Hasil untuk "Technological innovations. Automation"

Eva Hoke, Romana Heinzová, Richard Pospíšil et al.

The manufacturing industry is a fundamental pillar of the economy in many developed countries. It is also a key sector in the Czech Republic, significantly contributing to macroeconomic aggregates such as gross domestic product, employment, and exports. The current business environment increases the requirements for companies not only in terms of maintaining competitiveness, but also in terms of a responsible approach to production resources and the environment. Company managers who want to keep their company on the market for a long time should always adapt their corporate and production strategies to current trends and challenges. Sustainability goals should be an integral part of corporate strategies today, as well as measuring and monitoring the carbon footprint and systematically reducing it. The article examines approaches to sustainability and ESG in the Czech Republic's manufacturing industry, especially in the context of large companies. The article is based on the results of a nationwide survey. These results show a statistically significant dependence between the size of the company and the sustainability strategy. It is also confirmed that companies that have implemented the environmental management system standard have a sustainability strategy in place. The results contribute to understanding how large companies in the manufacturing industry approach sustainable development and where SMEs lag.

Luke Fernandez

Since at least the 1960s, scholars, pundits and the general public have been worried about AI hype – the tendency to project more power, agency and intelligence on AI than it really has. To counter this tendency, academics often warn against anthropomorphizing AI or assuming that its impacts on society are inevitable. While these are sensible cautions, taken too far, they risk ignoring the way the design of AI actually can shape and condition how power and authority is distributed in society – and in academia. How, then, to see AI? Is it merely a tool people use for their own ends? Or can it hijack these ends? This paper argues that Langdon Winner provides provocative frameworks for tackling these questions.

Dmitry Katalevsky

Modern socio-economic and technological systems are constantly becoming more complex, and as a consequence, the risks of their failures are increasing. Effective management requires tools appropriate to the new challenges. Complexity science offers a number of concepts that individually help to cope with increasing complexity and its effects to a greater or lesser extent. However, a more effective approach is their skillful synthesis, which allows to cover the system holistically, to identify the origin of potential crises and catastrophes that would otherwise remain «hidden», and to outline preventive corrective measures. The article presents a review and comparative characterization of paradigms of perception of complex systems extrapolated to the sphere of management. Using multilayer causal analysis, the case of two high-profile disasters that occurred with Boeing airplanes is considered. The concept of «orphan systems» is proposed, which allows to catch weak signals about the dangerous drift of the system, to react in time and take an appropriate managerial actions.

Roman Rak, Vladimir Sulc, Dagmar Kopencova et al.

The paper deals with the theoretical concept of crisis. The crisis is an integral and, in essence, regularly recurring part of any human activity. We are facing a crisis in areas such as the economy, politics, the military, civilization, as well as in our private, human lives. The paper analyzes in detail the dimensions and characteristics of the crisis, deals with the various stages of the crisis, their recognition and solution. The paper was created as one of the outputs of the foundation of the theory of security sciences, where the basic general concepts of security character were defined, which are valid in various fields of human activities, including various scientific fields. The concept of crisis is part of threat analysis and subsequent risk management in various fields, including economics, management of state and non-state institutions, business and overall sustainability. The concept of crisis is currently closely linked to global globalization, which brings significant benefits as well as global risks. These risks, which are not well addressed or subsequently managed, can erupt very quickly in a variety of crises of considerable global scope. The paper lists typical symptoms that are important for early detection and crisis management. The paper presents the definitions and relationships between the crisis and the stability of any systems (economic, social, political, etc.). It also provides a classification of crises, its contexts and related panic.

Jevgenij Gladevich

The concept of innovation potential is complicated and complex, its evolution is closely related to the concept of innovation. There are several approaches to define the innovation potential. Some scientists and researchers define innovation potential as a set of several resources, other scientists - as a result of innovative activity. The author is a supporter of the resource approach and explores the potential of innovation from the perspective of resources. There are several approaches to determining the innovation potential from the resource perspective, however, they are mostly intended for the evaluation of the innovation potential at the national level or at the level of large regions. In addition, most of the assessment methodologies are tailored to the analysis of specific regions and it is difficult to adapt them to the evaluation of other regions. Therefore, the author develops his own methodology for assessing innovation potential, adapted for NUTS3 regions, and uses it to assess the innovation potential of Latvian, Lithuanian and Belarusian regions. The given approach makes it possible to promptly evaluate existing resources and define opportunities, thus providing the region with a stable market position, especially within the regional context, which is required by the ever-increasing and fierce competition.

A. Pulungan, Zhafranul Nafis

Along with the times, technology is also developing so rapidly, one of the innovations in technological development is the use of webcams. the use of a webcam can be developed as a sensor in detecting an object through several stages of image processing. The use of a webcam aims to simplify an automation system so that it can be used to perform several tasks at once. Therefore, the author intends to design and manufacture an object detector with measurement parameters of the object's color, shape and size. This tool uses a webcam as a sensing sensor, and uses programming in PYTHON to recognize objects to be detected, and uses a servo motor to drive object actuators. The results of this tool have been tested and are able to detect objects properly based on predetermined color, shape and size. This tool is also able to separate objects that meet specifications from objects that do not meet specifications. Object detection using a webcam and an object separating actuator can work well.

