Hasil untuk "Social legislation"

Bianca Elena RADU

Latvia dealt with over 50 years of nationalization and forced seizure of properties. In the present paper I intend to approach property restitution in Latvia, after the 1990s, in the context of the law’s configuration factors, as well as the social and political framework. The first part of the paper will present aspects regarding the socio-historical context in Latvia up until its independence, the second part Latvian laws on individual and communal property restitution, while the last part is reserved for particular aspects that were noticed in the policy of property restitution. The present paper has a heuristic value, being, together with a series of other such papers, proof of the manner in which the process of property restitution in former communist countries involves both the adoption of an adequate legislation and a mobilization, a restructuring of societal resources in order to apply the adopted laws.

Letizia Milli, Laura Pollacci, Riccardo Guidotti

The spread of toxic content on online platforms presents complex challenges that call for both theoretical insight and practical tools to test intervention strategies. In this novel research paper, we introduce a simulation-based framework that extends the classical SEIZ (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Skeptic) epidemic model to capture the dynamics of toxic message propagation. Our simulator incorporates active moderation mechanisms through two distinct variants: a basic moderator, which implements uniform, non-personalized interventions, and smart moderator, which leverages user-specific psychological profiles based on Dark Triad traits to apply personalized, threshold-driven moderation. By varying parameter configurations, the simulator allows for systematic exploration of how different moderation strategies influence user state transitions over time. Simulation results demonstrate that while generic interventions can curb toxicity under certain conditions, profile-aware moderation proves significantly more effective in limiting both the spread and persistence of toxic behavior. This simulation framework offers a flexible and extensible tool for studying and designing adaptive moderation strategies in complex online social systems.

Curt Stutsman, Eliot W. Robson, Abhishek K. Umrawal

In many real-world scenarios, an individual's local social network carries significant influence over the opinions they form and subsequently propagate. In this paper, we propose a novel diffusion model -- the Pressure Threshold model (PT) -- for dynamically simulating the spread of influence through a social network. This model extends the popular Linear Threshold (LT) model by adjusting a node's outgoing influence in proportion to the influence it receives from its activated neighbors. We examine the Influence Maximization (IM) problem under this framework, which involves selecting seed nodes that yield maximal graph coverage after a diffusion process, and describe how the problem manifests under the PT model. Experiments on real-world networks, supported by enhancements to the open-source network-diffusion library CyNetDiff, reveal that greedy IM under PT can yield seed sets distinct from those under LT. Furthermore, the analyses show that densely connected networks amplify pressure effects far more strongly than sparse networks.

Ann Nedime Nese Rende, Tolga Yilmaz, Özgür Ulusoy

To observe how individual behavior shapes a larger community's actions, agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) has been widely adopted by researchers in social sciences, economics, and epidemiology. While simulations can be run on general-purpose ABMS frameworks, these tools are not specifically designed for social networks and, therefore, provide limited features, increasing the effort required for complex simulations. In this paper, we introduce Crowd, a social network simulator that adopts the agent-based modeling methodology to model real-world phenomena within a network environment. Designed to facilitate easy and quick modeling, Crowd supports simulation setup through YAML configuration and enables further customization with user-defined methods. Other features include no-code simulations for diffusion tasks, interactive visualizations, data aggregation, and chart drawing facilities. Designed in Python, Crowd also supports generative agents and connects easily with Python's libraries for data analysis and machine learning. Finally, we include three case studies to illustrate the use of the framework, including generative agents in epidemics, influence maximization, and networked trust games.

Ismail Hossain, Md Jahangir Alam, Sai Puppala et al.

Social media platforms are extensively used for sharing personal emotions, daily activities, and various life events, keeping people updated with the latest happenings. From the moment a user creates an account, they continually expand their network of friends or followers, freely interacting with others by posting, commenting, and sharing content. Over time, user behavior evolves based on demographic attributes and the networks they establish. In this research, we propose a predictive method to understand how a user evolves on social media throughout their life and to forecast the next stage of their evolution. We fine-tune a GPT-like decoder-only model (we named it E-GPT: Evolution-GPT) to predict the future stages of a user's evolution in online social media. We evaluate the performance of these models and demonstrate how user attributes influence changes within their network by predicting future connections and shifts in user activities on social media, which also addresses other social media challenges such as recommendation systems.

