Hasil untuk "Print media"

K. Jamieson, D. Albarracín

A US national probability-based survey during the early days of the SARS-CoV-2 spread in the US showed that, above and beyond respondents’ political party, mainstream broadcast media use (e.g., NBC News) correlated with accurate information about the disease’s lethality, and mainstream print media use (e.g., the New York Times) correlated with accurate beliefs about protection from infection. In addition, conservative media use (e.g., Fox News) correlated with conspiracy theories including believing that some in the CDC were exaggerating the seriousness of the virus to undermine the presidency of Donald Trump. Five recommendations are made to improve public understanding of SARS-CoV-2.

Chiara Cattaneo, Paola Pani, Vittorio Palermo et al.

Abstract Background Social media can have a profound impact on population health and should be considered an important determinant of health. No published studies have assessed the potential of Social Media Campaigns (SMCs) as public health tools to address lifestyle behaviours in school-aged children. The aims of this study were to assess the performance of a health promotion SMC targeting parents and carers, compare its cost and reach with a print-based health communication campaign, and document audience responses to the SMC topics. Methods During a 9-month long SMC promoting healthy lifestyles in primary school children, communication materials on the importance of healthy eating habits, physical activity, and of reducing sedentary lifestyles, were posted on Facebook and Instagram. Online social media Key Performance Indicators were used to analyse the SMC within the context of health promotion; costs were defined as expenditures for sponsorship and management of the SMC and for printing and distributing materials for the print-based health communication campaign; a qualitative analysis was carried out to examinate the comments posted by users. Results The SMC reached 1,366,287 accounts and generated 1,791,458 impressions, mostly through sponsored posts. Although the overall budget for the SMC was 2.2 times higher than the one spent for the print-based health communication campaign, the SMC reached almost 27 times more people. Qualitative analysis showed 78% of comments moderately-strongly agreed with the Campaign’s recommendations. Most comments recognized the importance of proper nutrition and an active lifestyle in children, although several users expressed concerns regarding the feasibility of the recommendations. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that social media can be used to convey information on topics of public health concern, thanks to its potential to reach large portions of the population, at a fraction of the cost of print-based health communication campaigns. Our results support the hypothesis that a SMC can be a useful tool to disseminate information regarding healthy lifestyles in school-aged children, with the aim of improving knowledge on nutrition and physical activity among parents and carers. More research is needed to assess the effectiveness of SMCs in changing children's lifestyles and parents' attitudes.

Gregory G. Guymon, Hao A. Nguyen, David Sharp et al.

The unique optical properties of quantum dots (QDs), size-tunable emission and high quantum yield, make them ideal candidates for applications in secure quantum communication, quantum computing, targeted single-cell and molecular tagging, and sensing. Scalable and deterministic heterointegration strategies for single QDs have, however, remained largely out of reach due to inherent material incompatibilities with conventional semiconductor manufacturing processes. To advance scalable photonic quantum device architectures, it is therefore crucial to adopt placement and heterointegration strategies that can address these challenges. Here, we present an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing model, single particle extraction electrodynamics (SPEED) printing, that exploits a novel regime of nanoscale dielectrophoretics to print and deterministically position single colloidal QDs. Using QDs solubilized in apolar solvents, this additive, zero-waste nanomanufacturing process overcomes continuum fluid surface energetics and stochastic imprecision that limited previous colloidal deposition strategies, achieving selective extraction and deposition of individual QDs at sub-zeptoliter volumes. Photoluminescence and autocorrelation function (g(2)) measurements confirm nanophotonic cavity-QD integration and single-photon emission from single printed QDs. By enabling deterministic placement of single quantum dots, this method provides a powerful, scalable, and sustainable platform for integrating complex photonic circuits and quantum light sources with nanoscale precision.

Aayushya Agarwal, Jace Rozsa, Matteo Pozzi et al.

Aerosol Jet (AJ) printing is a versatile additive manufacturing technique capable of producing high-resolution interconnects on both 2D and 3D substrates. The AJ process is complex and dynamic with many hidden and unobservable states that influence the machine performance, including aerosol particle diameter, aerosol carrier density, vial level, and ink deposition in the tube and nozzle. Despite its promising potential, the widespread adoption of AJ printing is limited by inconsistencies in print quality that often stem from variability in these hidden states. To address these challenges, we develop a digital twin model of the AJ process that offers real-time insights into the machine's operations. The digital twin is built around a physics-based macro-model created through simulation and experimentation. The states and parameters of the digital model are continuously updated using probabilistic sequential estimation techniques to closely align with real-time measurements extracted from the AJ system's sensor and video data. The result is a digital model of the AJ process that continuously evolves over a physical machine's lifecycle. The digital twin enables accurate monitoring of unobservable physical characteristics, detects and predicts anomalous behavior, and forecasts the effect of control adjustments. This work presents a comprehensive end-to-end digital twin framework that integrates customized computer vision techniques, physics-based macro-modeling, and advanced probabilistic estimation methods to construct an evolving digital representation of the AJ equipment and process. While the methodologies are customized for aerosol jet printing, the process for constructing the digital twin can be applied for other advanced manufacturing techniques.