Oyeniyi Abe, Akinyi J. Eurallyah

While the dawn of Artificial Intelligence (AI) solutions have aided in solving some of societal challenges, globalization and technological innovation potentially have the capability to disrupt, suspend, or change existing legal order, preventing the realization of business and human rights principles. For example, with AI-enabled systems, Africans can now access better healthcare, education, health, and transportation. However, AI has the potential to undermine human rights concerns. This article contextualizes the usage of AI systems and its implications for human rights violations. With particular reference to Africa, it gives an overarching context capable of constructing legal reactions to corporate related human rights violations. Some of the questions posed are: What are the ways human rights can be protected from exploitative tendencies of AI companies? How can African states, and businesses respond to regulatory challenges triggered by loss of work due to automation? What innovations and new methodologies are to be designed to engage with a sustainable and automated future? Finally, we propose reforms for corporate entities developing and deploying AI to respect human rights.

I. Apostolova, M. Lanoix

Recent research points to the fact that new medical technological innovations are just as relevant in the context of long-term care or chronic care as they are in the context of acute care. In the spirit of the Nuffield Foundation recommendations, this paper explores the possibilities of using robotic aides in long-term care and identifies the tensions that must be considered and addressed if robotics is to be introduced successfully in nursing homes. Our examination is two-pronged. First, we delve into a fundamental issue surrounding AI, namely that of consciousness. We argue that automation will always have only a limited use in caregiving since caregiving as an activity requires the use of human-type, that is, organic, consciousness. We support the thesis that the emergence and formation of human-type consciousness require feelings such as empathy and the sense of touch, which, in turn, create the sense of kinship with fellow human beings. And second, we examine the benefits as well as risks of using robotic aides such as ZORA and PARO in long-term care facilities. More specifically, we look at ZORA's use in a group setting, and PARO's use in an individual setting. We emphasize that long-term care is one-on-one care, including but not limited to intimate care. Crucially, we argue that touch is at the heart of this type of care. We argue that some of the tensions with the use of robotic aides are generated precisely because of the lack of human touch.

Guendalina Anzolin

D. Kurasov

The modernization of the Russian economy and its transition to an innovative development path are inextricably linked with the renewal of production and its material and technical base. In recent years, there has been a tendency to increase the economic potential of highly developed countries through scientific, technological and technological innovations, with the State playing an active role. There is a trend towards a digital industry based on the so-called Industry 4.0. This leads to massive implementations of cyber physical systems in production, to the automation of most production processes, the endowment of devices with artificial intelligence and the introduction of many other modern technologies. All this has a significant impact on increasing productivity and reducing the cost of production.

Jungkun Park, W. Yoo

Abstract Innovative technologies in Industry 4.0 are transforming retail environments and encouraging the digitalization of the retail process. From the retailer's point of view, the adoption of revolutionary technologies has led to the expectation of cost savings and increased revenue. Furthermore, various technological innovations, such as automation, are creating more valuable experiences for consumers. New technologies have also impacted the academic study of retailing through enabling researchers to employ new and more advanced research methodologies. The purpose of this special issue is to address the following question: What is the impact of 4th industrial revolution technologies both in the retail industry and academia? To find out the answer, 58 empirical and theoretical articles were received and reviewed, and 11 articles were finally accepted for inclusion in the special issue. We believe these 11 articles have contributed to the understanding of the theories and practices in the retail industry under the ongoing 4th industrial revolution.

Tariq Atiya, Zaroug Osman

S. Za, Federica Ceci, Gianluca Prezioso

Sjaifuddin Sjaifuddin

As a freshwater swamp forest that still remains in Java, the existence of Rawa Danau as an ecotourism destination is important to be explored, because its utilization is not yet based on sustainable management principles. For this reason, a system dynamics modeling was then made that integrates various factors in the biophysical, social, and economic dimensions to obtain the best alternative for managing the future ecotourism destinations. Management alternatives are designed in three scenarios: deep ecotourism oriented to very strong/strong sustainability; shallow ecotourism oriented to weak sustainability; and mass tourism oriented to very weak sustainability. The results showed that deep ecotourism was the most suitable scenario to be implemented. Through this scenario, the control of several parameters that were successfully carried out during the 10 years of the simulation are as follows: 1) restrain the growth rate of tourist numbers so as not to burden the environment; 2) reforesting almost all forest land converted so that the restoration of forest functions goes well; 3) increase local community income so that the community gets adequate economic benefits; 4) increase environmental investment so that stakeholders benefit economically, ecologically, and socially in an integrated manner; 5) maintaining biodiversity at a high level; 6) maintain swamp water reserves at a very good level; 7) reduce the volume of solid waste so that it does not burden the environment.

