AbstractThe present study attempts to spatial and temporal analysis of the reactions between urban commercial marketing and influencing economic factors in Mashhad City (Iran). For this purpose, statistical and spatial data from 18 selected commercial complexes and trading towers were collected using official documents, fieldwork observations, and surveys of some interviews for time windows of 2010 and 2020. The total annual revenue, as the commercial marketing indicator, was chosen as the dependent variable to indicate the mean productivity and profitability of shop stores in the case studies. Besides, eight factors, including commercial marketing and urban regional characteristics were chosen as independent factors. Results revealed that the mean values of commercial interest rates were recorded equal to 0.71 and 0.64 in 2010 and 2020, revealing the overall decrease in profitability of the commercial complexes within the recent decade. Despite the growing rate of construction of renewal mega projects and trading towers in the central district of Mashhad City, the marketing revenues and commercial interests had no positive relationships with city center profits in the recent decade. The land price market has severely changed the spatial structure and economy of Mashhad, such as commercial projects and marketing. It means that the main motivation for marketing in commercial complexes can be considered as regional land values instead of the traditional function of the religious city center.
This study investigates the impact of smart city initiatives on economic development and urban welfare in Makassar City using a quantitative approach. Employing a stratified random sampling technique, data were collected from 400 respondents, including residents, government officials, and business entities, through a structured questionnaire. Analysis using Pearson correlation, multiple regression, t-tests, ANOVA, and ANCOVA revealed significant positive correlations between smart city initiatives and both economic development and urban welfare. The findings demonstrate that smart city projects significantly contribute to job creation, business growth, and improved quality of life, with variations in perceptions across different stakeholder groups and demographic categories. This research addresses gaps in the literature by providing localized insights into the effects of smart city interventions in a developing city context and offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and urban planners.
Abstract For decades the Silesian voivodeship has played a key role in the development of the economy of Poland. Its central area is occupied by an old industrial region which has been developed since the 19th century on the basis of coal mining and the processing of iron, zinc and lead ores. As a result of the political transformation of the country, after 1989, the region was faced with a difficult economic situation – a significant reduction in production was recorded and numerous unprofitable obsolete mines and steelworks were decommissioned. Since then, the economy of the Silesian region has been subject to restructuring and revitalization. This article presents this process as illustrated by a representative city – Żory. This is one of the oldest cities in the region which was established in the Middle Ages (1272). For centuries, its inhabitants were engaged in agriculture, fish breeding and trade. Its industrial development started with the construction of the ironworks at the beginning of the 19th century, but the investments after the Second World War were of greatest importance to the city. At that time the “Fadom” factory, two hard coal mines – “Żory” and “Krupiński” – and a plant known as Zakład Tworzyw Sztucznych ERG (Synthetic Fibres Works “ERG”) were constructed. After the political and economic changes of 1989 the economy of the city required urgent restructuring. The change of the function of the city of Żory proceeded gradually, but the creation of economic areas and zones, especially the establishment of the Jastrzębie Zdrój and Żory Subzone of the Katowice Special Economic Zone (1996) and Żory Industrial Park (2004), were of crucial importance to the development of the city. Over the past 20 years the city of Żory has changed from a city dependent on the extractive industries, without signs of a developed urban infrastructure, to a centre of a varied structure of production. Employment in industry and construction decreased from 65.5% to 36.3%, and doubled in the case of services. The private sector currently comprises 75% of all economic entities – most of the companies are small or medium-sized enterprises up to 250 employees.
The problem explored in this mixed-method action research is that challenges to sustainable economic development and basic community services increase, as populations in cities and towns increase. A city is a human settlement with well-defined demarcation points. A city’s infrastructure consists of complex systems, such as sewage treatment plants, water treatment plants, police stations, fire departments, utility services, schools, libraries, business, houses, etc. A smart city, on the other hand, is an urban vision that fosters citizens’ engagement and technological integration of the city’s infrastructure. The purpose of this mixed-method action research was to identify the characteristics of a smart city and determine to what extent smart city initiatives impact economic development. Using a combative analysis methodology, the study examined five major smart cities. The research results revealed that cities apply smart solutions by focusing on 5 major areas: Economic Development, Public Safety, Energy & Environment, Infrastructure, and Transportation. The study concluded that Smart city initiatives contribute directly and indirectly to the economic growth of cities in the United States. The study indicated that smart cities are socially engaged, financially stable, business-oriented, data-driven, environmentally friendly, and energy-efficient cities. The study also concluded that smart city initiatives can alleviate cities’ challenges, thus, enhancing economic development.
The article considers the method of calculating the influence of a number of factors on the change in income of enterprises of city gas networks. In the process of factor analysis of this indicator, it is recommended to use a number of economic-mathematical models containing factors that characterize the peculiarities of the production and operation process of enterprises of city gas networks. It is proposed to calculate the quantitative influence on the general change of this indicator of such important production and economic factors as the volume of natural gas obtained by the analyzed enterprise, the volume of gas supplied to the network, the volume of gas sold to consumers, the ratio of gas supply to the network, the sales ratio of gas to consumers, the average tariff of a unit of gas sold to consumers, the level of profitability of a unit of gas received, gas supplied to the network and gas sold to consumers. The positive aspect of this approach is that in the process of analytical calculations, indexes of factor indicators are used, and not their absolute values for the case when such data are not available. At the same time, when using this method, it is suggested to follow the rule in which the basic value of the analyzed income indicator is multiplied by the indices of the previous factors of the calculation formula and by the relative growth of the factor whose influence is calculated. To determine the absolute impact of these factors on the overall change in income, it is recommended to carry out a step-by-step factor analysis of this indicator, which is based on the method of chain substitutions. This methodical approach allows, depending on the available initial information and the purpose of the analysis, to calculate the impact on the change in income of a different number of factors (two, three, etc.). The given method of modeling and factor analysis of income makes it possible to decompose this indicator into a number of constituent parts, to present it in the form of multiplicative economic and mathematical models, to determine the absolute and relative influence of the most important factors on the overall change of this indicator for any period of time of the enterprise’s operation, to investigate the regularities of such impact, use the obtained analytical information to substantiate organizational and management decisions regarding further improvement of the efficiency of use of available resources. Keywords: methodology, analysis, income, model, simulation.
Lublin is an example of a medium-sized city, whose urban layout was shaped to a large extent by the conditions resulting from changes in the transport system. The very emergence of the city – initially as a settlement complex located on the neighbouring hills – was associated with the travel and trade routes of supra-regional importance crossing the Lublin region. The historical communication system is still visible in the urban structure of the city. The paper presents the most important transformations of the communication structure of the city of Lublin from the beginning of its existence to the 1920s. The next part will deal with issues from the years 1931-2016.