Hasil untuk "Philosophy (General)"

A. Kaplan

Saskia Denecke, Felix Strakeljahn, Antonia Bott et al.

Abstract Aetiological models of delusions propose a broad range of predictors. The extent to which these predictors explain variance in persecutory beliefs across the continuum requires systematic investigation. As part of a previous review, 51 aetiological models of delusions were identified in a systematic literature search using PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases. Omitting repetitions, 66 unique postulated predictors of delusions and persecutory delusions were extracted from these models, of which 55 met our inclusion criteria and were assessed in a cross-sectional online sample stratified by delusion severity (N = 336) using self-report and behavioural measures. Utilising machine learning (i.e., random forests with nested cross-validation), we investigated the extent to which the model-based predictors explain self-reported persecutory beliefs, identified the most relevant predictors, and investigated their specificity in explaining persecutory beliefs as opposed to delusional beliefs or psychopathological symptoms in general. The machine learning model explained 31% of the variance in persecutory beliefs, 47% of delusions in general, and 77% of general psychopathology. The ten predictors with the most influence on predicting persecutory beliefs included negative beliefs about mistrust, cognitive fusion, ostracism, threat anticipation, generalised negative other beliefs, trust, aberrant salience, hallucinations, stress, and emotion regulation difficulties. The limited explanatory power of the proposed predictors raises questions about the validity of existing models and suggests that crucial predictors specific to persecutory delusions may be missing. Our findings highlight the importance of investigating, refining, and cross-validating theoretical aetiological models to improve our understanding of the aetiology of delusions.

Fangliang Zou, Yi Fang, Yanshan Lin et al.

Abstract Background Patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) experience significant psychological distress due to infertility, with depression and anxiety being the most common manifestations. This study investigates the influence of family support and self-efficacy on the mental health of patients undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). The aim is to assess the direct and indirect effects of family function and self-efficacy on depression and anxiety in IVF-ET patients through pathway analyses, thereby providing novel insights for improving patients’ psychological well-being. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to July 2021, employing convenience sampling to recruit 291 participants from a tertiary care hospital’s reproductive medicine center. Data were collected using the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Family APGAR index (APGAR), and a Demographic Characteristics Form. Descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was utilized for pathway analysis to evaluate the direct and indirect influences of family function and self-efficacy on anxiety and depression. Results The scores for the SAS and SDS were 46.15 ± 7.35 and 51.71 ± 8.65, respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated that family function, self-efficacy, and economic status significantly predicted anxiety and depression. Path analysis revealed that economic status directly (β=-0.447, -0.232) and indirectly (β=-0.066, -0.068) affected anxiety and depression, while family function both directly and indirectly affected depression (β=-0.323, -0.104), directly affected anxiety (β=-0.351), and self-efficacy directly influenced only depression (β=-0.509). Conclusion The findings underscore the pivotal role of a supportive family environment and self-efficacy in alleviating anxiety and depression among IVF-ET patients. The mediating role of family function between economic status and mental health highlights the importance of integrated support systems. Enhancing family function and self-efficacy as part of comprehensive care for individuals undergoing ART is crucial for promoting patient well-being.

F. P. Ramsey

Diana Ekor OFANA

In this paper, I argue for an Afro-communitarian account of personhood that considers the value of complementarity as a necessary part of human existence. The reason for conceptualizing personhood as a complementary enterprise is to dispel the understanding of gender that sustains gender inequality. I aim to explore the logic that characterizes complementary personhood as a specific kind of Afro-communitarian personhood that can account for gender complementarity. I argue that the universalized idea of patriarchy and gender, as construed within Western feminist theorizing, cannot account for every society as these concepts differ from culture to culture. In this paper, I use complementary personhood as a lens through which a fluid understanding of gender and gender relations can be drawn against the backdrop of the hierarchy and binary opposition that undergird most Western interrogations of the concepts of gender and patriarchy. To do so, I present an overview of what complementary personhood entails. The preceding elucidation would become the basis for understanding the Afro-centric notion of gender relation. I then tease out an Afro-centric triangle of gender relations using the Ezumezu logical system as its background logic.

