Hasil untuk "Animal biochemistry"

Miloš Vratarić, Ana Teofilović, Danijela Vojnović Milutinović et al.

Abstract The metabolic response to excessive caloric intake varies and some individuals remain resistant to obesity with different tendencies to develop hepatic steatosis. Gut microbiota may play a crucial role in these differences by influencing energy utilization. The aim of this study was to investigate gut microbiota composition that may underlie variations in the occurrence of hepatic steatosis between obese and obesity-resistant mice. After 14 weeks on a high-fat diet (60 kcal% fat), the male C57BL/6J mice with the highest body mass were categorized as obese, while the animals without weight gain were selected as obesity-resistant. Despite similar caloric intake, obesity-resistant mice had lower liver mass and serum triglyceride levels compared to obese animals. The gut microbiota profile of the obesity-resistant mice was characterized by an increased abundance of RF39 and Lactobacillus, which was negatively correlated with triglyceride levels, and a lower abundance of Helicobacter and Rothia. These changes paralleled the improved gut morphology and decreased protein levels of free fatty acid transporters in the small intestine and liver of the obesity-resistant mice. In summary, gut microbiota composition of obesity-resistant animals in combination with the reduced intestinal capacity for fatty acid uptake can influence the lipid influx into the liver and ultimately prevent ectopic fat accumulation.

PASEKA KOMPI, Khomojoo Seeng

This study was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum) against common gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) in lambs at the National University of Lesotho (NUL) farm. A total of 17 lambs were purposively selected and randomly allocated to four treatment groups, including three garlic dosage levels (5 ml, 10 ml, and 15 ml) and a control group treated with the commercial anthelmintic, Prodose Orange. SPSS version 20 was used for the analysis of the data, where the paired sample T-test was used to determine the reduction rate in faecal egg counts, while the Kruskal-Walli’s test was used to determine the effectiveness between different levels. Two types of GIPs were identified, namely nematodes and coccidian, both with a 100% prevalence rate. In terms of faecal egg abundance, nematodes were significantly higher than coccidia. For efficacy determination, only nematodes were used. Garlic at the dosage rates of 10 ml and 15 ml yielded a statistically similar reduction rate to that of Prodose Orange 14 days after treatment. When determining the fecal egg reappearance period after 28 days, it was observed that garlic at a dosage rate of 10 ml demonstrated an insignificant increase similar to prodose orange, while a dosage rate of 15 ml demonstrated a significant increase, suggesting that it remains effective but for a short time. It is therefore concluded that garlic, particularly at the dosage rate of 10 ml, is effective for the control of GIPs and can be used interchangeably with Prodose Orange due to their similar performance.

Donika Ivanova, Severina Semkova, Boncho Grigorov et al.

The interpretation of the biochemistry of immune metabolism could be considered an attractive scientific field of biomedicine research. In this review, the role of glycolysis in macrophage polarization is discussed together with mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells. In the first part, the focus is on the Warburg effect and redox metabolism during macrophage polarization, cancer development, and management of the immune response by the cancer cells. The second part addresses the possibility of impacts on the Warburg effect through targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). This could be an activator of native immune responses. Because of the reported serious adverse effects of using synthetic ligands for PPARs in combination with chemotherapeutics, searches for less toxic and more active PPAR inhibitors, as well as blocking undesirable cellular PPAR-dependent processes, are in progress. On the other hand, recent research in modern immunotherapy has focused on the search for gentle immune-modulating natural compounds with harmless synergistic chemotherapeutic efficacy that can be used as an adjuvant. It is a well-known fact that the plant kingdom is a source of important therapeutic agents with multifaceted effectiveness. One of these is the known association with PPAR activities. In this regard, the secondary metabolites extracted from plants could change the game.

Nouri Allaoua, Ramli Iman, Ghedjati Samira et al.

