Hasil untuk "Transportation and communication"

S. Reddy, Min Y. Mun, Jeff Burke et al.

María Camila Mendoza Medina, Wanqing Huang, Mingming Cao et al.

In this study, we combine low-temperature 4-mm DSR sweeps with (LVE) modeling to investigate broadening of the glass-transition region in multicomponent asphalt binders modified with crumb rubber (CR), SBS, and a (HV) additive. Two PG 64–22 base binders were tested as neat binders and as modified formulations containing CR (8 %), SBS (2 %), and HV (8 %) in different combinations after TFOT and PAV aging. Increasing modification level produced a progressively smoother and more gradual liquid-to-glassy transition, clearly expressed as broadening of the long-time relaxation spectrum. A central contribution of this work is extending the broadened power-law (BPL) relaxation spectrum approach to CR/SBS/HV-modified binders and demonstrating that the stretching parameter β serves as a quantitative indicator of long-time relaxation broadening. β increased from 0.16 (unmodified) to 0.56 (CR+SBS+HV), indicating the broadest and most gradual long-time tail of the relaxation spectrum in the most modified formulation. Time–temperature superposition was used to construct G* and δ master curves; among the evaluated models, the generalized sigmoidal form provided the most consistent description of both G* and δ. To build a consistent low-temperature assessment framework, β was interpreted alongside independent LVE descriptors near the glass transition, including smoother Booij–Palmen trends, progressively broader reduced G′ and G″ transitions, and wider δ(T) isochrone spans (ΔTδ). Apparent molecular-weight distributions derived from the δ-method further supported the activation of additional relaxation processes in modified binders. Overall, the integrated rheological framework provides screening metrics to identify binders with improved stress-relaxation capacity during cooling, thus critical for low-temperature durability.

A. Alam, B. Besselink, Valerio Turri et al.

Bruna Figueiredo, Rui Borges Lopes, Amaro de Sousa

<i>Background</i>: Location and distribution decisions are key to efficient logistics network design and are often addressed in an integrated manner as Location–Routing Problems (LRPs). Today, sustainability and resilience must be considered when designing competitive networks. This systematic review examines how and at what decision level both concerns are explored in LRPs, highlighting trends and future research challenges. <i>Methods</i>: A search was conducted in the Scopus database on 3 January 2024. Articles not written in English or lacking a sustainability or resilience focus were excluded. The 36 most-cited articles were selected and analyzed descriptively and theoretically, considering their approaches to sustainability and resilience, as well as the decision levels at which these approaches were considered. The studies were also analyzed based on model features and solving approaches. <i>Results</i>: Our findings indicated that social sustainability was the most neglected. The environmental pillar was often focused on minimizing atmospheric pollution from distribution. Regarding resilience, proactive and reactive strategies were employed to minimize disruption costs and risks and maximize network reliability. <i>Conclusions</i>: Research on sustainable and resilient LRPs is growing, but remains fragmented. Future studies should explore the integration of social impacts, uncertainty modeling, and real-world applications. Stronger alignment with decision maker needs and more holistic evaluation frameworks are essential to support resilient and sustainable network design.

Yidi Wu, Shiwei He, Zeyu Long et al.

To enhance the overall operational efficiency of heavy haul railway port stations, which serve as critical hubs in rail–water intermodal transportation systems, this study develops a novel scheduling optimization method that integrates operation plans and resource allocation. By analyzing the operational processes of heavy haul trains and shunting operation modes within a hybrid unloading system, we establish an integrated scheduling optimization model. To solve the model efficiently, a dual-agent advantage actor–critic with Pareto reward shaping (DAA2C-PRS) algorithm framework is proposed, which captures the matching relationship between operations and resources through joint actions taken by the train agent and the shunting agent to depict the scheduling decision process. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are employed to extract features from a multi-channel matrix containing real-time scheduling data. Considering the objective function and resource allocation with capacity, we design knowledge-based composite dispatching rules. Regarding the communication among agents, a shared experience replay buffer and Pareto reward shaping mechanism are implemented to enhance the level of strategic collaboration and learning efficiency. Based on this algorithm framework, we conduct experimental verification at H port station, and the results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits a superior solution quality and convergence performance compared with other methods for all tested instances.

Pan Yixin, Luo Zhaojian, Wang Liangyu et al.

