Nowadays mobile usage is the essential need of humans. To provide the mobile network services, the Telecommunication companies propose the installation of Base Transceiver Station over large populated and industrial areas. The radiations emit from these BTS may give rise to various electromagnetic and ecological compatibility issues [1]. The radiation power of these BTS is up to 5-10 KiloWatts (up to 320-350 W per channel), which can be detrimental for the human beings, if they are installed in populated areas. The purpose of this paper is to reduce the transmission power of the BTS which is possible through the usage of Self-phased array antenna. Self-phasing array antenna through the use of pilot carrier in Telecommunication systems can degrade the Tx upto10-20dB
Haozhe Tong, Clara Clemente-Marcuello, Kirill V. Voronin
et al.
On-chip optoelectronics is fundamental to modern telecommunication, yet the diffraction limit of light remains a major obstacle to the extreme miniaturization of photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Hyperbolic polaritons (HPs) $-$ hybrid light-matter excitations in materials with opposite-signed dielectric permittivity tensor components $-$ offer a solution through their ability to support deep sub-wavelength confinement and unique optical phenomena such as canalization and negative refraction. To date, however, the most widely studied hyperbolic van der Waals (vdW) crystals, including hBN and $α$-MoO$_3$, operate mainly in the mid-infrared, leaving the telecommunication bands (1260$-$1675 nm) largely uncovered. Here, we predict HPs operating directly in the telecommunication window in the vdW crystal molybdenum oxychloride (MoOCl$_2$). Building on recent evidence that MoOCl$_2$ can support plasmon polaritons in the visible, we theoretically investigate its optical response at telecom wavelengths and identify the conditions under which strongly confined, canalized HPs modes emerge. Beyond establishing a telecom platform, we outline device-level opportunities enabled by these modes, including diffraction-free waveguides based on canalization, tunable polaritonic crystals, and high-efficiency spontaneous emission-enhancement platforms. These paradigms cover the essential pillars of on-chip information processing: emission, propagation, modulation and detection. Our results establish MoOCl$_2$ as a potentially transformative material that bridges physics of hyperbolic PPs with potential practical implementations, opening avenues for ultra-compact, high-density, and low-power photonic components.
Interference is the major problem now days in telecommunication sector. One type of interference which is very common now days is FM Cell sites interference between CDMA Cell sites. Which are the types of interference and various observations during this interference is discussed below in this paper.
Abstract In this work, we investigate short-packet communications in power beacon (PB)-assisted Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks, where an energy-constrained actuator first harvests energy from a dedicated PB, and then transmits confidential signals to a desired controller in the presence of an eavesdropper. We derive a closed-form lower bound approximation expression for the average achievable effective secrecy rate (AESR) over Nakagami-m fading channels. To gain more insights, we also present the asymptotic average AESR in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. Specifically, analytical results indicate that an average AESR floor appears with the increase of SNR. Moreover, a low complexity one-dimensional search method is employed to maximize the average AESR by optimizing the energy harvesting length. Monte-Carlo simulations are provided to corroborate our analysis.
Khomdet Phapatanaburi, Longbiao Wang, Meng Liu
et al.
Abstract Shouted and normal speech classification plays an important role in many speech-related applications. The existing works are often based on magnitude-based features and ignore phase-based features, which are directly related to magnitude information. In this paper, the importance of phase-based features is explored for the detection of shouted speech. The novel contributions of this work are as follows. (1) Three phase-based features, namely, relative phase (RP), linear prediction analysis estimated speech-based RP (LPAES-RP) and linear prediction residual-based RP (LPR-RP) features, are explored for shouted and normal speech classification. (2) We propose a new RP feature, called the glottal source-based RP (GRP) feature. The main idea of the proposed GRP feature is to exploit the difference between RP and LPAES-RP features to detect shouted speech. (3) A score combination of phase- and magnitude-based features is also employed to further improve the classification performance. The proposed feature and combination are evaluated using the shouted normal electroglottograph speech (SNE-Speech) corpus. The experimental findings show that the RP, LPAES-RP, and LPR-RP features provide promising results for the detection of shouted speech. We also find that the proposed GRP feature can provide better results than those of the standard mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) feature. Moreover, compared to using individual features, the score combination of the MFCC and RP/LPAES-RP/LPR-RP/GRP features yields an improved detection performance. Performance analysis under noisy environments shows that the score combination of the MFCC and the RP/LPAES-RP/LPR-RP features gives more robust classification. These outcomes show the importance of RP features in distinguishing shouted speech from normal speech.