The aim of our study is to document the traditional use of Pinus halepensis in the region of Setif, Algeria and to evaluate its gastroprotective properties in vivo. An ethnopharmacological survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire to gather information about traditional plant usage. The hydroalcoholic extract of the plant’s bark part was analyzed for its content of total phenolics, flavo-noids, and tannins. The acute toxicity was tested in vivo using albino mice at 2000 and 5000 mg/kg doses. The anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities were evaluated using the croton oil-induced ear edema model and the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model, respectively, with doses of 200 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg. The ethnopharmacological survey showed that 30.69% of the population in the study area utilized this plant as a traditional remedy to treat ulcers (87.5%), respiratory problems (72.5%), dermatological diseases (10%) and sexual capacity (5%). The phytochemical evaluation showed values of phenolic content (631.2 ± 1.12 μg GAE/mg), flavonoid content (68.85 ± 1.63 μg QE/mg) and tannins content (406.3 ± 2.70 μg CAT E/mg). The extract showed no toxicity with a single dose up to 5000 mg/kg. The extract reduced ear edema up to 78.07% ± 2.04% at in a dose de-pendent manner; and managed to decrease the ulceration dose dependently with percentages up to 89.4 ± 1.38. Pinus halepensis demonstrated a significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gastro-protective properties, validating its traditional use in Algerian folk medicine.

Yuan-Yuan Cao, Shu-Wen Xiao, Feng Yang et al.

Abstract Background Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that transmit a variety of pathogens to humans, wildlife and domestic animals. Vaccination is an effective and environmentally friendly method for tick control. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) is an important glycometabolism enzyme that is a candidate vaccine against parasites. However, the immune protection of FBA in ticks is unclear. Methods and results The 1092-bp open reading frame (ORF) of FBA from Haemaphysalis longicornis (HlFBA), encoding a 363-amino acid protein, was cloned using PCR methodology. The prokaryotic expression vector pET32a(+)-HlFBA was constructed and transformed into cells of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) strain for protein expression. The recombinant HlFBA protein (rHlFBA) was purified by affinity chromatography, and the western blot results suggested that the rHlFBA protein was immunogenic. Results Results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that rabbits immunized with rHlFBA produced a humoral immune response specific to rHlFBA. A tick infestation trial indicated that, compared to the ticks in the histidine-tagged thioredoxin (Trx) group, the engorged tick weight and oviposition of female ticks and egg hatching rate of those in the rHlFBA group was reduced by 22.6%, 45.6% and 24.1%, respectively. Based on the cumulative effect of the these three parameters, the overall immune efficacy of rHlFBA was estimated to be 68.4%. Conclusions FBA is a candidate anti-tick vaccine that can significantly reduce the engorged tick weight, oviposition, and egg hatching rate. The use of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism is a new strategy in the development of anti-tick vaccines. Graphical Abstract

Anil Rathor, R.K. Jain, Anchal Keshri et al.

Background: The critical and stressful peri‑parturient period in the life of a dairy animal creates challenges for dairy owners to keep the animal in the optimum condition of health and hence production. Micronutrients with antioxidant properties help in reducing oxidative stress. A combination of antioxidant micro-nutrients was investigated in the ration of crossbred cows with a hypothesis to eliminate the negative effects of oxidative stress during the stressful peri‑parturient period. Methods: Twenty healthy advanced pregnant crossbred cows reared under similar conditions of feeding with no history of mastitis during previous lactation were selected randomly for the study. Cows were equally distributed randomly into two groups keeping the parity, body condition score, and last record of lactation comparable. Cows were fed the same basal ration with the inclusion of a combination of antioxidant micronutrients (having trace elements copper and zinc with vitamins A and E as per the standard recommendations for cows for the prevention of mastitis) in the diet of the treated group daily, while another group served as control. Results: The overall average total (5 %) and fat-corrected milk yield (10 %) remained high in the treatment group. The fat, protein, and lactose content of milk, as well as milk pH, remained statistically comparable (P > 0.05) between the two groups. The overall mean values of milk solid-not-fat remained significantly high (P = 0.04) with a reduced value of the somatic cell count (P = 0.03) in the treatment group indicating the advantage of the antioxidant micronutrients inclusion in the diet. The incidences of mastitis reported in the treatment group were only 14 % (8 Vs 56) as compared to the control group across the entire study period. Higher (P = 0.023) body condition scores in the treatment group cows during the prepartum period lead to lower (0 Vs 40 %) incidences of peri‑parturient reproductive disorders. Conclusions: It may be concluded that supplementation of antioxidant micronutrients in the dairy cow's ration helps in preventing the adverse effect of oxidative stress during the stressful transition stage and is hence capable to reduce the incidences of mastitis and peri‑parturient reproductive disorders in addition to an enhancement in solid-not-fat content of the milk.