To optimize the modifying effect of inorganic additives by using organic modifier, this study selected layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and ultraviolet (UV) absorbers as anti-aging agents to prepare modified asphalt. The anti-aging performance of modified asphalt was evaluated using a weathering tester. The influence of the composite modification effects of organic–inorganic modifiers on the pavement performance of asphalt binders was investigated through conventional tests. Dynamic shear rheometer tests were conducted to examine the performance grade classification of the composite anti-aging-modified asphalt. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to analyze the variations in functional group composition of the composite-modified asphalt. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations were utilized to elucidate the changes of composite-modified asphalt at the molecular level under UV aging. The results indicate that the incorporation of UV absorbers significantly mitigates the adverse effects of LDHs on the physical properties of asphalt, while their synergistic modification enhances the anti-aging performance of the modified asphalt. Due to the addition of UV absorbers, the solubility difference between the composite modifier and asphalt improves compared to that of LDHs alone. Moreover, as the proportion of UV absorbers increases, the solubility difference gradually decreases, enhancing the thermal stability of the asphalt system.

Briony Lipton, Helen Dickinson, Jodie Bailie et al.

ABSTRACT Background Undertaking collaborative research with young people could result in more relevant research and policy. However, there remains a limited understanding of the barriers and facilitators to meaningfully working with young people. This scoping review aimed to identify the barriers and facilitators of engaging young people in codesign research processes. Methods This scoping review drew on methodological guidance from JBI. Searches were conducted in Proquest, Scopus, Informit, and Science Direct for relevant peer‐reviewed publications for the period of January 2003–August 2023. Publications were included if they used the term codesign and/or related participatory research methods with young people aged 15–24 years. Two independent reviewers undertook all stages of screening and data extraction, with consensus reached at each stage of the study. Qualitative content analysis was used to group results into key themes. Results The search yielded 1334 publications, with 41 meeting inclusion criteria. Publications varied with respect to the age range of included young people, and focused on a variety of populations, including young people with mental ill‐health, with disabilities, First Nations youth, and young people involved with specific services or programs. In analyzing the barriers and facilitators to engaging young people in co‐designed research we found overall that facilitators included consistent funding, dedicated staff, flexible methods, and youth involvement as co‐creators, supported by community networks and extended timelines. Key barriers were limited resources, staff capacity, and logistical challenges like recruitment, transportation, and external responsibilities, which hinder participation. Conclusions In conclusion, there is no universal approach to codesign; instead, every project depends on the interplay of various factors. Elements such as resources, communication, process, agency, investment, and relationships can either facilitate or hinder progress, depending on how they are handled. A project that effectively incorporates these interconnected and interdependent factors is much more likely to foster meaningful and lasting collaboration. Patient or Public Contribution This study was a scoping review and did not involve patients, service users, caregivers, individuals with lived experience, young people, or members of the public in its design, conduct, analysis, interpretation, or preparation. While the nature of the research—focused on synthesising the existing literature—did not necessitate direct involvement, the absence of young people's participation is acknowledged as a limitation. Nevertheless, the findings are intended to inform future participatory research practices that centre and engage young people and other stakeholders in meaningful, collaborative ways.

Lynn Strong, Kourtney Byrd, Salome Amissah-Essel et al.

In Ghana, some pregnant women may not seek antenatal care due to the unavailability of such services in their communities, although preventive service can help reduce maternal mortality with high-quality care. This study aimed to understand the antenatal care opinions of Ghanaian mothers who sought antenatal care, the barriers they faced, and their suggestions for improvement in antenatal care in Ghana. This study’s data were collected in the Central and Ashanti regions in Ghana from June 2023 to January 2024. Four hundred and fifty mothers in Ghana who indicated that they had given birth within the last 10 years of the data collection period took part in the study. Our findings revealed that 93.6% of Ghanaian mothers perceived their antenatal care to be of good quality due to proper examinations, friendly provider–patient interactions, reassurance, fair treatment, and proper education, whereas 6.5% of Ghanaian mothers perceived their care to be of poor quality due to long wait times, impersonal interactions, inadequate facility resources, and barriers to communication. For Ghanaian mothers to receive better outcomes for themselves and their children, it is worth improving healthcare facilities, healthcare provider preparedness, local transportation, and addressing financial constraints to go from suboptimal to optimal health services.

Gonzalo Torralba-Carnerero, Manuel García-Nieto, Juan Manuel Ramón-Jerónimo et al.

<i>Introduction</i>: The aerospace industry has been significantly disrupted by recent economic downturns, underscoring the need for robust supply chain management. This is especially important given the complexity of aircraft manufacturing, the globalization of supply chains, and the requirement to meet stringent regulatory standards. While outsourcing is widely adopted to improve cost competitiveness, it also introduces risks, such as compromised product quality, inefficiency, and delays. <i>Methods</i>: This study explores how aerospace firms manage outsourcing relationships using control mechanisms. Data were gathered through seven semi-structured interviews with supply chain managers from contracting and supplier firms focusing on both formal and informal controls in supplier selection and relationship management. <i>Results</i>: Supplier selection is primarily guided by trust, past performance, and delivery reliability. Firms employ formal controls, such as KPIs and certifications, alongside informal practices, including embedding internal staff within supplier operations. This dual approach ensures quality, mitigates risks, and maintains compliance with regulatory standards. <i>Conclusions</i>: This study concludes that combining formal and informal controls is vital for balancing outsourcing efficiency with risk mitigation, offering valuable insights into supply chain management practices in regulated industries like aerospace.

