Hasil untuk "Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry"

Michael F. Green, Keith H. Nuechterlein

Diana Shvydka, Victor Karpov

We develop a quantitative model of ionization processes in biological tissues under Ultra High Dose Rate (UHDR) radiation. The underlying conjecture is that of electron-hole liquid (EHL) forming in water based substances of biological tissues. Unlike the earlier known EHL in semiconductor crystals, the charge carriers here are low mobile due to strong interactions with the background (solvated electrons, etc.); hence, EHL resembling ionic melts. Similar to all ionic systems, the Coulomb coupling makes that EHL energetically favorable that leads to recombination barriers suppressing subsequent structural transformations. In particular, generation of secondary reactive species in such EHL becomes limited translating into reduction of biological damages and tissue sparing effect. We show how these processes are sensitive to the tissue quality and frequency dispersion of the dielectric permittivity. Equations for dose and dose rate defining the sparing thresholds are derived.

Una Tonkovic, Marko Bogicevic, Aarish Manzar et al.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a thrombotic microangiopathy primarily affecting the kidneys, can also involve the central nervous system (CNS), often leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Neurologic manifestations are among the most severe extra-renal complications, particularly in children and during outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)-associated HUS (typical (tHUS)). This review explores the clinical spectrum, pathophysiology, diagnostic workup, and age-specific outcomes of neurologic involvement in both typical (tHUS) and atypical (aHUS). Neurologic complications occur in up to 11% of pediatric and over 40% of adult STEC-HUS cases in outbreak settings. Presentations include seizures, encephalopathy, focal deficits, movement disorders, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) commonly reveals basal ganglia or parieto-occipital lesions, though subtle or delayed findings may occur. Laboratory workup typically confirms microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA), thrombocytopenia, and kidney damage, with additional markers of inflammation or metabolic dysregulation. Eculizumab is the first-line treatment for aHUS with CNS involvement, while its utility in STEC-HUS remains uncertain. Although many children recover fully, those with early CNS involvement are at greater risk of developing epilepsy, cognitive delays, or fine motor deficits. Adults may experience lingering neurocognitive symptoms despite apparent clinical recovery. Differences in presentation and imaging findings between age groups emphasize the need for tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Comprehensive neurorehabilitation and long-term follow-up are crucial for identifying residual deficits. Continued research into predictive biomarkers, neuroprotective interventions, and standardized treatment protocols is needed for improving outcomes in HUS patients with neurological complications.

Yingying Zhu, Haiying Hua, Li Sheng et al.

ObjectivesLymphoma patients often experience significant physical and psychological stress, with feelings of powerlessness negatively impacting their health. While social support and hope are crucial for improving mood and coping with disease, their mechanisms in relation to disease perception and powerlessness remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the relationship between disease perception and feelings of powerlessness in lymphoma patients, focusing on the mediating roles of social support and hope.MethodsFor a cross-sectional design, 311 lymphoma patients were surveyed using the Brief illness perception questionnaire, Powerlessness assessment tool, Social Support Rating Scale, and Herth’s Hope Scale, and were statistically analyzed using the software SPSS 27.0 and PROCESS version 4.1.ResultsA correlation was found between the disease perception, social support, hope level, and feeling of powerlessness of lymphoma patients (P < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between perceptions of illness and powerlessness (β= 0.291, P<0.001), and disease perception could influence powerlessness through three indirect pathways: the separate mediating effect of social support [β= 0.057, 95%CI (0.029~0.091)], the separate mediating effect of level of hope [β= 0.07, 95%CI (0.034~ 0.107)], and the chain mediating effect of social support and hope level [β= 0.019, 95%CI (0.008~0.033)]. Social support and level of hope played a partial medium mediating effect in the effect of perceived disease on feelings of powerlessness, accounting for 13.04% and 16.02% of the total effect, respectively, and the chained mediating effect of both accounted for 4.35% of the total effect.ConclusionsDisease perception and powerlessness were positively correlated in lymphoma patients, and in addition, social support and level of hope mediated the relationship. This conclusion provides a theoretical basis and guidance for nursing interventions to reduce powerlessness in lymphoma patients.

Frontiers Editorial Office

Takehiro Tottori, Tetsuya J. Kobayashi

Biological information processing manifests a huge variety in its complexity and capability among different organisms, which presumably stems from the evolutionary optimization under limited computational resources. Starting from the simplest memory-less responsive behaviors, more complicated information processing using internal memory may have developed in the evolution as more resources become available. In this letter, we report that optimal information processing strategy can show discontinuous transitions along with the available resources, i.e., reliability of sensing and intrinsic dynamics, or the cost of memory control. In addition, we show that transition is not always progressive but can be regressed. Our result obtained under a minimal setup suggests that the capability and complexity of information processing would be an evolvable trait that can switch back and forth between different strategies and architectures in a punctuated manner.