I. Khan, H. Zaneb, S. Masood et al.

SUMMARY: The present study evaluated the effects of dietary selenium nanoparticles (SeNP) coated with chitosan (CS) supplementation on immune organsmorphology, redox status, and humoral and cellular immune responses in broilers. Day-old chicks (n = 240) were divided into 5 groups with 8 replicates per group (6 birds/replica). The basal diet was given to the control group, whereas the rest of the four (4) groups received basal diet supplementation with selenium nanoparticles (SeNP, 0.5 mg/kg), chitosan (CS, 200 mg/kg), SeNP + CS (0.5 mg/kg + 200 mg/kg), and SeNP coated with CS (SeNP-C-CS, 200 mg/kg). At the end of the experiment (d 35), 2 birds from each replica were sampled to collect the whole blood, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. Results indicated that supplementation of SeNP and SeNP-C-CS significantly increased (P < 0.05) lymphatic nodular length and lymphatic nodular number in cecal tonsils, respectively. Supplementation of SeNP + CS and SeNP-C-CS increased (P < 0.05) the lymphatic follicular area of the bursa of Fabricius, SeNP, and SeNP-C-CS increased (P < 0.05) catalase and decreased cholesterol levels in serum, and SeNP, CS, and SeNP-C-CS increased (P < 0.05) the antibodies titers against sheep RBCs. Thus, we concluded that SeNP-C-CS supplementation improved the morphology of immune organs, redox status, and humoral immune responses in broilers.

Q. Zeng, Lei Ou, Wei Wang et al.

The structurally-related peptides, gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK), were originally discovered as humoral stimulants of gastric acid secretion and pancreatic enzyme release, respectively. With the aid of methodological advances in biochemistry, immunochemistry, and molecular biology in the past several decades, our concept of gastrin and CCK as simple gastrointestinal hormones has changed considerably. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that gastrin and CCK play important roles in several cellular processes including maintenance of gastric mucosa and pancreatic islet integrity, neurogenesis, and neoplastic transformation. Indeed, gastrin and CCK, as well as their receptors, are expressed in a variety of tumor cell lines, animal models, and human samples, and might contribute to certain carcinogenesis. In this review, we will briefly introduce the gastrin and CCK system and highlight the effects of gastrin and CCK in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in both normal and abnormal conditions. The potential imaging and therapeutic use of these peptides and their derivatives are also summarized.

Misbah Ghazanfar, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Nadeem et al.

The present study was based on the production of bioethanol from alkali-pretreated seed pods of <i>Bombax ceiba.</i> Pretreatment is necessary to properly utilize seed pods for bioethanol production via fermentation. This process assures the accessibility of cellulase to the cellulose found in seedpods by removing lignin. Untreated, KOH-pretreated, and KOH-steam-pretreated substrates were characterized for morphological, thermal, and chemical changes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Hydrolysis of biomass was performed using both commercial and indigenous cellulase. Two different fermentation approaches were used, i.e., separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). Findings of the study show that the maximum saccharification (58.6% after 24 h) and highest ethanol titer (57.34 g/L after 96 h) were observed in the KOH-steam-treated substrate in SSF. This SSF using the KOH-steam-treated substrate was further optimized for physical and nutritional parameters by one factor at a time (OFAT) and central composite design (CCD). The optimum fermentation parameters for maximum ethanol production (72.0 g/L) were 0.25 g/L yeast extract, 0.1 g/L K₂HPO₄, 0.25 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.09 g/L MgSO₄, 8% substrate, 40 IU/g commercial cellulase, 1% <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> inoculum, and pH 5.