Edip AKYOL

İnsan, yaratıcının özel bir statü verdiği varlıklar arasında mükemmel bir donanıma sahip olmasının yanı sıra, doğuştan veya sonradan gelişen engellilik durumu da insanlık tarihinde yaygın ve yadsınamaz bir gerçekliktir. İnsan, sadece mükemmel ve sağlıklı bir şekilde var olmanın ötesinde, yaşamın karmaşıklığını ve çeşitliliğini engellilikle mücadele eden bireylerin varlığıyla birlikte deneyimlemektedir. Bu durum, insan varlığının zenginlik ve çeşitliliği içinde, her bireyin benzersiz bir hikâyeye sahip olduğu evrensel bir gerçekliği yansıtmaktadır. Aslında dezavantajlı bireylere olan bakış, o toplumdaki insanların ahlaki seviyelerini ve insana verdikleri değeri de göstermektedir. Seri editörlüğünü Adem APAK’ın yaptığı “Tüm İnsanların Peygamberi” konulu bir projede, on başlık altında Hz. Peygamber’in çocuklar, gençler, yaşlılar, kadınlar, devlet görevlileri, varlıklılar, yoksullar, yakınlar, gayri müslimler ve engellilerle ilişkileri serisinin 10’uncu kitabı olarak “Hz. Peygamber (sav) ve Engelliler” adıyla alanın uzmanlarından Cuma KARAN tarafından telif edilen bu eser, toplumumuzun neredeyse yüzde onunu aşan “engelliler” ile ilgili farkındalık oluşturması açısından önemlidir. Eserin değerlendirilmesine yönelik olmak üzere; Engelli insanların horlandığı bir dönemde gerek bu durumu düzeltmeye yönelik inen âyetler ve gerekse Hz. Peygamber’in engelli sahâbîlere gösterdiği ilgi, empati ve anlayışla dolu iletişimi, engelli bireylerin toplum içinde etkin bir şekilde yer almalarını teşvik etmesinin önemi ve bu değerleri güncel yaşantımıza entegre etmek gibi konular üzerinde durulmuştur.

Joy Gabriella Davidsen

Offentlige debatter om religiøse ritualer preges ofte av at ulike verdier, ideologier og livssyn kolliderer. Rituell omskjæring av gutter er et religiøst ritual som har vært gjenstand for mye offentlig debatt i Norge, spesielt de siste 10 årene. I denne artikkelen undersøker jeg hva som kjennetegner den medisinske debatten om omskjæring i Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening mellom 2012 og 2016, og hvordan den preges av normkonflikt. Debatten oppstod i kjølvannet av Helse- og omsorgsdepartementets lovforslag om rituell omskjæring av gutter i 2011. Selv om lovforslaget hovedsakelig omhandlet hvem som kunne utføre inngrepet, omhandler debatten i tidsskriftet hvorvidt ritualet i det hele tatt bør tillates i Norge og i helsevesenet. I denne artikkelen drøfter jeg hvordan et religiøst ritual blir debattert i et medisinsk tidsskrift, hvorfor debatten fremstår så polarisert og uoversiktlig, og hvordan forholdet mellom «sekularitet» og «religion» fremstilles og diskuteres i en medisinsk kontekst. Mitt hovedfunn er at debatten mangler et felles normgrunnlag for å diskutere rituell omskjæring. Dette gjør at partene snakker forbi hverandre, og i siste instans angriper hverandres standpunkter og etos. Språket preges også av et utpreget skille mellom et «sekulært oss» og et «religiøst dem», noe som vanskeliggjør mulighetene for en saklig og fruktbar debatt.

R. Findler, M. Felleisen

José A. Ruiz S. Román

José Pérez Adán, Ediciones Internacionales Universitarias, Madrid 2005

Thomaz Kawauche

RESUMO No “Contrato social”, os capítulos do legislador e da religião civil parecem incompatíveis com a ideia de um corpo político laico que se autoinstitui enquanto tal e que só se submete a leis estabelecidas por seus próprios membros. Trata-se de examinar neste artigo o método de exposição adotado por Rousseau para descrever, à luz da tradição, sua doutrina contratualista e, em particular, esclarecer nessa doutrina a necessidade da relação entre política e religião no problema da origem da sociedade.

Géraldine Lepan

The article explores the different modalities of the notion of bond in Rousseau’s philosophy (social, civil, political) according to the main axes of his thinking. We begin with the criticism of the sociability of Enlightenment developed in the Discourse on the Origins and Basis of Inequality among Men in order to compare it with the political remedy that emerges in the Social Contract, as well as the analysis that is conducted in the Émile around “the abstract man” cultivating his capacity for attachment. Thus the genealogy of the links can emerge from the relationships of need. Alongside the condemnation of mutual dependence, mapping the notions of link, bond, relationship, node and spring offers full meaning to the positive definition of Man as a “relative being”.

S. Hunt

Maryam Zaeri Amirani, Enshaallah Rahmati, Mohsen Javadi

Avicenna is a renowned peripatetic philosopher whose rationality continuously draws the attention of many scholars. In many of his works, he resorts to the hierarchy of intellects (angels) to explain the process of the emanation of the multiplicity from the One, as well as the emergence of beings. As these intellects are among the ontological causes of the human soul in the arc of descent, they also guide human individuals through the arc of ascent. Angels are of two types according to Avicenna: (1) the intellects who reveal themselves to human beings via mystical experience and endow them with all the necessary means of intellectual and spiritual transcendence and (2) the celestial or heavenly souls who serve them as an examples of vision and intuition. The manifestation of intellects plays a key role in the explanation of mystical experience, because they account for the rationality of mystical experience, on the one hand, and provide a typology of mystical experiences, on the other hand, based on human existential status. Moreover, one can recognize and tackle the existing obstacles before pure vision and intuition via a study of Avicenna's ideas.