Souvik Sadhukhan, Subhodeep Dey, Smarajit Karmakar et al.

Dynamics is central to living systems. In the last two decades, experiments have revealed that the dynamics in diverse biological systems - from intracellular cytoplasm to cellular and organismal aggregates - are remarkably similar to that in dense systems of inanimate particles in equilibrium. They show a glass transition from a solid-like jammed state to a fluid-like flowing state, where a moderate change in control parameter leads to an enormous variation in relaxation time. However, biological systems have crucial differences from the equilibrium systems: the former have activity that drives them out of equilibrium, novel control parameters, and enormous levels of complexity. These active systems showing glassy dynamics are known as active glasses. The field is at the interface of physics and biology, freely borrowing tools from both disciplines and promising novel, fascinating discoveries. We review the experiments that started this field, simulations that have been instrumental for insights, and theories that have helped unify diverse phenomena, reveal correlations, and make novel quantitative predictions. We discuss the primary characteristics that define a glassy system. For most concepts, we first discuss the known equilibrium scenario and then present the key aspects when activity is introduced. We end the article with a discussion of the challenges in the field and possible future directions.

Markanday Sharma, Prateek Yadav, Srikrishna P. Panda

Diagnostic and interventional aspects of psychiatric care can be augmented by the use of digital health technologies. Recent studies have tried to explore the use of artificial intelligence-driven technologies in screening, diagnosing, and treating psychiatric disorders. This short communication presents a current perspective on using Artificial Intelligence in psychiatry.

Anis Ernawati

Introduction: Children with special needs are often considered to be cursed. They are frequently ostracized from society thus making them feel lonely. This paper aims to help patients, especially children with special needs, find good friends through the review of current studies. Methods: This study used a descriptive quantitative method and data that was retrieved from Child and Adolescence Psychiatric Outpatients Daycare, Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya with 80 children with ADHD and 160 children with ASD. Results: A common intervention used in Indonesia is applied behavior analysis (ABA), a method that trains children to have social skills such as how to communicate, interact, and express themselves in social settings. Besides personal intervention, the need for integrated care for children with special needs such as pharmacological therapy, speech and behavioral therapy, occupational therapy, and special education, is needed to support them in helping them make friends. Conclusion: To help children with special needs make friends, we can give support, appreciation, and motivation. However, children with special needs need different treatment from their peers, so special attention and understanding are needed so that children with special needs can socialize and make friends well. Keywords: Children, Special Needs, Friends, Mental Health, Loneliness

Pengsheng Hui, Yu Jiang, Jie Wang et al.

BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that significantly benefits from early diagnosis for effective disease management and intervention. Despite advancements in medical technology, there remains a critical gap in the early and non-invasive detection of PD. Current diagnostic methods are often invasive, expensive, or late in identifying the disease, leading to missed opportunities for early intervention.ObjectiveThe goal of this study is to explore the efficiency and accuracy of combining fNIRS technology with machine learning algorithms in diagnosing early-stage PD patients and to evaluate the feasibility of this approach in clinical practice.MethodsUsing an ETG-4000 type near-infrared brain function imaging instrument, data was collected from 120 PD patients and 60 healthy controls. This cross-sectional study employed a multi-channel mode to monitor cerebral blood oxygen changes. The collected data were processed using a general linear model and β values were extracted. Subsequently, four types of machine learning models were developed for analysis: Support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbors (K-NN), random forest (RF), and logistic regression (LR). Additionally, SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) technology was applied to enhance model interpretability.ResultsThe SVM model demonstrated higher accuracy in differentiating between PD patients and control group (accuracy of 85%, f1 score of 0.85, and an area under the ROC curve of 0.95). SHAP analysis identified the four most contributory channels (CH) as CH01, CH04, CH05, and CH08.ConclusionThe model based on the SVM algorithm exhibited good diagnostic performance in the early detection of PD patients. Future early diagnosis of PD should focus on the Frontopolar Cortex (FPC) region.

P. Abizanda Saro, M. Valles Salgado, M. Gil Moreno et al.

Donna J. Oeffinger, PhD, Henry Iwinski, MD, Vishwas Talwalkar, MD et al.