Enna Hirata, Annette Skovsted Hansen

<i>Background:</i> Autonomous ships have the potential to increase operational efficiency and reduce carbon footprints through technology and innovation. However, there is no comprehensive literature review of all the different types of papers related to autonomous ships, especially with regard to their integration with ports. This paper takes a systematic review approach to extract and summarize the main topics related to autonomous ships in the fields of container shipping and port management. <i>Methods:</i> A machine learning method is used to extract the main topics from more than 2000 journal publications indexed in WoS and Scopus. <i>Results:</i> The research findings highlight key issues related to technology, cybersecurity, data governance, regulations, and legal frameworks, providing a different perspective compared to human manual reviews of papers. <i>Conclusions:</i> Our search results confirm several recommendations. First, from a technological perspective, it is advised to increase support for the research and development of autonomous underwater vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles, establish safety standards, mandate testing of wave model evaluation systems, and promote international standardization. Second, from a cyber–physical systems perspective, efforts should be made to strengthen logistics and supply chains for autonomous ships, establish data governance protocols, enforce strict control over IoT device data, and strengthen cybersecurity measures. Third, from an environmental perspective, measures should be implemented to address the environmental impact of autonomous ships. This can be achieved by promoting international agreements from a global societal standpoint and clarifying the legal framework regarding liability in the event of accidents.

Yu Chen

Following the ongoing advancement of the communication industry, data traffic and information have achieved rapid growth. As the core technology of contemporary mobile communication, 5G technology can not only meet the transportation needs of massive data traffic but also be expanded to various industries, expanding the development field of intelligent communication and realizing further improvement of production efficiency. At present, 5G mobile communication technology is widely used in communication engineering, providing effective technical support for engineering construction and operation. However, while the progress of the times brings innovation and refinement in mobile communication technology, it also increases the complexity of market development, in this context, the practical application of 5G technology in communication engineering is limited, which limits the development of both. In order to solve this dilemma, this paper integrated the communication method of the robot controller, and based on the analysis of the characteristics and application status of mobile communication technology, the application of 5G technology in communication engineering was deeply studied. In order to prove the effect of the robot controller communication method, in this paper, simulation experiments were carried out to analyze the application effect of 5G in communication engineering from three aspects of throughput rate, energy efficiency, and signal suppression effect and to compare it with traditional communication methods. The results of the signal suppression experiment showed that the average peak value of the signal under the traditional communication method was 18.134 dB, and the average peak value of the signal under the method in this paper was 11.296 dB, which showed that the 5G technology integrating the communication method of the robot controller is more practical in communication engineering.