Gabriel Aeppli, Alexander V. Balatsky, Stefano Bonetti et al.

We introduce the concept of quantum printing -- the imprinting of quantum states from photons and phonons onto quantum matter. The discussion is focusing on charged fluids (metals, superconductors, Hall fluids) and neutral systems (magnets, excitons). We demonstrate how structured light can generate topological excitations, including vortices in superconductors and skyrmions in magnets. We also discuss how quantum printing induces magnetization in quantum paraelectrics and strain-mediated magnetization in Dirac materials. Finally, we propose future applications, such as printing entangled photon states, creating entangled topological excitations, and discuss applications of quantum printing to light induced quantum turbulence in a charged fluid. This review represents the expanded version of the shorter review submitted to Nature Physics.

Jie Sheng, Tsutomu T. Yanagida, Bo Gao et al.

The electromagnetic memory is a theoretically predicted effect of great conceptual importance. In this Letter, we show that gravitation acceleration can serve as a source to print memory phases in superconducting states, through the electric field and vector potential it induces inside a conductor. This physical picture offers a novel perspective on the control of quantum phases and the test of gravitational effects in conductors.

Ward van der Schoot, Niels M. P. Neumann

With a growing interest in quantum computing, the number of proposed quantum algorithms grows as well. The practical applicability of these algorithms differs: Some can be applied out-of-the-box, while others require black box oracles, which can not always be easily implemented. One of the first works to explicitly discuss these practical applicability aspects is by Aaronson discussing the \textit{fine print} of the HHL quantum algorithm that solves linear systems of equations. We extend this line of research by providing a similar fine print for the first analog quantum algorithm that computes the stationary distribution of Markov chains. We conclude that more focus should be put on this practical applicability of quantum algorithms, either through a separate line of research, or through more attention when introducing the algorithm.

Peiran Jiao, Andre Veiga, A. Walther

Abstract: We contrast the impact of traditional news media and social media coverage on stock market volatility and trading volume. We develop a theoretical model of asset pricing and information processing, which allows for both rational traders and a variety of commonly studied behavioral biases. The model yields several novel and testable predictions about the impact of news and social media on asset prices. We then test the model’s theoretical predictions using a unique dataset which measures coverage of individual stocks in social and news media using a broad spectrum of print and online sources. Stocks with high social media coverage in one month experience high idiosyncratic volatility of returns and trading volume in the following month. Conversely, stocks with high news media coverage experience low volatility and low trading volume in the following month. These effects are statistically and economically significant and robust to controlling for stock and time fixed effects, as well as time-varying stock characteristics. The empirical evidence on news media is consistent with a market in which some traders are overconfident when interpreting new information. The evidence on social media is consistent with Tetlock (2011)’s “stale news” hypothesis (investors treat repeated information on social networks as though it were new) and with a model where investors’ perceptions are subject to random sentiment shocks.

Cassandra Sangiuliano, Julia Moraes, Stephanie Howells

The media play a pivotal role in framing narratives about complex social issues like homelessness. This study conducts a comparative analysis to evaluate how homelessness is portrayed within print and social media in three Canadian mid-sized cities. We explore similarities and differences between news print media and Facebook conversations on the broad topic of homelessness with respect to temporal distributions of discussions about homelessness, conversations about encampments, the diversity of voices included in social and print media reports, and the use of stereotypical and stigmatizing discourse about homelessness. Our study reveals seasonal variations in discussions about homelessness within traditional media, while social media maintains a more consistent conversation throughout the year. In both media types, however, the discussions about encampments are frequently intertwined with themes of crime and addiction. Moreover, we observe greater inclusion of voices from individuals with lived experience in print media. We find that discussions within both platforms echo common myths associated with homelessness, perpetuating negative conceptions in the broader community. In light of our findings, we advocate for greater editorial oversight on how discussions about homelessness are framed in print media, technological advancements to control negative conversations on social media platforms and encourage the inclusion of voices from those with lived experience. Our research contributes to an underexplored area, as we illuminate the mechanisms of discourse that shape public perceptions and attitudes about homelessness in both print and social media.

Natalya M. Mosina

Introduction. The study of the semantics of verbal units that convey relations of mental perception in the Erzya and Finnish languages is due to the need for a comparative study of this group of verbs to identify general and specific features inherent in these languages. Despite the numerous publications on this issue based on the material of various languages, there are practically no comparative works on this issue in Finno-Ugric studies and Mordovian linguistics, which explains the relevance and novelty of the analysis of verbal units containing the semantic component “mental perception”. The purpose of the study is to analyze and compare the most frequent verbs reflecting mental processes in distantly related languages. Materials and Methods. The research material was illustrative examples in the Erzya and Finnish languages, obtained as a result of a continuous and partial sample from texts of various genre and functional styles, including from print media, scientific and educational publications, various dialect and folklore texts included in the linguistic corpus of the Kielipankki Language Bank with the Korp server and MokshEr. In the course of the research, methods of semasiological, comparative, component, descriptive and contextual analysis were used. Results and Discussion. As a result of the research, the concepts of “thinking” and “mental perception” are described, a semantic analysis of their explication at the lexical level is carried out, namely, the most frequent verbal lexemes with the semantics of mental activity based on the material of related languages are identified. The author identifies lexical and semantic groups, which include the verbs of the Erzya and Finnish languages with common semantics “thinking”, “mind”, “thought”, as well as verbal units with positive and neutral connotations. Conclusion. The conclusions made by the author contribute to the study of a group of sensory-moral and mental verbs that make up a significant layer of the vocabulary of the Finnish and Erzya languages, as well as to the development of the lexicology of the studied related languages.

