Hasil untuk "Photography"

C. H. Sides

D. White, W. A. Take, M. Bolton

K. Franklin, G. Paxinos

Enrico Giarnieri, Andrea Lastrucci, Alberto Ricci et al.

Emerging digital technologies, including immersive environments (VR/AR/XR) and Vision–Language Models (VLMs), have the potential to reshape digital pathology and medical imaging. While immersive tools can enhance spatial visualization and procedural training, VLM-based copilots offer cognitive and workflow support. Their combined impact on cytopathology remains largely conceptual and preclinical. This Conceptual Exploratory Narrative Review (CENR) examines how immersive technologies and VLM-based copilots may jointly influence cytopathologists’ professional workflow, training, and diagnostic processes, introducing the notion of the “augmented cytopathologist.” A structured exploratory approach integrated peer-reviewed literature, position papers, preprints, gray literature (technical reports, white papers, conference abstracts, blogs), and cross-disciplinary perspectives. Database searches (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus) confirmed a limited number of studies addressing immersive or AI-assisted cytopathology imaging. Thematic analysis focused on four conceptual dimensions: (1) technological capabilities and maturity; (2) workflow and educational applications; (3) professional implications and cytopathologist role; and (4) responsible use of LLMs and VLMs as supportive tools. This approach emphasizes interpretation of emerging trends over aggregation of empirical data, enabling conceptual synthesis of early-stage implementations and perspectives in the field. Immersive technologies facilitate three-dimensional visualization, procedural skill development, and collaborative engagement, whereas VLMs support report generation, literature retrieval, and decision guidance. Together, they offer a synergistic model for perceptual and cognitive augmentation. Key challenges include technical maturity, interoperability, workflow integration, regulatory compliance, and ethical oversight. Figures illustrate representative examples of (1) remote collaborative immersive evaluation and (2) integration of immersive visualization with VLM-based copilots, highlighting potential applications in training and workflow support. The CENR underscores the potential of combining immersive tools and AI copilots to support cytopathology, particularly for education, workflow efficiency, and cognitive augmentation. Adoption should be incremental and carefully governed, emphasizing augmentative rather than transformative use. Future research should focus on clinical validation, scalable integration, and regulatory and ethical frameworks to realize the concept of the augmented cytopathologist in practice.

XI Qi, WANG Mingjie, WEI Jinghe, ZHAO Wei

This study presents an improved You Only Look Once version 3 (YOLOv3) algorithm for small object detection, to address problems such as low detection precision for small objects, missed detection, and false detection in the detection process. First, in terms of network structure, the feature extraction capability of the backbone network is improved by using DenseNet-121, with a Densely Connected Network (DenseNet), to replace the original Darknet-53 network as its basic network. Simultaneously, the convolution kernel size is modified to further reduce the loss of feature map information, to enhance the robustness of the detection model against small objects. A fourth feature detection layer with a size of 104×104 pixel is added. Second, the bilinear interpolation method is used to replace the original nearest neighbor interpolation method for upsampling operations, to solve the serious feature loss problem in most detection algorithms. Finally, in terms of the loss function, Generalized Intersection over Union (GIoU) is used instead of Intersection over Union (IoU) to calculate the loss value of the boundary frame, and the Focal Loss function is introduced as the confidence loss function of the boundary frame. Experimental results show that the mean Average Precision (mAP) of the improved algorithm on the VisDrone2019 dataset is 63.3%, which is 13.2 percentage points higher than that of the original YOLOv3 detection model, and 52 frame/s on a GTX 1080 Ti device. The improved algorithm has good detection performance for small objects.