KAI BRODERSEN

Aineias (Aeneas Tacticus) legt in seinen Poliorketika dar, wie im Altertum eine kleine Stadt einer Belagerung standhalten kann. Die Schrift ist das älteste militärische Fachbuch, das uns aus der Antike erhalten ist, und bietet die ausführlichste Beschreibung darüber, wie ein Stadttor gesichert wird. Zur Deutung dieser historischen Quelle sind verschiedene, oft hochkomplizierte Modelle vorgeschlagen worden. Der Aufsatz entwickelt eine dem Text eher entsprechende einfache Deutung. Diese vermeidet es, aus anderen Zeugnissen übertragene oder aber nur mit argumenta e silentio begründete Deutungen zum Verständnis des Textes einzusetzen, und macht damit nachvollziehbar, weshalb Aineias weniger auf Technik als vielmehr auf das Vertrauen der Bewohnerschaft zueinander setzt, wenn es um die Sicherung einer von Feinden bedrohten Stadt geht, denn, wie Aineias betont, “zuerst muss man zusehen, ob die Bürger einträchtig sind, da dies bei einer Belagerung das höchste Gut ist.”

D. Shapere

Mauro Scalercio

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it will try to clarify the importance of the Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico (1668-1744) in shaping Edward Said’s categories. Second, it will shed light on the theoretical importance of such genealogy. From the philological point of view, it is important to show how profound Said’s knowledge of Vico’s work is. Therefore, this paper will follow references to Vico within the whole of Said’s work, from late the sixties ones to the posthumous Humanism and Democratic Criticism. As far as theory is concerned, understanding Said’s use of Vico’s concepts explains why Said refers to his own work with the controversial term “humanism.” Vico, critiquing modernity from the onset, is the basis on which Said built a new critical humanism. In particular, Said uses the very essential elements of the philosophy of Vico: the importance of body as the source of humanity, the critique of modern abstractions, the idea that man knows what he makes, and the idea of the historicity of every human invention and construction.   Keywords: Edward Said; Vico; Humanism; Modernity; Historicity; Facticity.

J. Elster

Luis Gerena Carrillo

En este trabajo se trata de mostrar que en el libro II de las Vidas de los filósofos ilustres, Diógenes Laercio establece los rasgos que distinguen como tales a los principales socráticos menores (Jenofonte, Esquines Aristipo y Euclides). De acuerdo con esto, se sostiene que para Laercio los socráticos son aquellos que escribieron diálogos socráticos, pero principalmente quienes elaboraron una propuesta de vida buena a partir de su relación con Sócrates y, en este sentido, sustentada en supuestos filosóficos que se pueden considerar socráticos, especialmente el supuesto de que el conocimiento es el bien. Esta lectura de Laercio es importante porque nos permite pensar a los socráticos como un movimiento con rasgos comunes, que desarrolla la ética, la cual, según Laercio, introduce Sócrates como una disciplina distinta de la física y la dialéctica, pero que constituye una nueva forma de filosofía: una cuyo problema es cómo vivir bien, pero que elabora sus propuestas a partir del diálogo y la confrontación, entendiéndose esto por conocimiento.   Palabras clave: Sócrates, socratismo, filosofía socrática   The Socrates of Diogenes Laertius. Lives of Eminent Philosophers (book II) This paper aims is to show that in book II of the Lives of Eminent Philosophers, Diogenes Laertius establishes the distinctive traits of the minor Socratics (Xenophon, Aeschines, Aristippus and Euclid). Accordingly for Laertius, the socratics wrote socratic dialogues, and mainly those who made a proposal of a good life from their relation with Socrates and based on philosophical suppositions that can be considered Socratic, specially that the knowledge is good. This interpretation of Laertius is important because we think of the Socratics as a movement with common traits, that developed the ethics, which according to Laertius, Socrates introduced as a distinct discipline of physics and dialectic, but it is a new form of philosophy: one in which the problem is how to live well, but it makes its proposals through dialogue and confrontation, understanding these as knowledge. Keywords: Socrates, Socratism, Socratic Philosophy

Kishen Mahesh

Ownership with regard to human biological material (HBM) is addressed to some extent within South African law, specifically in chapter eight of the National Health Act (NHA) and its associated regulations. However, members of the legal fraternity struggle to conceptualise ownership of such materials without objectifying a person or people and risking reducing such individuals to a state of property. This then infers a reduction in human dignity by rendering one-self or parts of that same self as a commodity. The complexity of the issue raises much debate both legally as well as ethically.Â

Efraín Gaytán Jiménez, Manuel Rosales González, Humberto Reyes Hernández et al.

In Mexico, like in other Latin-American countries, mental and cognitive disorders in childhood have become more relevant because of the social and economic impact either at individual, familial or community level. Due to limitations in health care systems, the prevalence of these conditions in children is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of behavioral, emotional and cognitive difficulties in children with different levels of marginalization, living in the metropolitan area of La Laguna, Mexico. An analytical observational cross-sectional study was conducted. The prevalence of ADHD was 14.7% and for anxiety was 15.4%. Cognitive impairment was observed in 25.4% of the sample. Children living in the area with the highest level of marginalization had nine times more risk to present cognitive impairment compared with a low marginalization group, whereas for the medium marginalization group, the risk was six times higher than the low marginalization group. The results demonstrated a high impact of social vulnerability in cognitive development.