Xiaohua Hao, Yifan Mo, Wenjin Ji et al.

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity affects many crops. Members of the OsNramp (Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) gene family play important roles in the transport of divalent or trivalent cations in rice (Oryza sativa L.). This study explored a possible involvement of OsNramp4 in Cd2+ transport in rice. We employed the CRISPR/cas9 technique to obtain rice OsNramp4 knockout lines. Using NMT (Non-invasive Micro-test Technology) system for real-time measurement, it was found that the net Cd2+ flux was significantly lower than that of wild-type. The yeast strain expressing OsNramp4 grew poorly under Cd2+ stress, and accumulated more Cd2+ than the control strain, which enhanced the sensitivity of yeast to Cd2+. OsNramp4 was membrane-localized and mainly expressed in roots, but after tillering, its expression shifted to the nodes and glumes. Furthermore, the loss-of-function OsNramp4 mutation lowered the root cell sap Cd2+ content, resulting in a significant decrease in Cd2+ content in shoot and Cd2+ accumulation in grains. We characterized the OsNramp4, an Al3+ transporter with the ability to alter the cellular distribution of Cd2+ in rice and to reduce Cd2+ content in the grain. Our study highlights the complexity of ion uptake and transport in plants.

G. Boivin, K. Washington, Kan Yang et al.

Valerij S. Kryukov, Ilona V. Glebova, Sergej V. Zinoviev

Iulian Eugen Rusu, Romina Alina Marc (Vlaic), Crina Carmen Mureşan et al.

Hemp flour from Dacia Secuieni and Zenit varieties was added to bread in different proportions (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) to improve its nutritional properties. The purpose of this paper was to present the advanced nutritional characteristics of these bread samples. The selected varieties of hemp, accepted for human consumption, met the requirements for the maximum accepted level of THC in seeds. The protein content of new products increased from 8.76 to 11.48%, lipids increased from 0.59 to 5.41%, mineral content from 1.33 to 1.62%, and fiber content from 1.17 to 5.84%. Elasticity and porosity decreased from 95.51 to 80% and 78.65 to 72.24%, respectively. K, Mg, Ca, P, Mn and Fe are the main mineral substances in bread with addition of hemp flour from the Dacia Secuieni and Zenit varieties. The total amount of unsaturated fatty acids in the bread samples with hemp flour ranged from 67.93 g/100 g and 69.82 g/100 g. Eight amino acids were identified, of which three were essential (lysine, phenylalanine, histidine). Lysine, the deficient amino acid in wheat bread, increased from 0.003 to 0.101 g/100 g. Sucrose and fructose decreased with the addition of hemp flour, and glucose has not been identified. The amount of yeasts and molds decreased in the first 3 days of storage. Regarding the textural profile, the best results were obtained for the samples with 5% addition. In conclusion, bread with the addition of hemp flour has been shown to have superior nutritional properties to wheat bread.

Karim Dehghani, Mehdi Mogharnasi, Marziyeh Saghebjoo et al.

Background and Aims: Researchers have recently considered the impact of herbal supplements combined with exercise on weight control. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae consumption, and circuit resistance training (CRT) on lipid profile in overweight and obese middle-aged men. Materials and Methods: This was a single-blind, quasi-experimental, and applied study. The study population included 60 overweight and obese men in the age range of 30-55 years with a body mass index of more than 25 (kg/m2). The participants were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups of training plus spirulina (N=15); training plus placebo; spirulina; and Placebo. The intervention and placebo groups took two 500 mg spirulina capsules, and placebo capsules daily for eight weeks, respectively. The CRT was performed for eight weeks and three sessions per week based on a flexible timing pattern, with the observation of the principle of overload with rest intervals between stations and sets. Results: There was a significant difference between the study groups in terms of the levels of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of the participants (P<0.05). Moreover, in the intra-group investigation, there was a significant reduction in the values of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG), in the groups of training plus spirulina and training plus placebo, cholesterol (TC), and (Aspartate aminotransferase) AST in the groups of training plus spirulina had a significant decrease, Moreover, a significant increase was observed in the levels of HDL and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the group of training plus spirulina. Conclusion: It seems that the consumption of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae combined with CRT can be effective in controlling weight and obesity and preventing obesity-related diseases through the improvement of some indices of metabolic profile and body composition.