Rachith Aiyappa, Matthew R. DeVerna, Manita Pote et al.

Social media are utilized by millions of citizens to discuss important political issues. Politicians use these platforms to connect with the public and broadcast policy positions. Therefore, data from social media has enabled many studies of political discussion. While most analyses are limited to data from individual platforms, people are embedded in a larger information ecosystem spanning multiple social networks. Here we describe and provide access to the Indiana University 2022 U.S. Midterms Multi-Platform Social Media Dataset (MEIU22), a collection of social media posts from Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, and 4chan. MEIU22 links to posts about the midterm elections based on a comprehensive list of keywords and tracks the social media accounts of 1,011 candidates from October 1 to December 25, 2022. We also publish the source code of our pipeline to enable similar multi-platform research projects.

A. V. Malko, S. F. Afanasiev, V. A. Terekhin

The subject. The authors analyze the process and results of 30 years of reforming judicial activity in contemporary Russia, formulate and substantiate the conceptual foundations of promising transformations and specific proposals for continuing the reform, increasing the efficiency of the judicial system and protecting human rights, freedoms and legitimate in-terests.The purpose is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the Russian judicial reform needs to be adjusted in order to remain the most important factor in building the rule of law and civil society.The research methodology includes the methods of analysis and synthesis, historical, com-parative legal and formal legal methods.The main results, scope of application. The court is one of the most democratic and civilized tools for resolving social conflicts and protecting human interests. Judicial reform is a con-ceptually formed, cardinal and progressive transformation carried out in the historical pe-riod in order to organize the optimal model of the judicial system and achieve maximum efficiency of its functioning to protect the rights and freedoms of the individual, the inter-ests of society and the state. The Russian court was transformed, became the real judiciary power and took its place in the state mechanism during the reform period. The judicial sys-tem was built on new principles, procedural legislation was updated, a number of other measures were taken to improve the status of the court and its role in society. It is necessary to generalize the existing practice and regulate all problematic aspects of the formation of the judicial corps at the legislative level. We need to make this process clear and transpar-ent. Justice as a social and legal value and a significant international goal of sustainable development should be implemented in Russian domestic policy and strategic projects. The strategy and tactics of digital transformation of judicial activity, more active introduction of modern tools in it, while ensuring human rights and freedoms in this process, are particu-larly in demand in the context of the coronavirus pandemic,The conclusion is made that judicial reform is the most important factor in building the rule of law and civil society. However, it has not been completed and its potential for social influence has not been exhausted. Therefore, conceptual foundations and specific proposals for further transformations, increasing the efficiency of the judicial system in order to protect human rights, freedoms and legitimate interests have been formulated and substantiated.

Alma López, Miguel Betancourt, Eduardo Casas et al.

Plain language summary The emergence of ART in humans has been an important tool for the treatment of infertility. It is reported that one in four couples in developing countries has fertility problems. In 2009, the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) established ART as "all treatments or procedures involving in vitro manipulation of oocytes, sperm or embryos for the purpose of establishing a pregnancy". The number of treatments performed in Latin America has been increasing, and Mexico is the third country with the most assisted reproduction cycles performed in the region. However, Mexico lacks a national regulation for human assisted reproduction. This has caused Mexico to become a medical tourism paradise, which increases the possibility of abuses, fraud, and clinical risks. In addition, it allows each institution offering assisted reproduction services, whether public or private, to establish arbitrary requirements for inclusion. Thus, the emergence of a regulation that allows a safe clinical practice based on ethics, which will also make this reproductive tool available to any social group, is a social need. Therefore, the aim of this review was to examine the existing legislation that regulates human assisted reproduction practices in Mexico, but also to examine the legal analysis of the policies, laws, and regulations in use in some countries in Latin America, North America, and Europe, as well as highlighting the importance of working on the establishment of regulations that allow for safe and ethically based clinical practices.

Luciana Oliveira, Arminda Sequeira, Adriana Oliveira et al.