Photorealistic avatars are human avatars that look, move, and talk like real people. The performance of photorealistic avatars has significantly improved recently based on objective metrics such as PSNR, SSIM, LPIPS, FID, and FVD. However, recent photorealistic avatar publications do not provide subjective tests of the avatars to measure human usability factors. We provide an open source test framework to subjectively measure photorealistic avatar performance in ten dimensions: realism, trust, comfortableness using, comfortableness interacting with, appropriateness for work, creepiness, formality, affinity, resemblance to the person, and emotion accuracy. Using telecommunication scenarios, we show that the correlation of nine of these subjective metrics with PSNR, SSIM, LPIPS, FID, and FVD is weak, and moderate for emotion accuracy. The crowdsourced subjective test framework is highly reproducible and accurate when compared to a panel of experts. We analyze a wide range of avatars from photorealistic to cartoon-like and show that some photorealistic avatars are approaching real video performance based on these dimensions. We also find that for avatars above a certain level of realism, eight of these measured dimensions are strongly correlated. This means that avatars that are not as realistic as real video will have lower trust, comfortableness using, comfortableness interacting with, appropriateness for work, formality, and affinity, and higher creepiness compared to real video. In addition, because there is a strong linear relationship between avatar affinity and realism, there is no uncanny valley effect for photorealistic avatars in the telecommunication scenario. We suggest several extensions of this test framework for future work and discuss design implications for telecommunication systems. The test framework is available at https://github.com/microsoft/P.910.
Abstract Pruning is showing huge potential for compressing and accelerating deep neural networks by eliminating redundant parameters. Along with more terminal chips integrated with AI accelerators for internet of things (IoT) devices, structured pruning is gaining popularity with the edge computing research area. Different from filter pruning and group-wise pruning, stripe-wise pruning (SWP) conducts pruning at the level of stripes in each filter. By introducing filter skeleton (FS) to each stripe, the existing SWP method sets an absolute threshold for the values in FS and removes the stripes whose corresponding values in FS could not meet the threshold. Starting with investigation into the process of stripe wise convolution, we use the statistical properties of the weights located on each stripe to learn the importance between those stripes in a filter and remove stripes with low importance. Our pruned VGG-16 achieves the existing results by a fourfold reduction in parameter with only 0.4% decrease in accuracy. Results from comprehensive experiments on IoT devices are also presented.
Shahinshah Ali, Hammad M. Cheema, Farhan A. Ghaffar
A novel leaky wave antenna (LWA) with integrated field-programmable microwave substrate (FPMS) unit cells is presented in this article. The proposed antenna consists of a Half Mode Substrate Waveguide (HMSIW), loaded with cross-shaped slots to generate the desired phase response and radiation characteristics. Using the agile FPMS technology, the substrate properties along one of the longitudinal edges of the antenna are varied, which allows the steering of the radiation direction at a single frequency. A total of 70-unit cells are integrated with the antenna at 12 GHz, resulting in a maximum beam steering of 72<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ $</tex-math></inline-formula> in simulations along the elevation. Experimental results of the fabricated prototype also demonstrate the practical viability of the proposed design concept with a total beam steering of 35°. The design presented in this research serves as a proof-of-concept, setting the stage for forthcoming advancements and refinements in the field of smart antenna systems using FPMS.
Telecommunication, Electric apparatus and materials. Electric circuits. Electric networks
Aiming at the problem that traditional cloud-based data sharing schemes rely on trusted third parties and only focus on data privacy protection or access control, a blockchain data sharing scheme based on localized difference privacy and attribute-based searchable encryption was proposed.The blockchain and cloud server were combined to store data chain by chain and provide efficient, reliable and tamper-proof data sharing.Firstly, the localization difference privacy was introduced to preprocess the shared data to protect the privacy of the data owner and resist the attack of the untrusted third party.Secondly, the searchable encryption technology and attribute-based encryption were combined to realize data privacy protection, support ciphertext retrieval, and provide fine-grained access control for shared data.Finally, the safety, the correctness proof, and the experimental analysis proves that the proposed scheme meets the safety objectives.
Simone Donadello, Cecilia Clivati, Aladino Govoni
et al.
Laser interferometry enables to remotely measure microscopical length changes of deployed telecommunication cables originating from earthquakes. Long range and compatibility with data traffic make it unique to the exploration of remote regions, as well as highly-populated areas where optical networks are pervasive, and its large-scale implementation is attractive for both Earth scientists and telecom operators. However, validation and modeling of its response and sensitivity are still at an early stage and suffer from lack of statistically-significant event catalogs and limited availability of co-located seismometers. We implemented laser interferometry on a land-based telecommunication cable and analyzed 1.5 years of continuous acquisition, with successful detections of events in a broad range of magnitudes, including very weak ones. By comparing fiber and seismometer recordings we determined relations between a cable's detection probability and the magnitude and distance of events, and showed that spectral analysis of recorded data allows considerations on the earthquake dynamics. Our results reveal that quantitative analysis is possible for this sensing technique and support the interpretation of data from the growing amount of interferometric deployments. We anticipate the high integration and scalability of laser interferometry into existing telecommunication grids to be useful for the daily seismicity monitoring, in perspective exploitable for civilian protection use.