Laura Patrício Macedo

PT. A identidade de dois grupos profissionais é abordada neste estudo através da relação que desenvolvem com o registro fotográfico de cenas de crime, onde produzem representações diversas de um mesmo evento, a partir de práticas, públicos e objetivos particulares ao espaço em que estão inseridos. Utilizando entrevistas em profundidade com três fotojornalistas e três peritos criminais do Distrito Federal (Brasil), buscou-se compreender, em uma análise comparativa, as motivações e escolhas pessoais que os levaram ao ingresso e permanência em suas carreiras. Também são investigadas as formas de socialização a que foram submetidos os entrevistados para se tornarem participantes dos seus meios profissionais, assim como as margens percebidas para improvisação e inovação de suas formas de agir dentro de seus grupos. Através das fotografias de cena de crime que produzem, a objetividade foi reivindicada como um valor comum à ideologia de ambos os meios. No entanto, enquanto na fotografia forense, esta foi identificada em um excesso de conteúdo e de exposição, no fotojornalismo, o valor foi percebido em uma capacidade de interpretação e resumo dos fatos ao seu público. A relação com o tempo foi investigada através dos discursos dos fotojornalistas, como forma de entender a proximidade entre trabalho e vida pessoal que possuem com a profissão, além das pressões e o ritmo de produção desses profissionais, que estão mais vulneráveis em um contexto de precarização do trabalho. A análise da gestão de interações, possibilitou perceber como os profissionais se posicionam e lidam com as injunções impostas pelos outros atores envolvidos em suas rotinas de atuação. Um último tópico relacionado a questões de gênero foi levantado a partir dos discursos coletados, que indicaram um desconforto com a presença feminina nas duas carreiras. Por fim, o estudo foi capaz de acessar particularidades das identidades profissionais da perícia criminal e do fotojornalismo no Brasil. *** FR. Cette étude aborde l'identité de deux groupes professionnels au travers de leur rapport à l'enregistrement photographique des scènes de crime, où ils produisent des représentations différentes du même événement, en fonction des pratiques, des publics et des objectifs propres à la sphère dans laquelle ils s’insèrent. Sur la base d’entretiens approfondis avec trois photojournalistes et trois criminalistes du District fédéral (Brésil), j’ai cherché à comprendre, par une analyse comparative, les motivations et les choix personnels qui les ont conduits à exercer ces métiers et à poursuivre leur carrière. Je me suis aussi intéressée aux formes de socialisation auxquelles ils ont été soumis pour s’insérer dans leurs milieux professionnels, ainsi qu’aux marges d'improvisation et d'innovation qu’ils perçoivent dans leurs manières d'agir au sein de leurs groupes. Dans les photographies de scènes de crime produites, l’objectivité a été revendiquée comme une valeur commune aux deux professions. Néanmoins, alors que pour les criminalistes, cette dernière était identifiée à une profusion de contenus et d'expositions, les photojournalistes la percevaient plutôt comme une capacité à interpréter et à résumer les faits à destination de leur public. Le rapport au temps a par ailleurs été étudié à travers les discours des photojournalistes, afin de mieux comprendre la proximité établie entre leur travail et leur vie personnelle, mais aussi les pressions subies et le rythme de production de ces professionnels, devenus plus vulnérables dans un contexte de précarisation de l’emploi. L’analyse de la gestion des interactions a permis de saisir comment ces derniers se positionnent et gèrent les injonctions émanant des autres acteurs impliqués dans leurs routines de travail. Les discours recueillis ont aussi conduit à soulever les questions de genre et révélé un certain inconfort face à la présence de femmes dans ces deux professions. Enfin, l'étude a permis de dégager certaines spécificités des identités professionnelles de la criminalistique et du photojournalisme au Brésil. *** EN. This study addresses the identity of two professional groups through their relationship to the photographic recording of crime scenes, where they produce different representations of the same event, depending on the practices, audiences and objectives specific to the sphere in which they operate. On the basis of in-depth interviews with three photojournalists and three criminal experts from Brazil’s Federal District, we sought to understand, through a comparative analysis, the motivations and personal choices that led them to pursue these professions and to continue their careers. The forms of socialisation to which the interviewees were subjected in order to become participants in their professional circles were also investigated, as was the perceived scope for improvisation and innovation in their ways of acting within their groups. In the crime scene photographs produced, objectivity was claimed as a value common to both professions. However, while in forensic photography, this was identified through an excess of content and exposure, in photojournalism, the value was perceived through the ability to interpret and summarise the facts for their audience. The relationship with time was also studied through the discourse of photojournalists, in order to better understand the complexity of their work-life balance, as well as the pressures and the pace of production expected of these professionals, who have become more vulnerable in a context of job insecurity. The analysis of the management of interactions made it possible to understand how they position themselves and manage the demands from the other actors involved in their work routines. The collected discourses also raised gender issues and revealed a certain discomfort with the presence of women in these two professions. Finally, the study was able to access certain specificities of the professional identities of those working in criminal investigation and photojournalism in Brazil. *** ES. En este estudio, la identidad de dos grupos profesionales se aborda a través de la relación que desarrollan con el registro fotográfico de escenas del crimen, donde producen diferentes representaciones de un mismo hecho, a partir de prácticas, públicos y objetivos particulares del espacio en el que se insertan. Mediante entrevistas en profundidad con tres fotoperiodistas y tres peritos judiciales del Distrito Federal (Brasil), se busca comprender, a través de un análisis comparativo, las motivaciones y elecciones personales que los llevaron a ingresar y permanecer en sus carreras. También se investigan las formas de socialización a las que se sometieron los entrevistados para llegar a ser partícipes de sus círculos profesionales, así como el margen de improvisación e innovación que perciben en sus formas de actuar dentro de sus grupos. Por medio de las fotografías de la escena del crimen que producen, se reivindicó la objetividad como valor común a la ideología de ambos medios. Sin embargo, mientras que en la fotografía forense esta se identificaba en un exceso de contenido y exposición, en el fotoperiodismo el valor se percibía en la capacidad de interpretar y resumir los hechos para su público. La relación con el tiempo se investigó mediante los discursos de los fotoperiodistas, como forma de entender la proximidad entre el trabajo y la vida personal que tienen con la profesión, así como las presiones y el ritmo de producción de estos profesionales, que se ven más vulnerables en un contexto de precarización del trabajo. El análisis de la gestión de interacciones permitió ver cómo los profesionales se posicionan y afrontan los mandatos impuestos por los demás actores implicados en sus rutinas de actuación. Un último tema relacionado con las cuestiones de género surgió de los discursos recogidos, que indicaban un malestar con la presencia de mujeres en ambas carreras. Finalmente, el estudio pudo acceder a particularidades de las identidades profesionales de la pericia judicial y del fotoperiodismo en Brasil. ***