H. Weidmann, Laura Heikaus, Andy T. Long et al.

H. D. Chapman, John R Barta, D. Blake et al.

Hee-Jong Roh, Seung-Chang Kim, Chang-Yeon Cho et al.

Objective Estimating the genetic diversity and structures, both within and among chicken breeds, is critical for the identification and conservation of valuable genetic resources. In chickens, microsatellite (MS) marker polymorphisms have previously been widely used to evaluate these distinctions. Our objective was to analyze the genetic diversity and relationships among 22 chicken breeds in Asia based on allelic frequencies. Methods We used 469 genomic DNA samples from 22 chicken breeds from eight Asian countries (South Korea, KNG, KNB, KNR, KNW, KNY, KNO; Laos, LYO, LCH, LBB, LOU; Indonesia, INK, INS, ING; Vietnam, VTN, VNH; Mongolia, MGN; Kyrgyzstan, KGPS; Nepal, NPS; Sri Lanka, SBC) and three imported breeds (RIR, Rhode Island Red; WLG, White Leghorn; CON, Cornish). Their genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using 20 MS markers. Results In total, 193 alleles were observed across all 20 MS markers, and the number of alleles ranged from 3 (MCW0103) to 20 (LEI0192) with a mean of 9.7 overall. The NPS breed had the highest expected heterozygosity (Hexp, 0.718±0.027) and polymorphism information content (PIC, 0.663±0.030). Additionally, the observed heterozygosity (Hobs) was highest in LCH (0.690±0.039), whereas WLG showed the lowest Hexp (0.372±0.055), Hobs (0.384±0.019), and PIC (0.325±0.049). Nei’s DA genetic distance was the closest between VTN and VNH (0.086), and farthest between KNG and MGN (0.503). Principal coordinate analysis showed similar results to the phylogenetic analysis, and three axes explained 56.2% of the variance (axis 1, 19.17%; 2, 18.92%; 3, 18.11%). STRUCTURE analysis revealed that the 22 chicken breeds should be divided into 20 clusters, based on the highest ΔK value (46.92). Conclusion This study provides a basis for future genetic variation studies and the development of conservation strategies for 22 chicken breeds in Asia.

Baohui Chen, Yuyu Niu, Haoyi Wang et al.

T. Sagvolden, V. Russell, Heidi Aase et al.

Alejandra M. Cornejo

Se presentan resultados del análisis histológico de gónadas de pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis de lagunas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, parcial y totalmente estériles. Macroscópicamente se observó la presencia de zonas o secciones gonadales con anomalías en la coloración, tamaño y consistencia de las gónadas. El análisis histológico muestra 3 tipos de esterilidad, entendiendo como tal la ausencia de células germinales ó aplasia; el denominado tipo I abarcó a los ejemplares sexados como hembras que presentaron una de las gónadas –o una sección de ella –con esterilidad parcial; en el tipo II se incluyeron aquellos ejemplares reconocidos macro y microscópicamente como machos, con gónadas de características similares al anterior grupo. Y finalmente, el tipo III se refirió a los ejemplares denominados “indefinidos” en los cuales no fue posible identificar el sexo, ya que ambas gónadas se presentaron esterilidad total. Se agregan algunas consideraciones preliminares referidas al peso de las gónadas, ubicación de las zonas estériles, tallas de estos ejemplares y su distribución en el ciclo reproductivo del pejerrey. Se discuten las posibles causas de estos fenómenos: 1) la acción de “disruptores químicos endógenos”; 2) desórdenes endocrinos o metabólicos; 3) “stress”; 4) esterilidad por temperaturas elevadas; 5) acción conjunta de los factores mencionados anteriormente.