, there is no systematic study about this topic yet. However, there are some archival or written sources related to it in one way or another. Although these are mostly short notes or remarks within other discussions, which certainly do not represent the whole background of these stories, they still give us some idea of the dynamics of that kind of relations between religious communities and at the same time the formal position of the Venetian and local authorities about conversions and freedom of faith between 15th and 18th century.

Marco Gentile

Tra gli effetti collaterali meno noti della ricezione dei testi politici aristotelici nell’Italia del tardo Medioevo c’è lo sviluppo – a partire dal Trecento – dell’idea di appartenenza naturale a una fazione politica, connesso all’emergere nella dottrina giuridico-politica di posizioni non del tutto contrarie alla liceità della divisione in partiti a fini di governo. I riferimenti alla naturalità dell’appartenenza fazionaria, mai del tutto svincolata dalla volontà individuale, si riscontrano numerosi nella Lombardia viscontea e sforzesca. Attraverso una serie di esempi desunti da cronache, trattati teorici e testi della politica pragmatica, il saggio traccia una parabola di questa concezione, destinata a esaurirsi con il Cinquecento e l’inclusione dello stato regionale in strutture più ampie.

Wilhelm Londoño

This paper aims to understand how heritage is the result of a simultaneous game of memory and oblivion, which carries with it visions of a hierarchical society. For this purpose, the most important heritage sites of Santa Marta, the most ancient city of South America, are analysed. In this city, it’s possible to appreciate the heritage framework that involves the commemoration of two temporalities: Spanish colonialism of XVI century, and republican endocolonialism in the XIX century. In the paper it is analysed how these two historical segments have imposed a sense of identity.

Salnikova Ekaterina V. / Сальникова Екатерина Викторовна

The article is devoted to the socio-cultural phenomenon of the television Studio and its theatrical and literary background. Partly this research can be attributed to the archeology of media, more precisely, to the archeology of modern television formats aesthetics. One of the most typical television programmes is considered - the combination of Studio conversation and broadcast screen works of different genres. The author supposes that the most important elements of Studio programs are their regularity and controllability, as well as the atmosphere of safe distance from the big world or from many virtual and real worlds. Civilized, planned communication and management of information streams is modeled in the Studio. Therefore, violations of this pattern make such a strong impression. The origins of the necessity for a Studio atmosphere are largely associated with the ancient culture and, to an even greater extent, Renaissance images and moods – the existence in the “charming corner” (locus amoenus), the search for the lost Paradise harmony, awareness of the high value of the spectator and commentator security. … In the Internet era videoblogger’s home becomes the Studio and synthesizes privacy and virtual publicity. The idea of a secure public space of communication no longer prevails, giving way to the idea of total integration of the local "place of action" into the space of infinite real and virtual worlds, which should increase the socio-cultural status of the private territory and its inhabitants. Статья посвящена социокультурному феномену телевизионной студии и его театрально-литературной предыстории. Частично данное исследование может быть отнесено к археологии медиа, точнее, к археологии эстетики современных телевизионных форматов. Рассматривается один из наиболее типичных видов телевизионного вещания — совмещение студийного действа и трансляции экранных произведений различных жанров в рамках единой программы. Автор полагает, что важнейшими элементами студийных программ являются их упорядоченность и контролируемость ведущими, а также атмосфера безопасной дистанцированности от большого мира или от множества виртуальных и реальных миров. В студии моделируется цивилизованное общение и управление информационно-образными потоками. Коммуникация рационализирована, спланирована. Поэтому столь сильное впечатление производят нарушения этого паттерна. Истоки потребности в студийной атмосфере во многом связаны с античными и, в еще большей степени, ренессансными образами и настроениями — пребыванием в «прелестном уголке» (locus amoenus), поисками утраченной райской гармонии, а также развитием индивидуализма и осознанием высокой ценности защищенности человека-зрителя и человека-комментатора. Неслучайно именно в процессе развития ренессансных форм рождается театр, в котором зритель дистанцирован от разыгрываемого представления и не может быть подвергнут никакому воздействию со стороны исполнителей. Неслучайно в трех наиболее показательных для Ренессанса сборниках новелл Чосера, Боккаччо и Маргариты Наваррской созданы своеобразные обрамления для отдельных рассказов – смоделированы ситуации многодневного рассказывания историй и их комментирования в приятном обществе. Телевизионные студийные программы унаследуют функцию безопасного для участников и зрителей, занимательного и эстетически привлекательного действа – наблюдения за большим миром и размышления о нем вслух в светском обществе собеседников. В ХХ в. комфортный, лишенный прозаических бытовых черт интерьер, разновидностью которого является телестудия, занимает место центрального образа идеального публичного пространства. В эпоху интернета комната-студия видеоблогера синтезирует в себе приватность и виртуальную публичность. Идея безопасного публичного пространства общения уже не главенствует, уступая место идее тотальной интегрированности локального «места действия» в пространство бесконечных реальных и виртуальных миров, что должно повысить социокультурный статус приватной территории и ее обитателя.

Claudio Cimino

In ordinary circumstances managing cultural heritage is not any easy, yet, lately it turned into a much more challenging job. During the last few decades we assisted to an increased number of disasters caused by events of unprecedented frequency and dimensions with significant losses of human lives, devastated territories and heritage. This article analyses the reasons why in spite of their commitment to UNESCO Conventions in case of disaster States Parties are often caught unprepared due to lack of concrete Disasters Risk Reduction (DRR) measures to secure heritage resilience.

Goldina Rimma D. , Bernts Veronika A.

The article focuses on the chronological attribution of male graves from the late Mazunino stage of the Tarasovo burial ground and is a sequel to an earlier article about dating of the early Nyrgynda stage (1st – 2nd centuries) of the same site. The three main methods employed in this research include those of formal typology, cultural stratigraphy and the nearest neighbor method. Eighty-six male graves of the third-fifth centuries were analyzed, with 12 identified as a result: first half of the 3rd c. AD (group 1), second half of the 3rd c. AD (2); 3rd c. (3); first half of the 4th c. (group 4); second half of the 3rd – 4th c. (5); third quarter of the 4th c. (6); fourth quarter of the 4th c. (group 7); second half of the 4th c. (8); second half of the 4th – 5th c. (9); 4th – 5th cc. (10); second half of the 3rd – 5th cc. (11) and 3rd – 5th cc. (12). This article minutes investigates the first six groups, while the rest will be covered in the next publication. Artifacts form the third – fifth century female graves of the Tarasovo burial ground will be studied separately.

G. Waselkov

J. Dean, M. Baillie

T. Levy

James Sackett

Andrzej Karpiński

Plague gravediggers in Polish towns in the 16th–18th century The article analyzes a group of low functionaries employed during epidemics, frequent in the early modern era, the so-called plague gravediggers. Their task was to transport the bodies of epidemic victims to special cemeteries and bury them in mass graves. The gravediggers came from the lowest urban classes; they wore special clothes to single them out and were relatively well paid for their dangerous job. Depending on the duration of the epidemics the town had to employ from several to about twenty gravediggers. They were deeply despised by urban communities since they often behaved brutally and were suspected of robbing the dead. Furthermore, they were sometimes accused of spreading the disease intentionally, which led to court trials and bloody executions.

M. Moseley

L. Wadley, M. Conkey, C. Hastorf

Miriam T. Stark