Haoyuan Shi, Yunxin Li, Xinyu Chen et al.

Despite rapid advancements in video generation models, generating coherent storytelling videos that span multiple scenes and characters remains challenging. Current methods often rigidly convert pre-generated keyframes into fixed-length clips, resulting in disjointed narratives and pacing issues. Furthermore, the inherent instability of video generation models means that even a single low-quality clip can significantly degrade the entire output animation's logical coherence and visual continuity. To overcome these obstacles, we introduce AniMaker, a multi-agent framework enabling efficient multi-candidate clip generation and storytelling-aware clip selection, thus creating globally consistent and story-coherent animation solely from text input. The framework is structured around specialized agents, including the Director Agent for storyboard generation, the Photography Agent for video clip generation, the Reviewer Agent for evaluation, and the Post-Production Agent for editing and voiceover. Central to AniMaker's approach are two key technical components: MCTS-Gen in Photography Agent, an efficient Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS)-inspired strategy that intelligently navigates the candidate space to generate high-potential clips while optimizing resource usage; and AniEval in Reviewer Agent, the first framework specifically designed for multi-shot animation evaluation, which assesses critical aspects such as story-level consistency, action completion, and animation-specific features by considering each clip in the context of its preceding and succeeding clips. Experiments demonstrate that AniMaker achieves superior quality as measured by popular metrics including VBench and our proposed AniEval framework, while significantly improving the efficiency of multi-candidate generation, pushing AI-generated storytelling animation closer to production standards.

Andrzej Szpulak

After outlining the state of research, the article presents an interpretation of Abbas Kiarostami’s film The Wind Will Carry Us (1999), made using the concept of mythic narrative developed by the author two decades ago. The author reconstructs the deep structure of the story and the mechanisms inscribed in it for the transformation of the main character, and his transition from the state of inner death to life. Taking advantage of its narrative openness and symbolic universality, he inscribes it in a close biblical context. He also considers this procedure legitimate because of the concept of “unfinished cinema” repeatedly presented and affirmed by the director.

