Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Lukas Radosky, Ivan Polasek

Generative artificial intelligence attracts significant attention, especially with the introduction of large language models. Its capabilities are being exploited to solve various software engineering tasks. Thanks to their ability to understand natural language and generate natural language responses, large language models are great for processing various software documentation artifacts. At the same time, large language models excel at understanding structured languages, having the potential for working with software programs and models. We conduct a literature review on the usage of large language models for software engineering tasks related to documentation and modeling. We analyze articles from four major venues in the area, organize them per tasks they solve, and provide an overview of used prompt techniques, metrics, approaches to human-based evaluation, and major datasets.

Nouf Bint Majid Bin Saad Al-Muhanna

يهدف هذا البحث إلى الكشف عن تمثلات الفئات المهمشة (البدون، والعمالة، والجنوسة..) في نتاج طالب الرفاعي القصصي، إذ تتقاطع هذه الفئات الاجتماعية في تجاربها مع الإقصاء الاجتماعي، والاقتصادي، والثقافي؛ مما يستدعي البحث والتقصي عن واقعهم داخل المجتمع القصصي وأسباب ذلك، ومن هنا تأتي أهمية هذا البحث في محاولة تحليل أبعاد التهميش، وفهم آلياته التي أدت إلى ظهور هذه الفئات داخل المجتمع. ويعتمد هذا البحث على منهج النقد الاجتماعي، وقد تم تقسيمه إلى مقدمة وتمهيد وأبرز تمثيلات المهمشين التي برزت من خلال البحث التي تمثلت في العمالة الوافدة، والبدون، والجنوسة. ثم خاتمة بأبرز النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث، ومنها أن العمالة الوافدة قد شكلت عنصرًا محوريًّا مهمًا في المجتمع الكويتي، وعانت من الغربة النفسية، والاجتماعية، والمكانية في آن واحد، ومورس ضدها التهميش الاجتماعي، والسلطة القهرية، والقمع، والحرمان. وتعدّ قضية البدون من القضايا التي مثلت إشكالية جدلية في المجتمع الكويتي، فعانت هذه الفئة من الإقصاء والتهميش، والترحيل القسري من وطنها الذي ولدت وعاشت على أرضه، كما عانت من عدم التقبل من الآخر، الذي ينظر لها نظرة دونية، باعتبارها فئة غير معترف بوجودها، مبعدة من المحيط الاجتماعي، ومحرومة من كافة حقوق المواطنة، ومنبوذة من الجميع، تعيش واقعًا مؤلمًا، وتعاني من الغربة النفسية والاجتماعية التي تلازمها طوال حياتها.