The outburst and proliferation of the COVID-19 pandemic, together with the subsequent social distancing measures, have raised massive challenges in almost all domains of public and private life around the globe. The stay-at-home movement has pushed the news audiences into social networks, which, in turn, has become the most prolific field for receiving and sharing news updates, as well as for public expression of opinions, concerns and feelings about the pandemic. Public opinion is a critical aspect in analysing how the information and events impact peoples lives, and research has shown that social media data may be promising in understanding how people respond to health risks and social crisis, which are the feelings they tend to share and how they are adapting to unforeseen circumstances that threaten almost all societal spheres. This paper presents results from a social media analysis of 61532 news headlines posted by the major daily news outlet in Portugal, Sic Noticias, on Facebook, from January to December 2020, focusing on the issues attention cycle and audiences emotional response to the COVID news outburst. This work adds to the emergent body of studies examining public response to the coronavirus pandemic on social media data.

Megan Ma, Bryan Wilson

Legal interpretation is a linguistic venture. In judicial opinions, for example, courts are often asked to interpret the text of statutes and legislation. As time has shown, this is not always as easy as it sounds. Matters can hinge on vague or inconsistent language and, under the surface, human biases can impact the decision-making of judges. This raises an important question: what if there was a method of extracting the meaning of statutes consistently? That is, what if it were possible to use machines to encode legislation in a mathematically precise form that would permit clearer responses to legal questions? This article attempts to unpack the notion of machine-readability, providing an overview of both its historical and recent developments. The paper will reflect on logic syntax and symbolic language to assess the capacity and limits of representing legal knowledge. In doing so, the paper seeks to move beyond existing literature to discuss the implications of various approaches to machine-readable legislation. Importantly, this study hopes to highlight the challenges encountered in this burgeoning ecosystem of machine-readable legislation against existing human-readable counterparts.

Leticia Rubio Lamia, Juan Suárez, Ignacio Santos et al.

Justificación: La autopsia es el procedimiento fundamental para determinar las causas de muerte, provee información crítica para ser correlacionada con la clínica, epidemiología y fisiopatolología de enfermedades con altas tasas de mortandad. Los hallazgos patológicos de las autopsias deben confirmar el diagnóstico clínico y determinar los efectos del tratamiento para fundamentar terapias eficaces. La infección por SARS-Cov-2 al tratarse de una enfermedad nueva con implicaciones sin precedentes para la humanidad, ha generado múltiples trabajos científicos para entenderla desde diferentes puntos de vista. Objetivos: Los propósitos de la revisión fueron: analizar la literatura disponible sobre autopsias de pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2, identificar los principales hallazgos patológicos reportados y determinar las condiciones técnicas en que se hicieron esos procedimientos. Metodología: Se utilizaron los buscadores bibliográficos (PubMed, Google Scholar, Dialnet, Scielo), usando las palabras Autopsia, Postmortem y COVID-19, para localizar la literatura sobre las autopsias de pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 16 artículos científicos que cumplieron los criterios de búsqueda, en siete se reportaron 83 autopsias de 54 varones y 16 mujeres, con edad promedio de 60,91 años. El análisis anatomopatológico se enfocó especialmente en los pulmones, que macroscópicamente estaban pesados por edema y congestión. Microscópicamente había daño alveolar difuso (membranas hialinas o de organización con angiogénesis y microtrombos) e infiltración linfocitaria intersticial. En 18 autopsias también analizaron otros órganos como corazón, hígado, riñón y bazo. Conclusión: A pesar del incremento de trabajos de investigación sobre la enfermedad, Covid-19 los estudios basados en autopsia son muy escasos y limitados. Un aumento en el número de autopsias realizadas a los fallecidos por COVID-19 proveería mayor conocimiento de las características de la enfermedad, la causa de la muerte, la extensión de la misma y efectos del tratamiento.

Nathan Brown, Saïd Amir Arjomand

The understanding of law in the Middle East requires not simply different disciplinary perspectives but bringing disciplines into dialogue with each other. It also requires analysis that crosses historical periods in order to understand legal systems as ones that develop over time based on longstanding traditions and earlier transformations, not simply European intrusion. We present a series of analyses by scholar who, while anchored in their own discipline, historical focus, and geographical specialization consciously work to address a broad social scientific audience.