M. Saudi, O. Sinaga, D. Roespinoedji et al.

The actual and virtual realms in the present economies are expending to respond well to technological evolutions. In fact, the emergence of fourth industrial revolution has stimulated the organization to adopt innovations in the production and process with extensive integration of eco-friendly practices to ensure sustainability. The automation of work and emerging digitalization is known as the fourth industrial revolution. This industrial revolution has several effects on person’s career involvements. Still, the past literature in careers research and vocational psychology has been surprisingly quiet on this pattern up until now. In this regard, the present study examines the impact of industrial revolution factors on environmental and economic performance in manufacturing SMEs in Malaysia. The results of structural equation modeling confirm that green product innovation and green process innovation have positively and significant impact on project innovation. Moreover, the results further confirm that project innovation has positive and significantly impact on economic performance and environmental performance. Finally, economic and environmental performance have a positive and significant impact on competitive advantage. Therefore, it is recommended that fourth industrial revolution factor is a source to enhance the economic and environmental performance of the firm which ultimately leads the competitive advantage.

Muhammad Minarul Islam, Md. Tusher Mollah, Sheela Khatun et al.

Numerical investigation for unsteady, viscous, incompressible Bingham fluid flow through parallel plates is studied. The upper plate drifts with a constant uniform velocity and the lower plate is stationary. Both plates are studied at different fixed temperatures. To obtain the dimensionless equations, the governing equations for this study have been transformed by usual transformations. The obtained dimensionless equations are solved numerically using the explicit finite difference method (FDM). The studio developer Fortran (SDF) 6.6a and MATLAB R2015a are both used for numerical simulations. The stability criteria have been established and the system is converged for Prandtl number <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mi>r</mi> </msub> <mo>&#8805;</mo> <mn>0.08</mn> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> with <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mo>&#916;</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.05</mn> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>&#916;</mo> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">&#964;</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.0001</mn> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> as constants. As a key outcome, the steady-state solutions have been occurred for the dimensionless time <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">&#964;</mi> <mtext>&nbsp;</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mtext>&nbsp;</mtext> <mn>4.00</mn> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> The influence of parameters on the flow phenomena and on shear stress, including Nusselt number, are explained graphically. Finally, qualitative and quantitative comparison are shown.

Oladimeji Jamiu Odetunde

Enormous research has focused on investigating innovation process in organisations but only a few are devoted to employee innovation process, thus limiting our understanding of how to organise, foster and successfully manage employee innovation process in organisation. Drawing from the literature, this study extends the two-phase model of innovation process comprising creativity and innovation by proposing a three-phase employee innovation process model that integrates innovation adoption. Using stratified sampling technique and structured questionnaires, data were collected from 430 middle managers of four mobile telecommunication companies in Nigeria. Results of the regression and path analyses to test the hypotheses and model fit support a revised three-phase employee innovation process model showing that employee creativity has direct causal effect on employee innovation and employee innovation adoption, and employee innovation has direct causal effect on employee innovation adoption. Dispositional factors have stronger direct causal effect on employee creativity than contextual factors and contextual factors have stronger direct causal effects on employee innovation than dispositional factors. Both dispositional and contextual factors have similar direct causal effects on employee innovation adoption, though dispositional factors have a stronger causal effects. The study has provided new, empirically based insights into the study of innovation process from employee unit of analysis by extending the innovation process with adoption as a phase concluding the innovation process. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

S. Topleva

The article presents the changes that innovations of industrial revolutions have provoked in manufacturing technologies and economic structural and functional relationships. It is concluded that every major industrial revolution (for example, the First and Third Revolutions) was followed by a subsequent technical revolution (respectively, the Second and Fourth Revolutions), which expands the innovation business potential and determines a new pathway for the economic theory development. The deployment of the technological achievements of the Information Revolution provokes the emergence of the digital revolution ?Industry 4.0. Due to added value, the digitalization brings out the economic relations into a quality new dimension and transforms economic theory, business models and competitive environment. The high-technological digital environment of the Industry 4.0 achieves simultaneous horizontal and vertical integration and automation of the value chain and value added chain. In the conditions of respecting the requirements of eco-design and clean production, Industry 4.0 involves consumer into the production process and overcomes the scarcity of resources and goods. In this digital high-technological environment, marginal utility theory loses her actuality. The transformations of economic structure and relationships in Industry 4.0 focus on innovations and increase in value added.

T. Walther

E. Zouganeli, F. D. Casagrande, Torhild Holthe et al.

In this paper we present work in progress in the Assisted Living Project – responsible innovations for dignified lives at home for people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia. The project has a distinctly interdisciplinary approach and engages experts in nursing and occupational therapy, in ethics and responsible research and innovation, and in technology, in particular automation and machine learning. Our approach is to involve the end-users, their family and their care providers and develop technology responsibly together with them. The technological approach employs self-learning systems to develop solutions that provide individualised support in accordance with the user’s values, choices, and preferences. The paper presents our approach, current findings and future plans.