Najjini Ina, Ihin Solihin, Khamisah

The series Whispers (2020), produced by Netflix, is the first Saudi psychological thriller that explores mystery and family conflict following the death of a successful businessman. This research aims to reveal the value of justice within the narrative structure, using Tzvetan Todorov’s structuralist theory, which includes five stages: equilibrium, disruption, recognition, repair, and new equilibrium. The mimesis approach is employed to examine how the plot and characters represent Saudi social reality. The findings show that the narrative in Whispers explicitly reflects the moral value of justice through the characters’ journey in uncovering the truth, leading to a new justice-based equilibrium. The study concludes that justice is not merely a plot element but a central message of the story.   مسلسل "وساوس" (2020)، الذي أنتجته نتفليكس، يُعَدّ أول إثارة نفسية سعودية تستكشف الغموض والصراع العائلي عقب وفاة رجل أعمال ناجح. يهدف هذا البحث إلى الكشف عن قيمة العدالة في البنية السردية من خلال استخدام نظرية تزفيتان تودوروف البنيوية، التي تتضمن خمس مراحل: التوازن، الاضطراب، الاعتراف، الإصلاح، والتوازن الجديد. وتُستَخدم مقاربة المحاكاة (الميميسيس) لدراسة كيفية تمثيل الحبكة والشخصيات للواقع الاجتماعي السعودي. وتُظهر النتائج أن السرد في "وساوس" يعكس بشكل صريح القيمة الأخلاقية للعدالة من خلال رحلة الشخصيات في كشف الحقيقة، مما يؤدي في النهاية إلى نشوء توازن جديد قائم على العدالة. ويخلص البحث إلى أن العدالة ليست مجرد عنصر في الحبكة، بل هي الرسالة المحورية في القصة.   Serial Whispers (2020), yang diproduksi oleh Netflix, merupakan thriller psikologis Saudi pertama yang mengeksplorasi misteri dan konflik keluarga setelah kematian seorang pengusaha sukses. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap nilai keadilan dalam struktur naratif dengan menggunakan teori strukturalis Tzvetan Todorov, yang mencakup lima tahapan: keseimbangan, gangguan, pengenalan, perbaikan, dan keseimbangan baru. Pendekatan mimesis digunakan untuk menelaah bagaimana alur cerita dan tokoh-tokohnya merepresentasikan realitas sosial Saudi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa narasi dalam Whispers secara eksplisit mencerminkan nilai moral keadilan melalui perjalanan para tokoh dalam mengungkap kebenaran, yang pada akhirnya mengarah pada terciptanya keseimbangan baru berbasis keadilan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa keadilan bukan hanya elemen alur cerita, tetapi merupakan pesan utama dari kisah tersebut.

Brian DeRenzi, Anna Dixon, Mohamed Aymane Farhi et al.

Speech technology remains out of reach for most of the over 2300 languages in Africa. We present the first systematic assessment of large-scale synthetic voice corpora for African ASR. We apply a three-step process: LLM-driven text creation, TTS voice synthesis, and ASR fine-tuning. Eight out of ten languages for which we create synthetic text achieved readability scores above 5 out of 7. We evaluated ASR improvement for three (Hausa, Dholuo, Chichewa) and created more than 2,500 hours of synthetic voice data at below 1% of the cost of real data. Fine-tuned Wav2Vec-BERT-2.0 models trained on 250h real and 250h synthetic Hausa matched a 500h real-data-only baseline, while 579h real and 450h to 993h synthetic data created the best performance. We also present gender-disaggregated ASR performance evaluation. For very low-resource languages, gains varied: Chichewa WER improved about 6.5% relative with a 1:2 real-to-synthetic ratio; a 1:1 ratio for Dholuo showed similar improvements on some evaluation data, but not on others. Investigating intercoder reliability, ASR errors and evaluation datasets revealed the need for more robust reviewer protocols and more accurate evaluation data. All data and models are publicly released to invite further work to improve synthetic data for African languages.

Boqi Chen, Ou Wei, Bingzhou Zheng et al.

Graph model generation from natural language description is an important task with many applications in software engineering. With the rise of large language models (LLMs), there is a growing interest in using LLMs for graph model generation. Nevertheless, LLM-based graph model generation typically produces partially correct models that suffer from three main issues: (1) syntax violations: the generated model may not adhere to the syntax defined by its metamodel, (2) constraint inconsistencies: the structure of the model might not conform to some domain-specific constraints, and (3) inaccuracy: due to the inherent uncertainty in LLMs, the models can include inaccurate, hallucinated elements. While the first issue is often addressed through techniques such as constraint decoding or filtering, the latter two remain largely unaddressed. Motivated by recent self-consistency approaches in LLMs, we propose a novel abstraction-concretization framework that enhances the consistency and quality of generated graph models by considering multiple outputs from an LLM. Our approach first constructs a probabilistic partial model that aggregates all candidate outputs and then refines this partial model into the most appropriate concrete model that satisfies all constraints. We evaluate our framework on several popular open-source and closed-source LLMs using diverse datasets for model generation tasks. The results demonstrate that our approach significantly improves both the consistency and quality of the generated graph models.

Ruben Becker, Giuseppa Castiglione, Giovanna D'Agostino et al.