Shannon Lee

Photo by Kelley Sikkema on Unsplash  INTRODUCTION Patients seeking abortion services in the United States face several problems, including factual inaccuracies about the procedure, the stigma surrounding the procedure, and barriers to quality care across the country. The problems surrounding abortion pose a threat to patient autonomy and beneficence—ethical principles that are usually upheld in medicine. Abortion doulas can enhance patient autonomy, improve the quality of medical care, help women talk through their emotions or the associated stigma, and provide other benefits that can address the problems surrounding abortion. Their role ranges from discussing emotional decisions and answering patient questions before the procedure, to simply holding their hand in the recovery room. In this paper, I propose that the use of abortion doulas may help address some of the problems surrounding abortion by mitigating factual inaccuracies, stigma, and barriers to quality care.   I. Background Abortion doulas were started byThe Doula Project in New York City.[1]They initially worked with New York City public hospitals and eventually expanded to working with Planned Parenthood clinics, as well as other care providers.[2]Over recent years, abortion doulas have been offered in more states such as California, Arizona, and New Hampshire. Abortion doulas can work independently, in a collective, or in an abortion clinic.[3]More often, they work in a collective where they are trained and employed in clinics that are partnered with the organization. Many abortion doulas started working on a volunteer basis. Now, many are funded by donations, which allow their services to be free for patients.[4]When abortion doulas work independently, their rates are based on the specific services that they provide.[5]Patients can seek out abortion doulas through multiple avenues. They can seek out doulas that work independently, work in an abortion clinic, or through doula organizations, such as the Doula Project or The San Francisco Doula Group. II. Doulas The role of a doula has existed since ancient times. The word “doula” comes from the Greek language and translates to “a woman who serves”.[6]In 1969, Dr. Dana Raphael originated the use of the word “doula” in the US to describe a person who guides mothers through childbirth and assists them postpartum, specifically helping them breastfeed.[7]Dr. Raphael encouraged emotionally supporting new mothers through creating the new professional role of a doula.[8]  Currently, doulas are trained in helping women emotionally and physically during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. Doulas do not provide medical care, but they provide services such as birthing education, massage, assistance with breastfeeding, and educating mothers about the delivery process, such as knowing what to expect and what can go wrong. Research has demonstrated the effectiveness and benefits of doulas. For example, one meta-analysis compared women who received doula support during childbirth to women who did not. The study showed that doula-supported women had shorter labors, decreased complications with delivery, and rated childbirth as less painful than women without doula support.[9]Psychosocial benefits such as reduced anxiety, decreased symptoms of depression, and positive feelings associated with childbirth were significant for the doula-supported group.[10]In the last couple of decades, doulas have become increasingly popular. More recently, doulas have started a movement labeled “full spectrum doula,” in which the role of a doula in supporting women has expanded beyond birth to include abortion and adoption.[11] III. Ethical Considerations Factual Inaccuracies Complete and accurate medical information is fundamental to informed consent and autonomous decision making. Inaccurate medical information about abortion is very common and can come from multiple sources. Currently, there are 29 states that have policies restricting abortion that are not based on scientific evidence.[12]While both state policies and national media may convey false information to the public about abortion, perhaps what is most surprising is when these inaccuracies are presented to patients by physicians or medical facilities. In most states, policies mandate that any medical facility providing abortions develop and present written material to patients that is intended to educate the patient about the abortion procedure.[13]However, in some states, laws have been passed that mandate the inclusion of misinformation in these materials.[14]Healthcare providers try to mitigate the harm of this inaccurate information by prefacing it with qualifiers, disclaimers, and apologies.[15]However, they are still not able to completely avoid harm from the outdated and misleading information, which also often intends to dissuade patients from receiving an abortion.[16]The most common factual inaccuracies include stating that an abortion leads to an increased risk of breast cancer, that the fetus can feel pain as early as 12 weeks old, and that psychological effects of the procedure can lead to suicide and “post abortion traumatic stress syndrome.”[17]All these statements are false and not supported by scientific evidence; in fact, psychologists and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-V) do not recognize a post-traumatic stress syndrome associated with abortion.[18]Furthermore, another common inaccuracy in almost 20 states includes materials with contact information to “Crisis Pregnancy Centers” that provide false information with the intent to deter women from having an abortion.[19] Even once piece of inaccurate information can impede a patient’s ability to make an informed, autonomous decision. When these false facts are given to patients from the hands of trusted medical professionals, it has a more influential impact than when portrayed in media and advertisements. Trust is a core value in the medical profession that determines the patient-physician relationship, and a part of this trust is communicating accurate and up-to-date information; if this trust did not exist in medicine, how would any patient make an informed decision? Where would they turn to for guidance and advice?[20]Challenges to informed consent and autonomy exist throughout medicine, as consent forms are complicated and filled with medical vocabulary that is often hard to understand. Signatures are sometimes scribbled onto forms before a procedure with minimal discussions to assess the patient’s understanding of the many risks and benefits. However, abortions have an additional layer of complexity regarding informed consent due to the religious and moral implications of choosing an abortion, while other common medical procedures, such as an appendectomy, do not carry the same implications. For example, a patient consenting to general surgery would probably not wonder if their physician’s advice against the surgery is due to his or her own moral values, or what the moral weight of the surgery will have on their conscious afterwards. Informed consent, regardless of procedure, should prioritize informed decision-making with evidence-based medicine without moral overtones. When inaccurate, biased, and false information is given to patients from medical institutions, it not only threatens the trust between patients and medical staff, but also prevents women from making an informed decision about their reproductive health. If abortion doulas can be a source of correct, up-to-date medical information, then women can make informed decisions based on thorough and accurate facts that allow them to exercise autonomy. Abortion doulas are well situated to correct the factual inaccuracies patients face for several reasons. First, abortion doulas are trained through a curated program with partnered medical facilities.