Balabanova Ivelina , Sidorova Kristina , Georgiev Georgi

The article demonstrates the possibility of monitoring user access through authentication based on voice profiles using the means of Artificial Intelligence. A two-stage approach is proposed for sound analysis and voice recognition using Feed-Forward Neural Networks (FFNNs) and Cascade-Forward Neural Networks (CFNNs). Seven test voice profiles were pre-processed to extract quantitative sound features. The procedure involves registration of a set of sound parameters concerning three categories, respectively, for all audio and acoustic measurements in the entire sound spectrum, measurements up to and above 100 dBA. The neural architectures were trained with Scaled Gradient Descent (SCG) and Levenberg Marquardt (LM) algorithms, using different transfer functions in the output structural layers. In the initial phase of neural training, the entire sound spectrum of registered indicators was used, and high levels of Accuracy around 90.0% were reached. Subsequently, steps were taken to reduce the informative features when searching for similar levels of accuracy in order to limit the necessary computational procedures in neural training, but maintain the threshold of successful user authentication. In the analysis of neural performance, in addition to accuracy, additional criteria were used, namely Mean-Squared Error (MSE) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). About the achieved and analyzed results, a synthesis was conducted of a set of four informative features with the highest significance, respectively LAE (A-weighted, sound exposure level), Laeq (A-weighted, equivalent sound level), LAF (A-weighted, fast time-constant, sound level) and LAS (A-weighted, slow time constant response, sound level). In the course of subsequent neural training processes, unsuitability was found when using the Log-sigmoid activation type with greatly underestimated accuracy readings and errors below 58.0% and above thresholds of 0.2300 and 0.4800. Positive performance indicators of voice recognition were achieved with Softmax and Hyperbolic tangent sigmoid activations in SCG and LM training procedures in levels of accuracy of 98.7 % and 96.1 % at FFNN models. Successful correct recognition of the test voice profiles on access and security personalization with a quantitative equivalent of 100.0 % accuracy was achieved in the Linear transfer function for Cascade-Forward Neural Networks. The proposed method and the synthesized neural models in the research can be used as units and modules in access control systems with biometric diagnostics and intelligent recognition of employees in company departments to electronically store classified information and physical access control.

Xueyu Hu, Kun Kuang, Jiankai Sun et al.

Large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in code generation tasks, but their performance in tackling programming problems with complex data structures and algorithms remains suboptimal. To address this issue, we propose an in-context learning approach that guides LLMs to debug by using a "print debugging" method, which involves inserting print statements to trace and analysing logs for fixing the bug. We collect a Leetcode problem dataset and evaluate our method using the Leetcode online judging system. Experiments with GPT-4 demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, outperforming rubber duck debugging in easy and medium-level Leetcode problems by 1.5% and 17.9%.

Xavier Guidetti, Nathan Mingard, Raul Cruz-Oliver et al.

In material extrusion additive manufacturing, the extrusion process is commonly controlled in a feed-forward fashion. The amount of material to be extruded at each printing location is pre-computed by a planning software. This approach is inherently unable to adapt the extrusion to external and unexpected disturbances, and the quality of the results strongly depends on a number of modeling and tuning parameters. To overcome these limitations, we propose the first framework for Force Controlled Printing for material extrusion additive manufacturing. We utilize a custom-built extruder to measure the extrusion force in real time, and use this quantity as feedback to continuously control the material flow in closed-loop. We demonstrate the existence of a strong correlation between extrusion force and line width, which we exploit to deposit lines of desired width in a width range of 33 % up to 233 % of the nozzle diameter. We also show how Force Controlled Printing outperforms conventional feed-forward extrusion in print quality and disturbance rejection, while requiring little tuning and automatically adapting to changes in the hardware settings. With no adaptation, Force Controlled Printing can deposit lines of desired width under severe disturbances in bed leveling, such as at layer heights ranging between 20 % and 200 % of the nominal height.

Maximilian Bundscherer, Thomas H. Schmitt, Tobias Bocklet

In industrial manufacturing of glass bottles, quality control of bottle prints is necessary as numerous factors can negatively affect the printing process. Even minor defects in the bottle prints must be detected despite reflections in the glass or manufacturing-related deviations. In cooperation with our medium-sized industrial partner, two ML-based approaches for quality control of these bottle prints were developed and evaluated, which can also be used in this challenging scenario. Our first approach utilized different filters to supress reflections (e.g. Sobel or Canny) and image quality metrics for image comparison (e.g. MSE or SSIM) as features for different supervised classification models (e.g. SVM or k-Neighbors), which resulted in an accuracy of 84%. The images were aligned based on the ORB algorithm, which allowed us to estimate the rotations of the prints, which may serve as an indicator for anomalies in the manufacturing process. In our second approach, we fine-tuned different pre-trained CNN models (e.g. ResNet or VGG) for binary classification, which resulted in an accuracy of 87%. Utilizing Grad-Cam on our fine-tuned ResNet-34, we were able to localize and visualize frequently defective bottle print regions. This method allowed us to provide insights that could be used to optimize the actual manufacturing process. This paper also describes our general approach and the challenges we encountered in practice with data collection during ongoing production, unsupervised preselection, and labeling.