Parul M. Danayak, Rupal M. Chaudhary, Zalak Shah

Background: Patients with posterior uveitis can develop vision-threatening complications. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of these complications. Aims: The objectives of this study were to describe different retinal morphological characteristics presenting on OCT in patients with posterior uveitis, with an aim to facilitate early diagnosis to initiate specific treatment and also to observe the response to treatment. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective non-randomized study was undertaken at a tertiary eye care hospital. The study included 30 eyes of 30 patients with posterior uveitis between the period of May 2016 and May 2018. All subjects underwent a set of systemic investigations for etiological diagnosis and complete ophthalmic examination, including OCT (Zeiss Cirrus machine (model number 5000)] imaging). Data were collected and analyzed. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean patient age was 33.1 ± 4.2 years. Infectious etiology was diagnosed in 13 patients (43.33%) of which toxoplasma chorioretinitis (36.66%) was the most common infection. Among 17 patients with noninfectious uveitis (56.66%), Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease and multifocal choroiditis (16.67% each) were the most common causes. RPE-Bruch’s membrane abnormalities were seen in 96.67% of patients. Subretinal detachment (26.67%) was the most common type of macular edema on OCT. Significant differences in central foveal thickness posttreatment were noted in cases with VKH syndrome and toxoplasma retinochoroiditis (P < 0.05). Conclusion: OCT is a useful tool complementary to conventional fundus photography and fluorescein angiography in patients with posterior uveitis.

Taylor Arnold, Lauren Tilton

In the 1970s, the United States Environmental Protection Agency sponsored Documerica, a large-scale photography initiative to document environmental subjects nation-wide. While over 15,000 digitized public-domain photographs from the collection are available online, most of the images were scanned from damaged copies of the original prints. We present and evaluate a modified histogram matching technique based on the underlying chemistry of the prints for correcting the damaged images by using training data collected from a small set of undamaged prints. The entire set of color-adjusted Documerica images is made available in an open repository.

José-Miguel Díaz-Báñez, Ruy Fabila-Monroy

The use of drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for aerial photography and cinematography is becoming widespread. The following optimization problem has been recently considered. Let us imagine a sporting event where a group of runners are competing and a team of drones with cameras are used to cover the event. The media \emph{director} selects a set of \emph{filming scenes} (determined by locations and time intervals) and the goal is to maximize the total \emph{filming time} (the sum of recordings) achieved by the aerial cinematographers. Recently, it has been showed that this problem can be solved in polynomial time assuming the drones have unlimited battery endurance. In this paper, we prove that the problem is NP-hard for the more realistic case in which the battery endurance of the drones is limited.

Alabdulwahhab KM

Khalid Mohammad Alabdulwahhab Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Khalid Mohammad Alabdulwahhab, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Email k.alabdulwahhab@mu.edu.saBackground: Screening of diabetic retinopathy (DR) using the current digital imaging facilities in a primary health care setting is still in its early stages in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to reduce the risk of vision impairment and blindness among known diabetic people through early identification by general practitioners (GP) in a primary health care setting in Saudi Arabia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of diabetic retinopathy (DR) detection by general practitioners (GPs) by comparing the agreement of DR assessment between GPs and ophthalmologists’ assessment as a gold standard.Methods: A hospital-based, six-month cross-sectional study was conducted, and the participants were type 2 diabetic adults from the diabetic registries of seven rural PHCs, in Saudi Arabia. After medical examination, the participants were then evaluated by fundus photography using a non-mydriatic fundus camera without medication for mydriasis. Presence or absence of DR was graded by the trained GPs in the PHCs and then compared with the grading of an ophthalmologist which was taken as a reference or a gold standard.Results: A total of 899 diabetic patients were included, and the mean age of the patients was 64.89 ± 11.01 years. The evaluation by the GPs had a sensitivity of 80.69 [95% CI 74.8– 85.4]; specificity of 92.23 [88.7– 96.3]; positive predictive value, 74.1 [70.4– 77.0]; negative predictive value, 73.34 [70.6– 77.9]; and an accuracy of 84.57 [81.8– 89.88]. For the consensus of agreement the adjusted kappa coefficient was from 0.74 to 0.92 for the DR.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that trained GPs in rural health centers are able to provide reliable detection results of DR from fundus photographs. The study highlights the need for early DR screening programs in the rural areas of Saudi Arabia to facilitate early identification of the condition and to lessen impact of blindness due to diabetes.Keywords: diabetic retinopathy, rural health, primary health care, diabetes mellitus, non mydriatic camera, retinal imaging, fundus photography, primary health care, diabetes, family health, ophthalmology, prevention, screening

Changxi Liu, Jun Hu, Yufei Li et al.