Tiantian Chen, Jianxiong Guo, Weili Wu

Online social network has been one of the most important platforms for viral marketing. Most of existing researches about diffusion of adoptions of new products on networks are about one diffusion. That is, only one piece of information about the product is spread on the network. However, in fact, one product may have multiple features and the information about different features may spread independently in social network. When a user would like to purchase the product, he would consider all of the features of the product comprehensively not just consider one. Based on this, we propose a novel problem, multi-feature budgeted profit maximization (MBPM) problem, which first considers budgeted profit maximization under multiple features propagation of one product. Given a social network with each node having an activation cost and a profit, MBPM problem seeks for a seed set with expected cost no more than the budget to make the total expected profit as large as possible. We consider MBPM problem under the adaptive setting, where seeds are chosen iteratively and next seed is selected according to current diffusion results. We study adaptive MBPM problem under two models, oracle model and noise model. The oracle model assumes conditional expected marginal profit of any node could be obtained in O(1) time and a (1-1/e) expected approximation policy is proposed. Under the noise model, we estimate conditional expected marginal profit of a node by modifying the EPIC algorithm and propose an efficient policy, which could return a (1-exp(ε-1)) expected approximation ratio. Several experiments are conducted on six realistic datasets to compare our proposed policies with their corresponding non-adaptive algorithms and some heuristic adaptive policies. Experimental results show efficiencies and superiorities of our policies.

Shruti Phadke, Mattia Samory, Tanushree Mitra

Widespread conspiracy theories, like those motivating anti-vaccination attitudes or climate change denial, propel collective action and bear society-wide consequences. Yet, empirical research has largely studied conspiracy theory adoption as an individual pursuit, rather than as a socially mediated process. What makes users join communities endorsing and spreading conspiracy theories? We leverage longitudinal data from 56 conspiracy communities on Reddit to compare individual and social factors determining which users join the communities. Using a quasi-experimental approach, we first identify 30K future conspiracists-(FC) and 30K matched non-conspiracists-(NC). We then provide empirical evidence of importance of social factors across six dimensions relative to the individual factors by analyzing 6 million Reddit comments and posts. Specifically in social factors, we find that dyadic interactions with members of the conspiracy communities and marginalization outside of the conspiracy communities, are the most important social precursors to conspiracy joining-even outperforming individual factor baselines. Our results offer quantitative backing to understand social processes and echo chamber effects in conspiratorial engagement, with important implications for democratic institutions and online communities.

Thilini Wijesiriwardene, Hale Inan, Ugur Kursuncu et al.

The convenience of social media has also enabled its misuse, potentially resulting in toxic behavior. Nearly 66% of internet users have observed online harassment, and 41% claim personal experience, with 18% facing severe forms of online harassment. This toxic communication has a significant impact on the well-being of young individuals, affecting mental health and, in some cases, resulting in suicide. These communications exhibit complex linguistic and contextual characteristics, making recognition of such narratives challenging. In this paper, we provide a multimodal dataset of toxic social media interactions between confirmed high school students, called ALONE (AdoLescents ON twittEr), along with descriptive explanation. Each instance of interaction includes tweets, images, emoji and related metadata. Our observations show that individual tweets do not provide sufficient evidence for toxic behavior, and meaningful use of context in interactions can enable highlighting or exonerating tweets with purported toxicity.

Jessica Su, Krishna Kamath, Aneesh Sharma et al.

Several recent studies of online social networking platforms have found that adoption rates and engagement levels are positively correlated with structural diversity, the degree of heterogeneity among an individual's contacts as measured by network ties. One common theory for this observation is that structural diversity increases utility, in part because there is value to interacting with people from different network components on the same platform. While compelling, evidence for this causal theory comes from observational studies, making it difficult to rule out non-causal explanations. We investigate the role of structural diversity on retention by conducting a large-scale randomized controlled study on the Twitter platform. We first show that structural diversity correlates with user retention on Twitter, corroborating results from past observational studies. We then exogenously vary structural diversity by altering the set of network recommendations new users see when joining the platform; we confirm that this design induces the desired changes to network topology. We find, however, that low, medium, and high structural diversity treatment groups in our experiment have comparable retention rates. Thus, at least in this case, the observed correlation between structural diversity and retention does not appear to result from a causal relationship, challenging theories based on past observational studies.