B. Wiederhold

A decade ago, when I wrote about how handheld devices could be an effective solution for delivering much needed psychological care to people struggling in the aftermath of disaster,[1] I couldn't have predicted the integral roles that these devices, and the social media applications they support, would come to play in our everyday lives 2 Brandon J 6 7 million people just mentioned the coronavirus on social media in one day [Extracted from the article] Copyright of CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking is the property of Mary Ann Liebert, Inc and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )

E. Peters

The aim of this study is to investigate (1) how often Flemish English-as-a-foreign language learners are exposed to English language media outside of the classroom, (2) whether current out-of-class exposure to English language media is related to learners’ vocabulary knowledge, and (3) whether length of instruction (three or six years), gender, and out-of-class exposure to English language media affect Flemish learners’ vocabulary. Data were collected with 79 English-as-a-foreign language learners. They were administered a frequency-based vocabulary test and a questionnaire. The findings of this study show that Flemish English-as-a-foreign language learners are frequently exposed to English language media. The results also indicate a positive relationship between learners’ vocabulary knowledge and exposure to non-subtitled TV programs and movies, the Internet, and written print (books, magazines). Finally, both length of instruction and current out-of-class exposure to English language media had an effect on learners’ vocabulary knowledge, but out-of-class exposure had a larger effect than length of instruction.

Myria Georgiou, Rafal Zaborowski

Sudarmo Sudarmo, Ardian Arifin, Petrus Jacob Pattiasina et al.

This study aimed to answer whether digital devices replace print media in education in Indonesia's digital era. Systematic studies and experts' findings can get a basic understanding of print media that can be replaced by digital media in education today and in the future. For this reason, the researchers have attempted to collect literature and publications related to this theme. Then it analyzes critically to prove whether our hypothesis is accepted or rejected. For example, the way we research seeks to understand the question's theme and matches the findings of several publications that we target from 2010 to 2020. Data sources come from Google Scholar, ERIC publications, and other search engines. This analytical process involves coding systems, content evaluation, in-depth interpretation, and concluding to obtain findings characterized by validity and trustworthiness. The results reveal that slowly the role of electronic media has begun to take over paper media. However, with the condition of Indonesian education in general, the role of print media continues to dominate the world of Indonesian education today, especially in remote areas of the country where modern educational facilities are not yet supported. Therefore, this finding is useful for policymakers and further study in a similar field.

You-Jin Jeong, G. Gweon

ABSTRACT We examined the effects of the reading medium (print vs. digital) on readers’ visual patterns, reading performance, and reading attitudes. Two within-subject experiments were conducted with 74 readers, who read articles using three reading media: print, computer, and tablet. The experimental results showed that in terms of visual patterns, readers exhibited a shorter fixation duration and a higher fixation count during print reading than during screen reading; reading performance, as measured on the basis of reading comprehension and reading time, was equivalent across all three media; however, in terms of reading attitude, readers reported higher levels of perceived understanding, perceived confidence, and perceived immersion and lower levels of perceived fatigue for reading printed text than reading from a device screen. Therefore, the performance gap between print and screen reading is narrowing. However, printed text may still be the preferred mode of reading, as demonstrated by the readers’ preferences.