[21]In other words, abortion doulas are thoroughly trained in patient-centered care that facilitates continuous patient support, which ranges from emotional support to providing accurate medical information when addressing patient concerns. Second, they have the time before the procedure to meet with the patient and discuss pre-abortion care topics such as providing information, addressing concerns, and preparing the patient for potential stigmatization.[22]Simultaneously, the doula can evaluate for any risk factors that may indicate negative emotions after the abortion, such as lack of social support, self-esteem, psychological stability, or multiple abortions.[23]Third, abortion doulas can provide post-abortion care counseling. While the doulas also have limited time with patients after the procedure, they would have more time than other healthcare professionals, such as nurses, to make sure the patient understands the medication regime while also offering psychological counseling for the patient on grief, guilt, and forgiveness.[24]With doulas providing technical post-procedure information, this allows them to answer any more questions that the patient may have about misleading, biased, out-of-date, or false information. Therefore, doulas can enhance patient autonomy by giving more accurate information. IV. Stigma Another critical problem facing patients who seek abortions is the stigma surrounding the procedure itself. An abortion requires many decisions to be made: do you want to be sedated or awake for the procedure? If you are awake, do you want someone to hold your hand or someone to talk to? Do you want to have privacy after the procedure? In fact, the first decision to be made is whether to have the abortion at all. For some women, that decision is immediate, quick, and assured. For others, the decision can be morally conflicting, such as due to religious reasons, society’s stigma, or other reasons. The moral conflict a woman faces when deciding on an abortion is determined by how much moral weight they apply to a fetus or embryo.[25]An abortion can make a woman feel as though they are a bad person or doing something morally wrong, especially if they place more weight on the moral status, or viability, of the fetus or embryo.[26]Regardless of why a woman feels conflicted, the bottom line is that these feelings exist, which can affect their decision-making abilities during the actual process. Our society stigmatizes women for having an abortion, it is our “modern-day Scarlet Letter.”[27]This stigma is under-researched but often theorized to be based on gender-biased roles of women in society.[28]Women who receive an abortion are labeled as “irresponsible” for having an unwanted pregnancy, or “selfish” and “unmotherly” for not wanting children. Therefore, women avoid judgement and prefer privacy during their abortion—but are these choices made because that is truly what a woman desires, or are they making these choices to avoid stigma? And, if they are making these choices to avoid stigma, how does it affect their autonomy as a decision-maker for their own healthcare choices? There is a difference between secrecy and privacy: women may want to keep their abortion decision private, like any other medical decision or health information.[29]However, some women make the decision in secret to avoid judgment and stigmatization. There is evidence that stigma plays a role in every decision of the abortion process. For example, one study explores the reasons why some women prefer to be awake versus asleep during the procedure. Women who choose to be asleep want to be less emotionally present for the fear of “seeing something” during the procedure. On the other hand, women who choose to be awake want to feel present, safe, and receive support during the process.[30]The study also found that most women rated an abortion procedure a “good experience” if care was provided in a discreet and private manner.[31]By preferring anesthesia and privacy, many women try to avoid dealing with the stigma and judgement from others. The stigma also prevents women from seeking or receiving social support.[32]While some women may make these choices because it is what they truly want, others might choose these options to avoid others witnessing their decision and from being stigmatized as a woman who “got an abortion.” Although abortion doulas cannot completely abolish the overarching societal stigma, they can help in several different ways on an individualistic level. Abortion doulas may fit the role of personalizing each experience to fit patients’ specific preferences. Doulas have the time and appropriate training to understand and discuss the emotional burdens that come along with the social stigma that surrounds abortions.[33]They have the training to explore the patient’s reasons for their decisions and can make sure they are comfortable with them. They do so in a non-judgmental way and strive to act as an advocate for the patient.[34]By listening to women and validating their decisions, women may not feel as many negative emotions surrounding the stigma or feel empowered that they made the right decision for themselves, regardless of social labels. This validation and empowerment gives women more agency in their own healthcare decisions while also providing emotional support in a situation that requires many difficult choices. Abortion doulas would become a support system for women, thereby promoting feminist ethics by normalizing emotions in a morally charged decision. They also promote the principal of beneficence by helping patients address any conflict between societal stigma and the woman’s own beliefs and morals. V. Barriers to Quality Care Access to abortion is limited: only 62 percent of American women live in counties with an abortion provider.[35]Many insurance companies do not cover abortions and clinics are often busy with limited availability, staff, and resources. Additionally, many women would need time off from work, childcare, transportation, and other resources to make it to any medical appointments—abortion care is not an exception. Currently, there are no professional programs for abortion providers to offer post-abortion counseling.[36]Additionally, in busy clinics, hospitals, or non-profit organizations such as Planned Parenthood, physicians attempt to provide as many abortions as possible to as many patients, leaving little time for post-abortion care. Provider burn-out is a major problem throughout healthcare, which has become more pronounced throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Many providers, nurses, and other hospital staff are overworked and underpaid while hospitals themselves are overcrowded and underfunded. Moreover, abortion providers may be especially vulnerable to burn-outas they tend to both their patient’s medical and emotional needs during a procedure that has both physical pain and a plethora of emotion surrounding it.