Lakmal Silva, Michael Unterkalmsteiner, Krzysztof Wnuk
In this paper, we present challenges associated with monitoring and maintaining a large telecom system at Ericsson that was developed with high degree of component reuse. The system constitutes of multiple services, composed of both legacy and modern systems that are constantly changing and need to be adapted to changing business needs. The paper is based on firsthand experience from architecting, developing and maintaining such a system, pointing out current challenges and potential avenues for future research that might contribute to addressing them.
Abstract In wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSAN), sensors can have much longer lifetime as mobile sink nodes move through the network and collect data from static sensor nodes. Applying mobile sinks in WSAN systems has faced challenges in sink path planning and data gathering scheduling. Many studies have focused on priori‐trail planning for mobile sinks; however, they have not considered tracking performance degradation during operation due to system nonlinearities and uncertain WSAN environments. Thus, two learning‐based adaptive feedback control methods, adaptive neural‐network‐based feedback control (ANNFC) and adaptive neural‐network‐based feedback control with integrator model (ANNFC‐IM), are proposed to improve and optimise tracking performance in unknown and uncertain WSAN environments. The proposed algorithms enable a mobile sink to adjust its flying trajectory with online learning by applying a neural‐network‐based control method. The performance of the proposed algorithm is validated by theoretical analysis and simulation results. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods significantly outperform existing methods in terms of tracking error, system stability, and convergence.
Most of the existing methods focus mainly on the extraction of shape-based, rotation-based, and motion-based features, usually neglecting the relationship between hands and body parts, which can provide significant information to address the problem of similar sign words based on the backhand approach. Therefore, this paper proposes four feature-based models. The spatial–temporal body parts and hand relationship patterns are the main feature. The second model consists of the spatial–temporal finger joint angle patterns. The third model consists of the spatial–temporal 3D hand motion trajectory patterns. The fourth model consists of the spatial–temporal double-hand relationship patterns. Then, a two-layer bidirectional long short-term memory method is used to deal with time-independent data as a classifier. The performance of the method was evaluated and compared with the existing works using 26 ASL letters, with an accuracy and F1-score of 97.34% and 97.36%, respectively. The method was further evaluated using 40 double-hand ASL words and achieved an accuracy and F1-score of 98.52% and 98.54%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the proposed method outperformed the existing works under consideration. However, in the analysis of 72 new ASL words, including single- and double-hand words from 10 participants, the accuracy and F1-score were approximately 96.99% and 97.00%, respectively.
Reverse engineering correct source code from a machine code to find and neutralize vulnerabilities is the most pressing problem for the field of telecommunications equipment. The decompilation techniques applicable for this have potentially reached their evolutionary limit. As a result, new concepts are required that can make a quantum leap in problem solving. Proceeding from this, the paper proposes the concept of genetic decompilation, which is a solution to the problem of multiparameter optimization in the form of iterative approximation of instances of the source code to the "original" one which will compile to the given machine code. This concept is tested by conducting a series of experiments with the developed software prototype using a basic example of machine code. The results of the experiments prove the proof of the concept, thereby suggesting new innovative directions for ensuring information security in this subject area.
Dominik Husmann, Laurent-Guy Bernier, Mathieu Bertrand
et al.
Frequency dissemination in phase-stabilized optical fiber networks for metrological frequency comparisons and precision measurements are promising candidates to overcome the limitations imposed by satellite techniques. However, network constraints restrict the availability of dedicated channels in the commonly-used C-band. Here, we demonstrate the dissemination of an SI-traceable ultrastable optical frequency in the L-band over a 456 km fiber network with ring topology, in which telecommunication data traffic occupies the full C-band. We characterize the optical phase noise and evaluate a link instability of $4.7\cdot 10^{-16}$ at 1 s and $3.8\cdot 10^{-19}$ at 2000 s integration time, and a link accuracy of $2\cdot 10^{-18}$, which is comparable to existing metrology networks in the C-band. We demonstrate the application of the disseminated frequency by establishing the SI-traceability of a laser in a remote laboratory. Finally, we show that our metrological frequency does not interfere with data traffic in the telecommunication channels. Our approach combines an unconventional spectral choice in the telecommunication L-band with established frequency-stabilization techniques, providing a novel, cost-effective solution for ultrastable frequency-comparison and dissemination, and may contribute to a foundation of a world-wide metrological network.