The notion of Wheeler languages is rooted in the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT), one of the most central concepts in data compression and indexing. The BWT has been generalized to finite automata, the so-called Wheeler automata, by Gagie et al. [Theor. Comput. Sci. 2017]. Wheeler languages have subsequently been defined as the class of regular languages for which there exists a Wheeler automaton accepting them. Besides their advantages in data indexing, these Wheelerlanguages also satisfy many interesting properties from a language theoretic point of view [Alanko et al., Inf. Comput. 2021]. A characteristic yet unsatisfying feature of Wheeler languages however is that their definition depends on a fixed order of the alphabet. In this paper we introduce the Universally Wheeler languages UW, i.e., the regular languages that are Wheeler with respect to all orders of a given alphabet. Our first main contribution is to relate UW to some very well known regular language classes. We first show that the Striclty Locally Testable languages are strictly included in UW. After noticing that UW is not closed under taking the complement, we prove that the class of languages for which both the language and its complement are in UW exactly coincides with those languages that are Definite or Reverse Definite. Secondly, we prove that deciding if a regular language given by a DFA is in UW can be done in quadratic time. We also show that this is optimal unless the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH) fails.

Sam Stites, John M. Li, Steven Holtzen

There are many different probabilistic programming languages that are specialized to specific kinds of probabilistic programs. From a usability and scalability perspective, this is undesirable: today, probabilistic programmers are forced up-front to decide which language they want to use and cannot mix-and-match different languages for handling heterogeneous programs. To rectify this, we seek a foundation for sound interoperability for probabilistic programming languages: just as today's Python programmers can resort to low-level C programming for performance, we argue that probabilistic programmers should be able to freely mix different languages for meeting the demands of heterogeneous probabilistic programming environments. As a first step towards this goal, we introduce \textsc{MultiPPL}, a probabilistic multi-language that enables programmers to interoperate between two different probabilistic programming languages: one that leverages a high-performance exact discrete inference strategy, and one that uses approximate importance sampling. We give a syntax and semantics for \textsc{MultiPPL}, prove soundness of its inference algorithm, and provide empirical evidence that it enables programmers to perform inference on complex heterogeneous probabilistic programs and flexibly exploits the strengths and weaknesses of two languages simultaneously.%

Gunilla Gren-Eklund

This article is based on a lecture on metrics in literature given at an internal workshop at the Department of Linguistics and Philology at Uppsala University in 2004, with contributions on the topic in classical and oriental languages. It can be read as an introduction to Indian poetics with its focus on presenting metric patterns in Indian poetry with regard to the linguistic issue of prosody as the primary basis for potential comparative studies.

Ya. D. Chechnev, Marina A. Arias-Vikhil

The article explores the approaches to publishing literary works of the East undertaken by the Vsemirnaya Literatura [World Literature] publishing house, founded by Maxim Gorky in 1918. Particular attention is paid to the activities of the Eastern Departmentits structure, principles for selecting texts, and translation methodology. The authors analyze key challenges faced by the publishers, including Eurocentrism in the perception of Eastern literatures, the lack of systematic translations from original languages, and the urgent need to develop unified theoretical and practical principles for literary translation. The article emphasizes the collegial nature of the editorial work, which involved leading Orientalists such as S.F. Oldenburg, V.M. Alekseev, I.Yu. Krachkovsky, and others. Their efforts were aimed at producing academically rigorous yet accessible editions. Drawing on archival materials, the authors examine debates around the balance between scholarly accuracy and literary expressiveness, as well as attempts to establish a standardized translation methodology. Particular attention is paid to the publication of the "Eastern" Catalogue, which marked an important step in overcoming cultural isolation and broadening conceptions of the diversity of world literature. The selection of works was guided by their representativeness and cultural significance, with preference given to translations made directly from the original languages. This ensured the authenticity and reliability of the published texts. The article also considers methodological aspects of translation activity. The authors analyze Orientalists' proposals regarding translation principles, including the necessity of prefaces and commentaries to help readers better understand the cultural context of the works. The importance of collegial discussion of translations is highlighted, as it enabled compromise between scholarly precision and artistic expression. Despite the absence of a unified theoretical foundation, the efforts of the project's participants laid the groundwork for the development of a Russian school of translation. The experience of Vsemirnaya Literatura demonstrated the value of a comprehensive approach to translation that combines academic research with educational goals. This experience remains relevant for contemporary research in intercultural communication and translation studies. In conclusion, the authors note the publishing house's contribution to the development of Russian Oriental studies and emphasize that its work helped to expand the philological and cultural horizons of the Soviet reader. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Sumeyra Unal