[37]With an increase in patient number due to decreased availability of services and a physician’s responsibility to tend to the patient’s emotional well-being and physical pain, this increases the risk of provider burn-out, which in turn, can affect the quality of medical care given to women receiving abortions.[38] Abortion doulas can fill the role of providing post-abortion care and help alleviate provider burn-out in many ways. First, as mentioned previously, they have the time before the procedure to meet with the patient and discuss pre-abortion care topics, provide information, and answer questions.[39]Secondly, abortion doulas can provide patients with the post-abortion care counseling that many physicians and nurses are not able to provide. This role has multiple effects. While post-abortion counseling can help address factual inaccuracies through answering questions, it can also allow doulas to make sure the patient understands the medication regime and how to deal with the pain that follows the procedure.[40]With doulas providing technical post-procedure information, this relieves understaffed nurses of some of their many tasks and responsibilities in the post-abortion recovery room; this will likely decrease the number of women who come back to the clinic or hospital with complications or additional questions. By discussing various emotions during post-procedure counseling, doulas support women by listening to their feelings. Some women may feel relief and joy after the procedure, while other may feel despair, regret, grief, or shame. When a doula listens to and supports a patient, they validate their emotions and indirectly validate their abortion decision, thereby improving the quality of the experience. Lastly, the integration of doulas into routine abortion care allows physicians and staff to concentrate on the procedure itself.[41]The doula can offer patient-centered, hands-on care to the patient while the rest of the healthcare team focuses on their own technical tasks.[42]Doula support can also decrease the need for more clinic staff in the procedure room by “decreasing the redirection of clinic staff resources,”thus creating a more efficient medical environment.[43]As the historical role of a doctor playing every role is becoming more obsolete, and the idea of a multi-faceted, integrative healthcare team is becoming the norm, it makes sense that an abortion doula can fill a niche on a healthcare team for emotionally laden procedures like abortions. The niche that the doula fills is to support, comfort, and be present with the patient throughout the entirety of the procedure in a nonjudgmental way. While nurses and doctors can be supportive, sympathetic, and caring, their jobs and roles include other responsibilities that do not allow them to be a continuous presence for the patient throughout their visit.[44]By having a person on the healthcare team whose  job is to provide patient support, even if it is simply to hold their hand, the patient is more likely to be treated as a whole and provided better quality medical care. CONCLUSION Inaccurate information, stigma, and quality of care barriers are only a few of the many problems facing patients who want to receive an abortion. Each problem poses ethical challenges while also impeding quality medical care and adding to patients’ emotional burdens. Inaccurate facts and stigma hinder an informed decision, and thereby, threaten patient autonomy. The stigma of abortion can also lead to patients experiencing more negative emotions. Furthermore, healthcare barriers include a wide range of problems, from understaffed clinics to provider burn-out, all of which affect the quality and access to care for patients seeking an abortion. Abortion doulas are part of the solution to these problems. They are an extra resource, a set of hands for the patients to hold in the procedure room, and an expert in providing emotional and social support for the patient. They can enhance a patient’s decision-making skills, support the patient’s emotional well-being, answer factual questions, counter stigma, and help provide quality medical care. Therefore, abortion doulas enhance patient autonomy, promote beneficence, improve access to quality abortion care, and fill a necessary role during the abortion process.     [1]Shakouri, Shireen Rose "The Doula Project." Ed. Lee, Shannon2019. Print. [2]Shakouri, Shireen Rose "The Doula Project." Ed. Lee, Shannon2019. Print. [3]Onyenacho, Tracey. "Abortion Doulas Help People Navigate the Process. They Say Their Work Was More Crucial Than Ever in the Pandemic." The Lily 2021. Web. 12/29/2021 2021 [4]Onyenacho, Tracey. "Abortion Doulas Help People Navigate the Process. They Say Their Work Was More Crucial Than Ever in the Pandemic." The Lily 2021. Web. 12/29/2021 2021 [5]Onyenacho, Tracey. "Abortion Doulas Help People Navigate the Process. They Say Their Work Was More Crucial Than Ever in the Pandemic." The Lily 2021. Web. 12/29/2021 2021 [6]Dukehart, Coburn. "Doulas: Exploring a Tradition of Support." The Baby Project. National Public Radio 2011. Web2021. [7]Roberts, Sam. "Dana Raphael, Proponent of Breast-Feeding and Use of Doulas, Dies at 90." New York Times 2016. Web2020. [8]Roberts, Sam. "Dana Raphael, Proponent of Breast-Feeding and Use of Doulas, Dies at 90." New York Times 2016. Web2020. [9]Scott, K. D., P. H. Klaus, and M. H. Klaus. "The Obstetrical and Postpartum Benefits of Continuous Support During Childbirth." J Womens Health Gend Based Med 8.10 (1999): 1257-64. Print. [10]Scott, K. D., P. H. Klaus, and M. H. Klaus. "The Obstetrical and Postpartum Benefits of Continuous Support During Childbirth." J Womens Health Gend Based Med 8.10 (1999): 1257-64. Print. [11]Chor, J., et al. "Doulas as Facilitators: The Expanded Role of Doulas into Abortion Care." J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 38.2 (2012): 123-4. Print. [12]Nash, Elizabeth; Gold, Rachel Benson; Mohamed, Lizamarie; Ansari-Thomas, Zohra; Capello, Olivia "Policy Trends in the States, 2017." Guttmacher Instititue 2018. Web. [13]Richardson, Chinue Turner; Nash, Elizabeth. "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials " Guttmacher Policy Review 9.4 (2006). Print. [14]Buchbinder, Mara, et al. "“Prefacing the Script” as an Ethical Response to State-Mandated Abortion Counseling." AJOB Empirical Bioethics 7.1 (2016): 48-55. Print. [15]Buchbinder, Mara, et al. "“Prefacing the Script” as an Ethical Response to State-Mandated Abortion Counseling." AJOB Empirical Bioethics 7.1 (2016): 48-55. Print. [16]Richardson, Chinue Turner; Nash, Elizabeth. "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials " Guttmacher Policy Review 9.4 (2006). Print. [17]Richardson, Chinue Turner; Nash, Elizabeth. "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials " Guttmacher Policy Review 9.4 (2006). Print. [18]Blevins, Christy A., et al. "The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Dsm-5 (Pcl-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation." Journal of Traumatic Stress 28.6 (2015): 489-98. Print. [19]Richardson, Chinue Turner; Nash, Elizabeth. "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials " Guttmacher Policy Review 9.4 (2006). Print. [20]Pellegrini, C. A. "Trust: The Keystone of the Patient-Physician Relationship." 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Vladimír Klapita