Shannon Lee

Photo by Kelley Sikkema on Unsplash  INTRODUCTION Patients seeking abortion services in the United States face several problems, including factual inaccuracies about the procedure, the stigma surrounding the procedure, and barriers to quality care across the country. The problems surrounding abortion pose a threat to patient autonomy and beneficence—ethical principles that are usually upheld in medicine. Abortion doulas can enhance patient autonomy, improve the quality of medical care, help women talk through their emotions or the associated stigma, and provide other benefits that can address the problems surrounding abortion. Their role ranges from discussing emotional decisions and answering patient questions before the procedure, to simply holding their hand in the recovery room. In this paper, I propose that the use of abortion doulas may help address some of the problems surrounding abortion by mitigating factual inaccuracies, stigma, and barriers to quality care.   I. Background Abortion doulas were started byThe Doula Project in New York City.[1]They initially worked with New York City public hospitals and eventually expanded to working with Planned Parenthood clinics, as well as other care providers.[2]Over recent years, abortion doulas have been offered in more states such as California, Arizona, and New Hampshire. Abortion doulas can work independently, in a collective, or in an abortion clinic.[3]More often, they work in a collective where they are trained and employed in clinics that are partnered with the organization. Many abortion doulas started working on a volunteer basis. Now, many are funded by donations, which allow their services to be free for patients.[4]When abortion doulas work independently, their rates are based on the specific services that they provide.[5]Patients can seek out abortion doulas through multiple avenues. They can seek out doulas that work independently, work in an abortion clinic, or through doula organizations, such as the Doula Project or The San Francisco Doula Group. II. Doulas The role of a doula has existed since ancient times. The word “doula” comes from the Greek language and translates to “a woman who serves”.[6]In 1969, Dr. Dana Raphael originated the use of the word “doula” in the US to describe a person who guides mothers through childbirth and assists them postpartum, specifically helping them breastfeed.[7]Dr. Raphael encouraged emotionally supporting new mothers through creating the new professional role of a doula.[8]  Currently, doulas are trained in helping women emotionally and physically during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum. Doulas do not provide medical care, but they provide services such as birthing education, massage, assistance with breastfeeding, and educating mothers about the delivery process, such as knowing what to expect and what can go wrong. Research has demonstrated the effectiveness and benefits of doulas. For example, one meta-analysis compared women who received doula support during childbirth to women who did not. The study showed that doula-supported women had shorter labors, decreased complications with delivery, and rated childbirth as less painful than women without doula support.[9]Psychosocial benefits such as reduced anxiety, decreased symptoms of depression, and positive feelings associated with childbirth were significant for the doula-supported group.[10]In the last couple of decades, doulas have become increasingly popular. More recently, doulas have started a movement labeled “full spectrum doula,” in which the role of a doula in supporting women has expanded beyond birth to include abortion and adoption.[11] III. Ethical Considerations Factual Inaccuracies Complete and accurate medical information is fundamental to informed consent and autonomous decision making. Inaccurate medical information about abortion is very common and can come from multiple sources. Currently, there are 29 states that have policies restricting abortion that are not based on scientific evidence.[12]While both state policies and national media may convey false information to the public about abortion, perhaps what is most surprising is when these inaccuracies are presented to patients by physicians or medical facilities. In most states, policies mandate that any medical facility providing abortions develop and present written material to patients that is intended to educate the patient about the abortion procedure.[13]However, in some states, laws have been passed that mandate the inclusion of misinformation in these materials.[14]Healthcare providers try to mitigate the harm of this inaccurate information by prefacing it with qualifiers, disclaimers, and apologies.[15]However, they are still not able to completely avoid harm from the outdated and misleading information, which also often intends to dissuade patients from receiving an abortion.[16]The most common factual inaccuracies include stating that an abortion leads to an increased risk of breast cancer, that the fetus can feel pain as early as 12 weeks old, and that psychological effects of the procedure can lead to suicide and “post abortion traumatic stress syndrome.”[17]All these statements are false and not supported by scientific evidence; in fact, psychologists and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-V) do not recognize a post-traumatic stress syndrome associated with abortion.[18]Furthermore, another common inaccuracy in almost 20 states includes materials with contact information to “Crisis Pregnancy Centers” that provide false information with the intent to deter women from having an abortion.[19] Even once piece of inaccurate information can impede a patient’s ability to make an informed, autonomous decision. When these false facts are given to patients from the hands of trusted medical professionals, it has a more influential impact than when portrayed in media and advertisements. Trust is a core value in the medical profession that determines the patient-physician relationship, and a part of this trust is communicating accurate and up-to-date information; if this trust did not exist in medicine, how would any patient make an informed decision? Where would they turn to for guidance and advice?