Nikolay Fedorovich Katanov, one of the most prominent representatives of Russian Turcology and oriental science, who lived at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, was originally from Khakassia Turks. With his surprisingly wide knowledge of languages and different interpretations, Katanov’s name and works are still well-known by researchers from many parts of the world. Katanov, who knew the languages and dialects of the Turkic peoples of Southern Siberia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe rather well and conducted research on their culture and history, served as a professor of Comparative Linguistics at Kazan University and embed his name in the world of science with the rich scientific heritage he left behind. Unfortunately, such a scientist did not receive the recog-nition he deserved until 1957. Since then, in the programs commemorating Katanov’s birthday held every year at Kazan and Khakassia State Universities, the works that were the results of his 40-year work began to be examined and the different dimensions of these works began to be discovered. There are 382 works known to have been published during his lifetime, but Katanov’s role in the numerous works in which he laid the foundations and guided these works should not be denied. In this study, the sale of Katanov’s valuable library, which consists of the data he obtained as a result of his science trips and all the works on the branches of science, language, religion, literature, folklore, history, geography and ethnography, which he accumulated throughout his life, was sold and brought to Turkey as a result of his wife’s pressure and especially financial difficulties. Additionally, studies on Katanov in Turkish were also mentioned. In the study, we tried to use especially Turkish academic literature and look at the subject from Turkish’s perspective.

Marcus Ziemann

A vexing problem for scholars of the so-called Orientalizing Period (ca. 750–600 bce ) is trying to determine the precise nature of the intense influence of the Near Eastern literatures and mythology on the Greeks. In particular, did Greeks know the literatures and stories of the Near East directly or were they influenced by some indirect means? At the center of this problem is the question of whether Greeks regularly learned Near Eastern languages. By investigating some select Aramaic literary works (Van der Toorn Papyrus Amherst 63 ), I will argue in this paper that the linguistically diverse Cilico-Syro-Levantine zone was an important crucible for transmitting Near Eastern literature in Phoenico-Aramaic to the Greeks. In particular, I will investigate the role of Aramaic as the second official language of the Assyrian Empire and a potential vector for transmitting knowledge of Mesopotamian literature to the Greeks.

Turdaliev Dilshodjon Olimjon ugli

This article examines the cultural and mythological significance of dragons in China and other East Asian countries. It analyzes the historical roots of dragon symbolism and its influence on art, literature, and religion. Special attention is given to a comparative analysis of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dragons, highlighting their shared features and distinctions. Using the methodology of comparative cultural studies, the study aims to reveal the role of dragons in shaping Eastern philosophical and cosmological concepts. Leading scholars in Oriental studies published before 2010 base the research on works. Dragons, as mythological creatures, not only reflect cultural traditions but also serve as powerful symbols bridging the past and present.

Costanza Mondo

This article examines garden imagery in East African Anglophone literature through contemporary literary sources, and sixties-seventies poetry from two East African literary journals. After exploring East African examples of Foucault’s “oriental garden”, I focus on the colonial English garden in East Africa and its transformation into a coveted status symbol after Independence. Drawing on MacKenzie’s “Empire of Nature” and Quijano’s “coloniality of power”, I employ literary sources to read the garden as a locus of Huggan and Tiffin’s “postcolonial ecocriticism” where practices of hope and power dynamics are played out in ways that are as meaningful today as they were in the sixties.