Abstract Automation of processes related to data exchange is an effective way of communication between two or more independent entities. The paper deals with the necessity of implementation Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) into processes of the transport company and suggests applying this system as a method of communication between customers and a transport company. The transport company can simplify and speed up all the processes within transportation chain by the implementation of EDI and a suitable interface for application programming.

Yaptik E.S.

The author attempts to investigate how new infrastructure and new technical means affect the social institutions of the indigenous inhabitants of the Yamal Peninsula, who were mainly engaged in traditional activities: nomadic reindeer herding and fishing. The work is based on the author's field materials of 2018–2020 for the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District (Western Siberia) and publications of other researchers. The paper shows how the autochthonous peoples build new mobile space and master snowmobiles. Domination over the created space takes place with the aid of traditional skills and behaviors. At the same time, deer, which was the main transport animal and the main measure of wealth of Arctic reindeer herders, has not receded into the background, but transformed into a means of technical modernization of the economy. As a result, it has been shown that, when choosing technical innovations, the indigenous people of Yamal are guided by their ease of operation, high cross-country capability and environmental friendliness, preferring the domestically produced Buran in daily routine. Snowmobiles can be found in almost all reindeer herding families, and only their high price indicates the standing of the owners and allows the latter to demonstrate their status in the society. ‘Buranists’ are involved in the market relations, occupying their niches in the system of commodity-exchange relations in the society. They act as an information and communication link between reindeer herders' camps and settlements. Snowmobiles are vivid examples of adaptation of indigenous people to new conditions and demonstrate possibility of coexistence of traditional reindeer farming culture with modern technologies. The Arctic nomad turned from a mobile man into homo technicus mobilis. This transformation appeared to be only on the outside, as evidenced by frequent accidents during the operation of snowmobiles. The proper use of such technologies in many respects offers competitive advantages to local entrepreneurs. New vehicles boost the entrepreneurial activity of the natives, involve them in the non-traditional sectors of employment: repair and resale of snowmobiles, transportation; and delivery of fuels, where natives can employ traditional knowledge of orientation, satisfy their passion for moving, and to avail themselves of the opportunity to choose a lifestyle and transport, without parting with their mobile lifestyle.

Gabriel Valença, Filipe Moura, Ana Morais de Sá

Urban planning has focused on reallocating road space from automobile to more sustainable transport modes in many cities worldwide. Mostly in urban areas, road space (from façade to façade) is highly disputed by different urban activities and functions. Nonetheless, there are varying demand periods during the day in which road space is underutilized due to its static design. Underutilized spaces could be used for other mobility or access purposes to improve efficiency. Sensing road space, using big data and transport demand management tools, may characterize different demand patterns, adapt the road space dynamically and, ultimately, promote efficiency in using a scarce resource, such as urban road space. This approach also reinforces short-term flexibility in urban planning, allowing for better responses to unpredictable events. This paper defines the concept of dynamic road space allocation by discussing the previous literature on dynamic allocation of space. We propose a methodological framework and discuss the technological solutions as well as the many challenges of implementing dynamic road space allocation.