[20]Challenges to informed consent and autonomy exist throughout medicine, as consent forms are complicated and filled with medical vocabulary that is often hard to understand. Signatures are sometimes scribbled onto forms before a procedure with minimal discussions to assess the patient’s understanding of the many risks and benefits. However, abortions have an additional layer of complexity regarding informed consent due to the religious and moral implications of choosing an abortion, while other common medical procedures, such as an appendectomy, do not carry the same implications. For example, a patient consenting to general surgery would probably not wonder if their physician’s advice against the surgery is due to his or her own moral values, or what the moral weight of the surgery will have on their conscious afterwards. Informed consent, regardless of procedure, should prioritize informed decision-making with evidence-based medicine without moral overtones. When inaccurate, biased, and false information is given to patients from medical institutions, it not only threatens the trust between patients and medical staff, but also prevents women from making an informed decision about their reproductive health. If abortion doulas can be a source of correct, up-to-date medical information, then women can make informed decisions based on thorough and accurate facts that allow them to exercise autonomy. Abortion doulas are well situated to correct the factual inaccuracies patients face for several reasons. First, abortion doulas are trained through a curated program with partnered medical facilities.[21]In other words, abortion doulas are thoroughly trained in patient-centered care that facilitates continuous patient support, which ranges from emotional support to providing accurate medical information when addressing patient concerns. Second, they have the time before the procedure to meet with the patient and discuss pre-abortion care topics such as providing information, addressing concerns, and preparing the patient for potential stigmatization.[22]Simultaneously, the doula can evaluate for any risk factors that may indicate negative emotions after the abortion, such as lack of social support, self-esteem, psychological stability, or multiple abortions.[23]Third, abortion doulas can provide post-abortion care counseling. While the doulas also have limited time with patients after the procedure, they would have more time than other healthcare professionals, such as nurses, to make sure the patient understands the medication regime while also offering psychological counseling for the patient on grief, guilt, and forgiveness.[24]With doulas providing technical post-procedure information, this allows them to answer any more questions that the patient may have about misleading, biased, out-of-date, or false information. Therefore, doulas can enhance patient autonomy by giving more accurate information. IV. Stigma Another critical problem facing patients who seek abortions is the stigma surrounding the procedure itself. An abortion requires many decisions to be made: do you want to be sedated or awake for the procedure? If you are awake, do you want someone to hold your hand or someone to talk to? Do you want to have privacy after the procedure? In fact, the first decision to be made is whether to have the abortion at all. For some women, that decision is immediate, quick, and assured. For others, the decision can be morally conflicting, such as due to religious reasons, society’s stigma, or other reasons. The moral conflict a woman faces when deciding on an abortion is determined by how much moral weight they apply to a fetus or embryo.[25]An abortion can make a woman feel as though they are a bad person or doing something morally wrong, especially if they place more weight on the moral status, or viability, of the fetus or embryo.[26]Regardless of why a woman feels conflicted, the bottom line is that these feelings exist, which can affect their decision-making abilities during the actual process. Our society stigmatizes women for having an abortion, it is our “modern-day Scarlet Letter.”[27]This stigma is under-researched but often theorized to be based on gender-biased roles of women in society.[28]Women who receive an abortion are labeled as “irresponsible” for having an unwanted pregnancy, or “selfish” and “unmotherly” for not wanting children. Therefore, women avoid judgement and prefer privacy during their abortion—but are these choices made because that is truly what a woman desires, or are they making these choices to avoid stigma? And, if they are making these choices to avoid stigma, how does it affect their autonomy as a decision-maker for their own healthcare choices? There is a difference between secrecy and privacy: women may want to keep their abortion decision private, like any other medical decision or health information.[29]However, some women make the decision in secret to avoid judgment and stigmatization. There is evidence that stigma plays a role in every decision of the abortion process. For example, one study explores the reasons why some women prefer to be awake versus asleep during the procedure. Women who choose to be asleep want to be less emotionally present for the fear of “seeing something” during the procedure. On the other hand, women who choose to be awake want to feel present, safe, and receive support during the process.[30]The study also found that most women rated an abortion procedure a “good experience” if care was provided in a discreet and private manner.[31]By preferring anesthesia and privacy, many women try to avoid dealing with the stigma and judgement from others. The stigma also prevents women from seeking or receiving social support.[32]While some women may make these choices because it is what they truly want, others might choose these options to avoid others witnessing their decision and from being stigmatized as a woman who “got an abortion.” Although abortion doulas cannot completely abolish the overarching societal stigma, they can help in several different ways on an individualistic level. Abortion doulas may fit the role of personalizing each experience to fit patients’ specific preferences. Doulas have the time and appropriate training to understand and discuss the emotional burdens that come along with the social stigma that surrounds abortions.[33]They have the training to explore the patient’s reasons for their decisions and can make sure they are comfortable with them. They do so in a non-judgmental way and strive to act as an advocate for the patient.