César Guarde-Paz

Abstract This article provides a detailed description of an undocumented use of zaìshì 在勢 as a deontic adverb in Late Qing and Early Republican Chinese literature. This word commonly functions as a verb (“to hold power”) or a nominalized verb (“one who holds power”), but its use as a preposed deontic adverb, meaning “under these circumstances”, is not attested in earlier Chinese texts and has no cognates in other Sinitic languages. The author analyses the syntax and semantics of zaìshì in a large corpus of medieval Chinese texts and early Chinese translations of foreign literature. The article then suggests that the preposed deontic adverb zaìshì emerged as the result of the appropriation of linguistic elements present in classical literature but whose use had been restricted to classical forms of literary composition.

Abstract: The Orientalist engagement of William Beckford’s Vathek and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein has already been considered within the same theoretical framework proposed by Edward Said. However, this study aims at deconstructing the epistemic foundation of Orientalism in both works. The creation of Vathek is not simply a conceptualization of a stereotypical figure that replicates typical Orientalized characters. He is rather the product of a fantastic quest that is epistemologically conditioned by overreaching disastrous knowledge. Vathek’s weird world is engineered within an epistemic framework whose discursive foundation can be tracked down in Orientalism. Likewise, the subjection of Victor Frankenstein to Orientalist practices whets his appetite for the type of experimentation whose ambiance is conjured up from the spirit of Orientalized tales like the Nights. Orientalism functions thus as an episteme filtering any ‘dispirited’ scientific objectives and transforming them into distorted fantasies. All in all, the realization of such fantasies and deviant epistemic quests, in both novels, eventually ends up in crafting a deformed artefact that echoes Orientalism itself in the sense that they are both deviant praxis drawn upon eccentric discourse and assumptions. Keywords:William Beckford, Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, Vathek, Orientalism

Jaclyn A. Michael

This special issue explores historical and contemporary Asian Islamic traditions to offer an intentional grounding of Islamic studies in and as Asian Studies. Utilizing data from South, Southeast, and East Asian materials, the articles examine Islamic languages and literatures, socio-political institutions, legal practices, miracle workers and pilgrimage networks, and contemporary popular cultures. We build upon scholarship that represents global Islam as a civilizational process, a discursive tradition, a hermeneutic engagement, or as a cosmopolis. In drawing on Asian practices we reassess key categories, conclusions, and questions in the study of Islam such as the nature of Muslim centers and peripheries, the role of ambiguity in religious expression, the importance of the visual arts to identity formation, the gendered dimensions of legal authority and practice, the role of languages other than Arabic in constructing the Muslim community, and how modern Muslim welfare organizations and women’s pious fashion serve the aspirational goals of individuals and communities. Rectifying the legacies of colonialism and Orientalism in the marginalization of Asia in the study of Islam, we argue Islamic studies has much to learn from Asian perspectives and that Asia is an exceptional place from which the field can conceptualize Islamic traditions in broader terms.

Saleha Bint Hasan Bin Mohammed al Issa

هدف هذا البحث إلى توضيح مادة (ف. ك.ر) في القرآن الكريم والسياقات التي وردت فيها، وربط هذه المادة بنظرية المعرفة، وتوضيح دورها في إذكاء روح العقل والتفكير، والإسهام في توصيل هذا المفهوم للعاملين في الحقل التربوي، لتطبيقه مع الناشئة، والخروج بدلالة هذا التعامل الرباني مع مادة (ف. ك. ر)، وجاء ذلك في مقدمة، وتمهيد، وثلاثة مباحث، المبحث الأول هو: صيغة المضارع للغائب في مادة فكر في القرآن الكريم، وعلاقتها بنظرية المعرفة، والثاني: صيغة المضارع للمخاطب في مادة فكر في القرآن الكريم، وعلاقتها بنظرية المعرفة، والثالث: صيغة الماضي في مادة فكر في القرآن الكريم، وعلاقتها بنظرية المعرفة، وقد توصل البحث إل مجموعة من النتائج أهمها: أنَّ الفعل المعرفي المرتبط بمادة (ف. ك. ر) في السياق القرآني دائمًا ما يأتي عقب سلسلة من العمليات الممهدة لعملية استثارة العقل، وأن التفكير الفردي أدعى للهداية من التفكير الجماعي، وأن نتائج الأول أدق وأوضح، كما أنَّ دعوة القرآن الكـــريم للتفكـــر هـــي دعـــوة أصـــيلة ومقصـــودة وهادفـــة وشـــاملة لكل شؤون الحياة، وأنَّ الذي ورد في القرآن من لفظ التفكر جاء بصيغة الفعل المضارع (يتفكرون) و(تتفكرون).