Suto Jozsef

Autonomous navigation is important not only in autonomous cars but also in other transportation systems. In many applications, an autonomous vehicle has to follow the curvature of a real or artificial road or in other words lane lines. In those application, the key is the lane detection. In this paper, we present a real-time lane line tracking algorithm mainly designed to mini vehicles with relatively low computation capacity and single camera sensor. The proposed algorithm exploits computer vision techniques in combination with digital filtering. To demonstrate the performance of the method, experiments are conducted in an indoor, self-made test track where the effect of several external influencing factors can be observed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm works well independently of shadows, bends, reflection and lighting changes.

Jūratė Liebuvienė, Kristina Čižiūnienė

Ports are an important part of the global and regional freight supply chain and transport network. <i>Background</i>: as port activities have a significant impact on the economic growth of these countries, it is necessary to constantly analyse and plan port activities, anticipate market changes and improve the ability of ports to withstand the growing general competitive pressure. This article analyses studies conducted by researchers on the topic of seaports, thus, and find that there are no analyses comparing more than two ports. <i>Methods</i>: a comparative analysis of the ports on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea was conducted using the analysis of statistical data. <i>Results</i>: The Baltic Sea is surrounded by nine countries. Four countries (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Russia) have different coasts and different numbers of seaports. In this article, according to the selected parameters, 10 ports on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea are analyzed. <i>Conclusions</i>: The comparative analysis of ports on the eastern Baltic Sea revealed that Klaipeda port is the most diversified port in the eastern Baltic Sea region, given that it does not have any single most important type of cargo. The largest ports in terms of bulk cargo are in Tallinn, Riga and Ventspils. Primorsk is the largest port for liquid cargo and St. Petersburg handles the greatest volumes of cargo of a general type and while the distribution of cargo flows in the port of Visotsk is best correlated with the selected parameters, which allows us to state that the infrastructure of this port is used to the maximum.

YANG Jiyun, YAO Ruidong, ZHOU Jie, GAO Lingyun

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network(VANET) plays an important role in the construction of intelligent transportation systems.The message authentication schemes can ensure the reliability and security of VANET in practical applications, but most of the existing authentication schemes are limited in the computational efficiency.To address the problem, an authentication scheme based on Chebyshev chaotic map for VANET is proposed.With the semi-group nature of Chebyshev polynomial, the proposed scheme securely constructs the symmetric key to finish the key agreement phase between vehicle nodes and the Road-Side Unit(RSU).Then the vehicle nodes use the temporary shared key distributed by RSU to complete the anonymous message authentication phase.There is no need to verify a large revocation list for each signature, and the revocation of vehicles will not affect the performance of the group.The analysis results show that the proposed scheme satisfies the security requirements of VANET for resisting a variety of security attacks, and provides conditional privacy-preserving at the same time.In the key agreement phase and message authentication phase, the scheme exhibits an improved computational effiency and reduced communication overhead.

De Jong Yeong, Gustavo Velasco-Hernandez, John Barry et al.

With the significant advancement of sensor and communication technology and the reliable application of obstacle detection techniques and algorithms, automated driving is becoming a pivotal technology that can revolutionize the future of transportation and mobility. Sensors are fundamental to the perception of vehicle surroundings in an automated driving system, and the use and performance of multiple integrated sensors can directly determine the safety and feasibility of automated driving vehicles. Sensor calibration is the foundation block of any autonomous system and its constituent sensors and must be performed correctly before sensor fusion and obstacle detection processes may be implemented. This paper evaluates the capabilities and the technical performance of sensors which are commonly employed in autonomous vehicles, primarily focusing on a large selection of vision cameras, LiDAR sensors, and radar sensors and the various conditions in which such sensors may operate in practice. We present an overview of the three primary categories of sensor calibration and review existing open-source calibration packages for multi-sensor calibration and their compatibility with numerous commercial sensors. We also summarize the three main approaches to sensor fusion and review current state-of-the-art multi-sensor fusion techniques and algorithms for object detection in autonomous driving applications. The current paper, therefore, provides an end-to-end review of the hardware and software methods required for sensor fusion object detection. We conclude by highlighting some of the challenges in the sensor fusion field and propose possible future research directions for automated driving systems.

Mahdi Saki, M. Abolhasan, J. Lipman

This paper introduces a new framework into future data-driven railway condition monitoring systems (RCM). For this purpose, we have proposed an edge processing unit that includes two main parts: a data classification model that classifies Internet of Things (IoT) data into maintenance-critical data (MCD) and maintenance-non-critical data (MNCD) and a data transmission unit that, based on the class of data, employs appropriate communication methods to transmit data to railway control centers. For the transmission of MNCD, we propose a travel pattern method that employs train stations as points of data offloading so that trains can deliver data as well as passengers at stations. The performance of our proposed solution is successfully validated via three various data sets under different operating conditions.