[34]By listening to women and validating their decisions, women may not feel as many negative emotions surrounding the stigma or feel empowered that they made the right decision for themselves, regardless of social labels. This validation and empowerment gives women more agency in their own healthcare decisions while also providing emotional support in a situation that requires many difficult choices. Abortion doulas would become a support system for women, thereby promoting feminist ethics by normalizing emotions in a morally charged decision. They also promote the principal of beneficence by helping patients address any conflict between societal stigma and the woman’s own beliefs and morals. V. Barriers to Quality Care Access to abortion is limited: only 62 percent of American women live in counties with an abortion provider.[35]Many insurance companies do not cover abortions and clinics are often busy with limited availability, staff, and resources. Additionally, many women would need time off from work, childcare, transportation, and other resources to make it to any medical appointments—abortion care is not an exception. Currently, there are no professional programs for abortion providers to offer post-abortion counseling.[36]Additionally, in busy clinics, hospitals, or non-profit organizations such as Planned Parenthood, physicians attempt to provide as many abortions as possible to as many patients, leaving little time for post-abortion care. Provider burn-out is a major problem throughout healthcare, which has become more pronounced throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Many providers, nurses, and other hospital staff are overworked and underpaid while hospitals themselves are overcrowded and underfunded. Moreover, abortion providers may be especially vulnerable to burn-outas they tend to both their patient’s medical and emotional needs during a procedure that has both physical pain and a plethora of emotion surrounding it.[37]With an increase in patient number due to decreased availability of services and a physician’s responsibility to tend to the patient’s emotional well-being and physical pain, this increases the risk of provider burn-out, which in turn, can affect the quality of medical care given to women receiving abortions.[38] Abortion doulas can fill the role of providing post-abortion care and help alleviate provider burn-out in many ways. First, as mentioned previously, they have the time before the procedure to meet with the patient and discuss pre-abortion care topics, provide information, and answer questions.[39]Secondly, abortion doulas can provide patients with the post-abortion care counseling that many physicians and nurses are not able to provide. This role has multiple effects. While post-abortion counseling can help address factual inaccuracies through answering questions, it can also allow doulas to make sure the patient understands the medication regime and how to deal with the pain that follows the procedure.[40]With doulas providing technical post-procedure information, this relieves understaffed nurses of some of their many tasks and responsibilities in the post-abortion recovery room; this will likely decrease the number of women who come back to the clinic or hospital with complications or additional questions. By discussing various emotions during post-procedure counseling, doulas support women by listening to their feelings. Some women may feel relief and joy after the procedure, while other may feel despair, regret, grief, or shame. When a doula listens to and supports a patient, they validate their emotions and indirectly validate their abortion decision, thereby improving the quality of the experience. Lastly, the integration of doulas into routine abortion care allows physicians and staff to concentrate on the procedure itself.[41]The doula can offer patient-centered, hands-on care to the patient while the rest of the healthcare team focuses on their own technical tasks.[42]Doula support can also decrease the need for more clinic staff in the procedure room by “decreasing the redirection of clinic staff resources,”thus creating a more efficient medical environment.[43]As the historical role of a doctor playing every role is becoming more obsolete, and the idea of a multi-faceted, integrative healthcare team is becoming the norm, it makes sense that an abortion doula can fill a niche on a healthcare team for emotionally laden procedures like abortions. The niche that the doula fills is to support, comfort, and be present with the patient throughout the entirety of the procedure in a nonjudgmental way. While nurses and doctors can be supportive, sympathetic, and caring, their jobs and roles include other responsibilities that do not allow them to be a continuous presence for the patient throughout their visit.[44]By having a person on the healthcare team whose  job is to provide patient support, even if it is simply to hold their hand, the patient is more likely to be treated as a whole and provided better quality medical care. CONCLUSION Inaccurate information, stigma, and quality of care barriers are only a few of the many problems facing patients who want to receive an abortion. Each problem poses ethical challenges while also impeding quality medical care and adding to patients’ emotional burdens. Inaccurate facts and stigma hinder an informed decision, and thereby, threaten patient autonomy. The stigma of abortion can also lead to patients experiencing more negative emotions. Furthermore, healthcare barriers include a wide range of problems, from understaffed clinics to provider burn-out, all of which affect the quality and access to care for patients seeking an abortion. Abortion doulas are part of the solution to these problems. They are an extra resource, a set of hands for the patients to hold in the procedure room, and an expert in providing emotional and social support for the patient. They can enhance a patient’s decision-making skills, support the patient’s emotional well-being, answer factual questions, counter stigma, and help provide quality medical care. Therefore, abortion doulas enhance patient autonomy, promote beneficence, improve access to quality abortion care, and fill a necessary role during the abortion process.     [1]Shakouri, Shireen Rose "The Doula Project." Ed. Lee, Shannon2019. Print. [2]Shakouri, Shireen Rose "The Doula Project." Ed. Lee, Shannon2019. Print. [3]Onyenacho, Tracey. "Abortion Doulas Help People Navigate the Process. They Say Their Work Was More Crucial Than Ever in the Pandemic." The Lily 2021. Web. 12/29/2021 2021 [4]Onyenacho, Tracey. "Abortion Doulas Help People Navigate the Process. They Say Their Work Was More Crucial Than Ever in the Pandemic." The Lily 2021. Web. 12/29/2021 2021 [5]Onyenacho, Tracey. "Abortion Doulas Help People Navigate the Process. They Say Their Work Was More Crucial Than Ever in the Pandemic." The Lily 2021. Web. 12/29/2021 2021 [6]Dukehart, Coburn. "Doulas: Exploring a Tradition of Support." The Baby Project. National Public Radio 2011. Web2021. [7]Roberts, Sam. "Dana Raphael, Proponent of Breast-Feeding and Use of Doulas, Dies at 90." New York Times 2016. Web2020. [8]Roberts, Sam. "Dana Raphael, Proponent of Breast-Feeding and Use of Doulas, Dies at 90." New York Times 2016. Web2020. [9]Scott, K. D., P. H. Klaus, and M. H. Klaus. "The Obstetrical and Postpartum Benefits of Continuous Support During Childbirth." J Womens Health Gend Based Med 8.10 (1999): 1257-64. Print. [10]Scott, K. D., P. H. Klaus, and M. H. Klaus. "The Obstetrical and Postpartum Benefits of Continuous Support During Childbirth." J Womens Health Gend Based Med 8.10 (1999): 1257-64. Print. [11]Chor, J., et al. "Doulas as Facilitators: The Expanded Role of Doulas into Abortion Care." J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 38.2 (2012): 123-4. Print. [12]Nash, Elizabeth; Gold, Rachel Benson; Mohamed, Lizamarie; Ansari-Thomas, Zohra; Capello, Olivia "Policy Trends in the States, 2017." Guttmacher Instititue 2018. Web. [13]Richardson, Chinue Turner; Nash, Elizabeth. "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials " Guttmacher Policy Review 9.4 (2006). Print. [14]Buchbinder, Mara, et al. "“Prefacing the Script” as an Ethical Response to State-Mandated Abortion Counseling." AJOB Empirical Bioethics 7.1 (2016): 48-55. Print. [15]Buchbinder, Mara, et al. "“Prefacing the Script” as an Ethical Response to State-Mandated Abortion Counseling." AJOB Empirical Bioethics 7.1 (2016): 48-55. Print. [16]Richardson, Chinue Turner; Nash, Elizabeth. "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials " Guttmacher Policy Review 9.4 (2006). Print. [17]Richardson, Chinue Turner; Nash, Elizabeth. "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials " Guttmacher Policy Review 9.4 (2006). Print. [18]Blevins, Christy A., et al. "The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Dsm-5 (Pcl-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation." Journal of Traumatic Stress 28.6 (2015): 489-98. Print. [19]Richardson, Chinue Turner; Nash, Elizabeth. "Misinformed Consent: The Medical Accuracy of State-Developed Abortion Counseling Materials " Guttmacher Policy Review 9.4 (2006). Print. [20]Pellegrini, C. A. "Trust: The Keystone of the Patient-Physician Relationship." J Am Coll Surg 224.2 (2017): 95-102. Print. [21]Shakouri, Shireen Rose "The Doula Project." Ed. Lee, Shannon2019. Print. [22]Chor, Julie, et al. "Factors Shaping Women’s Pre-Abortion Communication with Members of Their Social Network." Journal of Community Health 44.2 (2019): 265-71. Print. [23]Harris, Amy A. "Supportive Counseling before and after Elective Pregnancy Termination." Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 49.2 (2004): 105-12. Print. [24]Chor, Julie, et al. "Factors Shaping Women’s Pre-Abortion Communication with Members of Their Social Network." Journal of Community `    Health 44.2 (2019): 265-71. Print. [25]Watson, Katie. The Scarlet A Oxford University Press, 2018. Print. [26]Altshuler, A. L., et al. "A Good Abortion Experience: A Qualitative Exploration of Women's Needs and Preferences in Clinical Care." Soc Sci Med 191 (2017): 109-16. Print. [27]Watson, Katie. The Scarlet A Oxford University Press, 2018. Print. [28]Norris, A., et al. "Abortion Stigma: A Reconceptualization of Constituents, Causes, and Consequences." Womens Health Issues 21.3 Suppl (2011): S49-54. Print. [29]Watson, Katie. The Scarlet A Oxford University Press, 2018. Print [30]Altshuler, A. L., et al. "A Good Abortion Experience: A Qualitative Exploration of Women's Needs and Preferences in Clinical Care." Soc Sci Med 191 (2017): 109-16. Print. [31]Altshuler, A. L., et al. "A Good Abortion Experience: A Qualitative Exploration of Women's Needs and Preferences in Clinical Care." Soc Sci Med 191 (2017): 109-16. Print. [32]Norris, A., et al. "Abortion Stigma: A Reconceptualization of Constituents, Causes, and Consequences." Womens Health Issues 21.3 Suppl (2011): S49-54. Print. [33]Basmajian, Alyssa. "Abortion Doulas." Anthropology Now 6.2 (2014): 44-51. Print. [34]Amram, Natalie Lea, et al. "How Birth Doulas Help Clients Adapt to Changes in Circumstances, Clinical Care, and Client Preferences During Labor." J Perinat Educ.2: 96-103. Print. [35]Dennis, Amanda, Ruth Manski, and Kelly Blanchard. "A Qualitative Exploration of Low-Income Women's Experiences Accessing Abortion in Massachusetts." Women's Health Issues 25.5 (2015): 463-69. Print. [36]Harris, Amy A. "Supportive Counseling before and after Elective Pregnancy Termination." Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 49.2 (2004): 105-12. Print. [37]Chor, J., et al. "Integrating Doulas into First-Trimester Abortion Care: Physician, Clinic Staff, and Doula Experiences." J Midwifery Womens Health 63.1 (2018): 53-57. Print. [38]Jerman J, Jones RK and Onda T. "Characteristics of U.S. Abortion Patients in 2014 and Changes since 2008." Guttmacher Instititue 2016. Web. [39]Chor, Julie, et al. "Factors Shaping Women’s Pre-Abortion Communication with Members of Their Social Network." Journal of Community Health 44.2 (2019): 265-71. Print. [40]Chor, Julie, et al. "Factors Shaping Women’s Pre-Abortion Communication with Members of Their Social Network." Journal of Community Health 44.2 (2019): 265-71. Print. [41]Chor, J., et al. "Integrating Doulas into First-Trimester Abortion Care: Physician, Clinic Staff, and Doula Experiences." J Midwifery Womens Health 63.1 (2018): 53-57. Print. [42]Chor, J., et al. "Integrating Doulas into First-Trimester Abortion Care: Physician, Clinic Staff, and Doula Experiences." J Midwifery Womens Health 63.1 (2018): 53-57. Print. [43]Chor, J., et al. "Doula Support During First-Trimester Surgical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Am J Obstet Gynecol 212.1 (2015): 45.e1-6. Print. [44]Basmajian, Alyssa. "Abortion Doulas." Anthropology Now 6.2 (2014): 44-51. Print.