Leif Andersen, Cameron Moy, Stephen Chang et al.

The dominant programming languages support only linear text to express ideas. Visual languages offer graphical representations for entire programs, when viewed with special tools. Hybrid languages, with support from existing tools, allow developers to express their ideas with a mix of textual and graphical syntax tailored to an application domain. This mix puts both kinds of syntax on equal footing and, importantly, the enriched language does not disrupt a programmer's typical workflow. This paper presents a recipe for equipping existing textual programming languages as well as accompanying IDEs with a mechanism for creating and using graphical interactive syntax. It also presents the first hybrid language and IDE created using the recipe.

Sungho Kang, YeongHyeon Park, Hyunkyu Park et al.

Scene depth estimation from paintings can streamline the process of 3D sculpture creation so that visually impaired people appreciate the paintings with tactile sense. However, measuring depth of oriental landscape painting images is extremely challenging due to its unique method of depicting depth and poor preservation. To address the problem of scene depth estimation from oriental landscape painting images, we propose a novel framework that consists of two-step Image-to-Image translation method with CLIP-based image matching at the front end to predict the real scene image that best matches with the given oriental landscape painting image. Then, we employ a pre-trained SOTA depth estimation model for the generated real scene image. In the first step, CycleGAN converts an oriental landscape painting image into a pseudo-real scene image. We utilize CLIP to semantically match landscape photo images with an oriental landscape painting image for training CycleGAN in an unsupervised manner. Then, the pseudo-real scene image and oriental landscape painting image are fed into DiffuseIT to predict a final real scene image in the second step. Finally, we measure depth of the generated real scene image using a pre-trained depth estimation model such as MiDaS. Experimental results show that our approach performs well enough to predict real scene images corresponding to oriental landscape painting images. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to measure the depth of oriental landscape painting images. Our research potentially assists visually impaired people in experiencing paintings in diverse ways. We will release our code and resulting dataset.

Intan Mustika Sari

The research on metadiscourse formerly examined the language tools used to construct a speech without looking further at the contextual-related resource. This study aims to investigate the textual and interpersonal meanings of Fred Rogers' commencement speech in Hyland's metadiscourse by examining interactive and interactional metadiscourse resources combined with Salager-Meyer's pragmatic hedges categorization. This present qualitative study adopted Bogdan et al. (1975) research design. The data were taken from Marquette University website on April 9th, 2022, and validated through documentation and audit trails. Afterward, they were identified and analyzed using Hyland's metadiscourse and Salager-Meyer pragmatic hedges framework in the interactive data analysis model proposed by Miles and Huberman which consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The results revealed that self-mentions are the most significant interactional resource, reaching 47.39% of the total metadiscourse found in Fred Rogers' speech, and 30.33% are transition markers from interactive resources. In addition, the most significant hedge categories are shields and approximators that share the same accumulation at 35.29%. It showed that most words represent the speaker's intention to attract the audience's attention and emphasize his message by portraying the speaker's identity, attitude, and personal doubt. These results contribute to an understanding of metadiscourse markers and pragmatic hedges used for involving the speaker as the major constructor of discourse produced through the selection of markers in his utterances. The implications of this study can be a reference in selecting the linguistic markers to build effective communication for engaging the audience through discourse.