Dragićević Marija

Upon examining the German model of labour judicature, analyzing the presumptions of its origin and development, and numerous positive-law solutions of German labour legislation, it can be concluded that the specialized judiciary for resolving labour disputes has numerous advantages in comparison to the courts of general jurisdiction, primarily from the aspect of social peace, fairness, legal safety and the rule of law. The Federal Republic of Germany falls into the group of countries with the best developed labour dispute resolution system. In FR Germany, labour disputes are adjudicated within a three-tiered system, which includes courts of special jurisdiction. Thus, labour judicature provides a range of solutions that contribute to a high level of efficiency in resolving labour disputes. The efficiency of labour judiciary is based on the principles of acceleration of the procedure, procedure concentration, prohibition of reversing the case for retrial, and an active role of the court. Due to these features, the German labor judicature system is often taken as an example which serves as a model for conceptualizing labor judiciary systems in other countries through the world. However, it is generally known that each country has a range of socio-political and socio-economic features. Thus, non-critical acceptance of peculiarities of foreign legislative solutions often leads to more damage than benefit. For this reason, when analyzing the potentials of the institutionalization of labour courts into the judicial system of the Republic of Serbia, it is first necessary to establish the principles of organization of labour judiciary which could be common to these two countries and, then, to establish the basic principles that could be used as the cornerstone of domestic institutionalization. Thereupon, on the basis of historical analysis of our labour judiciary as well as socio-political and socio-economic circumstances in our country, we should decide on individual operative solutions acceptable for our country.

Knut S. Vikor

Not Sunnis and not Shi’is, the Ibāḍī Muslims of Oman and some areas of North Africa form a “third branch” of Islam, with their own version of the Sharīʿa law. The development of this law displays many interconnections with the political history of the Ibāḍīs, which spanned from an independent sultanate in Oman, through minority status under Sunni rule in Tunisia and Libya, to isolated desert communities in Algerian Sahara. This article gives an overview over such interconnections between the political (state authority) and the legal, through history and in contemporary North Africa, with some examples of legal discussions from the “Ibāḍī renaissance” (nahḍa) in the twentieth-century Saharan oasis of Mzab.

Sune Lehmann, Yong-Yeol Ahn

In this final chapter, we consider the state-of-the-art for spreading in social systems and discuss the future of the field. As part of this reflection, we identify a set of key challenges ahead. The challenges include the following questions: how can we improve the quality, quantity, extent, and accessibility of datasets? How can we extract more information from limited datasets? How can we take individual cognition and decision making processes into account? How can we incorporate other complexity of the real contagion processes? Finally, how can we translate research into positive real-world impact? In the following, we provide more context for each of these open questions.

Irina Roibu, Paula Alexandra Roibu (Crucianu)

Around the world employment of women on an equal bases allows companies, industries and countries to make better use of the available talent pool, generally with potential growth implication. In Japan, since 2013, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has been a ceaseless advocate for the increase in the number of female employees for the revival of the economy, and many governmental programs in support of working women have been put in place. However, the traditional Japanese management systems of lifetime employment, enterprise unions, seniority systems, together with a group-oriented and risk-adverse orientation make things change slowly. In Romania, the second country analyzed in this article, women entrepreneurs also face professional stereotypes, difficulties in getting specific jobs, traditional prejudices and a collective mentality related to women’s place in society. This article explores and compares how Romanian and Japanese cultures, societies, and economies have either encouraged, or discouraged, the growth of female entrepreneurship on their own territories, and analyzes how the best emerging female executives can be supported in the future in order to maximize their potential. The analysis is based on the data provided by OECD, the World Bank, the Global entrepreneurship monitor, Japan statistics, the legislations of the two countries and the literature related to the two social environments. The findings indicate that although there are many similarities between the two countries, the percentage of female executives in Japan is much smaller than the one in Romania. This is due to the fact that Japan, with all the governmental programs in action, for the moment, still has a stricter social and work environment, a weaker maternity and childcare legislation and a higher gender gap.