The electrostatic spray technology can significantly improve the utilization rate of liquid medicine under the operation characteristics of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with small load and low spray volume. To explore the settlement law of electrostatic droplets, further improve the amount of droplets deposited in target crops, and reduce the loss of missing target, this study adopted the method of combining numerical simulation and high-speed photography to study the movement characteristics of electrostatic droplets of UAV induction conical electrostatic nozzle. Based on the droplet spatial dynamics theory, a user-defined function and volume of fluid (UDF-VOF) multiphase spray model is established to simulate the trajectory of electrostatic droplet. TEMA software is used to analyze the droplet motion image under electrostatic field, and the characteristic parameters, such as trajectory and velocity are obtained. Theoretical analysis and spray test results show that the main factors affecting electrostatic droplet settlement are charging voltage, droplet falling distance, and airflow velocity. The optimal charging voltage of electrostatic droplet is 14 kv, the maximum charge-mass ratio is 1.04 mC/kg, and the average particle size is 209.77 μm. The numerical simulation results show that spray height, charging voltage, and lateral wind speed have significant effects on droplet sedimentation. The results of high-speed camera analysis show that the induced electric field causes the droplet to adsorb the target crop, resulting in the droplet movement trajectory deflection.

Alnur Alimanov, Md Baharul Islam

Experts use retinal images and vessel trees to detect and diagnose various eye, blood circulation, and brain-related diseases. However, manual segmentation of retinal images is a time-consuming process that requires high expertise and is difficult due to privacy issues. Many methods have been proposed to segment images, but the need for large retinal image datasets limits the performance of these methods. Several methods synthesize deep learning models based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) to generate limited sample varieties. This paper proposes a novel Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (DDPM) that outperformed GANs in image synthesis. We developed a Retinal Trees (ReTree) dataset consisting of retinal images, corresponding vessel trees, and a segmentation network based on DDPM trained with images from the ReTree dataset. In the first stage, we develop a two-stage DDPM that generates vessel trees from random numbers belonging to a standard normal distribution. Later, the model is guided to generate fundus images from given vessel trees and random distribution. The proposed dataset has been evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative evaluation metrics include Frechet Inception Distance (FID) score, Jaccard similarity coefficient, Cohen's kappa, Matthew's Correlation Coefficient (MCC), precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy. We trained the vessel segmentation model with synthetic data to validate our dataset's efficiency and tested it on authentic data. Our developed dataset and source code is available at https://github.com/AAleka/retree.

Bo Zhang, Yuchen Guo, Runzhao Yang et al.

Imaging and perception in photon-limited scenarios is necessary for various applications, e.g., night surveillance or photography, high-speed photography, and autonomous driving. In these cases, cameras suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio, which degrades the image quality severely and poses challenges for downstream high-level vision tasks like object detection and recognition. Data-driven methods have achieved enormous success in both image restoration and high-level vision tasks. However, the lack of high-quality benchmark dataset with task-specific accurate annotations for photon-limited images/videos delays the research progress heavily. In this paper, we contribute the first multi-illuminance, multi-camera, and low-light dataset, named DarkVision, serving for both image enhancement and object detection. We provide bright and dark pairs with pixel-wise registration, in which the bright counterpart provides reliable reference for restoration and annotation. The dataset consists of bright-dark pairs of 900 static scenes with objects from 15 categories, and 32 dynamic scenes with 4-category objects. For each scene, images/videos were captured at 5 illuminance levels using three cameras of different grades, and average photons can be reliably estimated from the calibration data for quantitative studies. The static-scene images and dynamic videos respectively contain around 7,344 and 320,667 instances in total. With DarkVision, we established baselines for image/video enhancement and object detection by representative algorithms. To demonstrate an exemplary application of DarkVision, we propose two simple yet effective approaches for improving performance in video enhancement and object detection respectively. We believe DarkVision would advance the state-of-the-arts in both imaging and related computer vision tasks in low-light environment.

Umer Rashid, Aiman Javid, Abdur Rehman Khan et al.

Nearly 3.5 billion humans have oral health issues, including dental caries, which requires dentist-patient exposure in oral examinations. The automated approaches identify and locate carious regions from dental images by localizing and processing either colored photographs or X-ray images taken via specialized dental photography cameras. The dentists’ interpretation of carious regions is difficult since the detected regions are masked using solid coloring and limited to a particular dental image type. The software-based automated tools to localize caries from dental images taken via ordinary cameras requires further investigation. This research provided a mixed dataset of dental photographic (colored or X-ray) images, instantiated a deep learning approach to enhance the existing dental image carious regions’ localization procedure, and implemented a full-fledged tool to present carious regions via simple dental images automatically. The instantiation mainly exploits the mixed dataset of dental images (colored photographs or X-rays) collected from multiple sources and pre-trained hybrid Mask RCNN to localize dental carious regions. The evaluations performed by the dentists showed that the correctness of annotated datasets is up to 96%, and the accuracy of the proposed system is between 78% and 92%. Moreover, the system achieved the overall satisfaction level of dentists above 80%.

Tzofi Klinghoffer, Siddharth Somasundaram, Kushagra Tiwary et al.

Cameras were originally designed using physics-based heuristics to capture aesthetic images. In recent years, there has been a transformation in camera design from being purely physics-driven to increasingly data-driven and task-specific. In this paper, we present a framework to understand the building blocks of this nascent field of end-to-end design of camera hardware and algorithms. As part of this framework, we show how methods that exploit both physics and data have become prevalent in imaging and computer vision, underscoring a key trend that will continue to dominate the future of task-specific camera design. Finally, we share current barriers to progress in end-to-end design, and hypothesize how these barriers can be overcome.

Adarsh Salagame, Sushant Govindraj, S. N. Omkar

As UAV technology improves, more uses have been found for these versatile autonomous vehicles, from surveillance to aerial photography, to package delivery, and each of these applications poses unique challenges. This paper implements a solution for one such challenge: To land on a moving target. This problem has been addressed before with varying degrees of success, however, most implementations focus on indoor applications. Outdoor poses greater challenges in the form of variables such as wind and lighting, and outdoor drones are heavier and more susceptible to inertial effects. Our approach is purely vision based, using a monocular camera and fiducial markers to localize the drone and a PID control to follow and land on the platform.

Long Xu, Shaoqiang Zong, Jiguang Hao et al.

Droplets with different Weber numbers We impacting meshes at various inclination angles were investigated using high-speed photography. It was found that the droplet mesh penetration can be completely suppressed by inclining the mesh. The phase diagrams in the (We, α) plane determining the expected type of penetration have been determined experimentally for meshes of various structures. It was shown that the Weber numbers for transition between no-penetration and incomplete penetration as well as for transition between incomplete penetration and complete penetration increase monotonically with α. A simple model for predicting the transition thresholds is proposed and is validated by comparisons with experimental results. It is shown that both the inclination angle and the mesh open area fraction determine the type of penetration.

John Mraz

This article explores the importance of photographic archives (fototecas) in preserving the sources with which to create a national visual history and identity. It charts the arc from imperial photography of Mexico, lodged in European and U.S. archives, to the development of Mexican institutions dedicated to the preservation of the photographic patrimony. Particular attention is paid to the photography of indigenous peoples by foreigners and Mexicans, and the location of the archives in which that imagery is held. Some of the archives mentioned are found in Mexico: Archivo General de la Nación, the Fototeca Nacional-Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH), the Museo Nacional, and the Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos Indígenas (INPI). Others are located elsewhere: the Smithsonian Institute, the Getty Museum, the Musée du Quai Branly-Jacques Chirac, American Museum of Natural History, and the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo. Among the photographers mentioned are: Desiré Charnay, León Diguet, Teoberto Maler, Frederick Starr, Carl Lumholtz, Julio de la Fuente, and Nacho López.