Background: Despite widespread usage of the SRS-22r questionnaire (Scoliosis Research Society Questionnaire-22r), the English version has only sparingly been subjected to analysis using modern psychometric techniques for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The study purpose was to improve interpretation and clinical utility of the SRS-22r for adolescents with AIS by generating additional robust evidence, using modern statistical techniques. Questions about (1) Structure and (2) Item and Scale Functioning are addressed and interpreted for clinicians and researchers. Methods: This retrospective case review analyzed SRS-22r data collected from 1823 patients (mean age 14.9±2.2years) with a primary diagnosis of AIS who clinically completed an SRS-22r questionnaire.Individual SRS-22r questions and domain scores were retrieved through data queries. Patient information collected through chart review included diagnosis, age at assessment, sex, race and radiographic parameters. From 6044 SRS-22r assessments, 1 assessment per patient was randomly selected. Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) and item response theory (IRT) techniques were used for data modeling, item calibration, and reliability assessment. Results: ESEM demonstrated acceptable fit to the data: χ2 (130)=343.73, p<.001; RMSEA=0.035; CFI=0.98; TLI=0.96; SRMR=0.02. Several items failed to adequately load onto their assigned factor. Item fit was adequate for all items except SRSq10 (Self-Image), SRSq16 (Mental Health), and SRSq20 (Mental Health). IRT models found item discriminations are within normal levels for items in psychological measures, except items SRSq1 (pain), SRSq2 (pain), and SRSq16 (mental health). Estimated reliability of the Function domain (ρ=0.69) was low, however, Pain, Self-Image and Mental Health domains exhibited high (ρ>0.80) reliability. Conclusions: Modern psychometric assessment of the SRS-22r, in adolescent patients with AIS, are presented and interpreted to assist clinicians and researchers in understanding its strengths and limitations. Overall, the SRS-22r demonstrated good psychometric properties in all domains except function. Cautious interpretation of the total score is suggested, as it does not reflect a single HRQoL construct.

B. Sousa, Z. Sá, Joana Ramos

Schizophrenia, like many mental disorders, was historically viewed as madness or demonic possession until the 18th century when psychiatry began to emerge as a scientific discipline. French psychiatrist Bénédict Morel played a pivotal role in this transformation by coining the term "démence précoce." He used this term to describe a set of clinical features observed in schizophrenia, suggesting that it was due to an inherent biological defect that progressively worsened through successive generations. German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin further refined Morel's ideas by developing the concept of "dementia praecox". He described a cluster of symptoms and signs characterized by a specific course and outcome, emphasizing the chronic and deteriorative nature of the illness. Kraepelin's work laid the groundwork for modern understanding, emphasizing the classification of psychiatric conditions based on symptom clusters, progression, and outcomes. In the early 20th century, Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler introduced the term "schizophrenia", marking a significant shift in the conceptualization of the disorder. He viewed it not as a single disease but as a group of related disorders, which he called the "group of schizophrenias." Bleuler focused on the splitting of cognitive functions—such as thinking, feeling, and behavior—recognizing a broader spectrum of symptoms beyond the purely degenerative model proposed by Kraepelin. The evolution of schizophrenia's conceptualization reflects broader developments in neuropsychiatry, neuropsychopharmacology, and neuroscience. Advances in these fields have refined diagnostic criteria, understanding of neurobiological underpinnings, and treatment approaches. However, the journey to fully understanding schizophrenia is ongoing. The complexities of its causes, manifestations, and treatments mean that its history—and the final chapter of its understanding—remains to be written, as new research continues to challenge and expand upon existing knowledge.

Douglas F. Watt

ABSTRACT The separation distress hypothesis of depression, formulated in 2009, offered an affective neuroscience perspective on our most common and costly mental health condition, as an alternative to molecular reductionism in psychiatry. Our hypothesis constituted a neurobiological extension of classic work on depression as intrinsically related to attachment and loss, integrating psychological and neurobiological findings from clinical and preclinical models. We posited three ideas: 1) depression is an evolutionarily conserved vulnerability within the social-affective endowment of mammalian brains, involving interactions between separation distress and other conserved CNS systems; 2) this mechanism adaptively shuts down protracted separation distress, potentially lethal to infant mammals, and thus protective in a circumscribed form, explaining its conservation; 3) this process has no single biological ‘lever’ and is instantiated through complex recursion. Like other conserved processes, it overlaps with kindred processes also serving behavioral shutdown, particularly hibernation and sickness behavior. Epicenters for depression include a large array of systems regulating the CNS and its behavioral/affective states: the stress axis, immune systems, monoamine and cholinergic systems, GABA and glutamate systems, and large molecule pro-social neuropeptide systems, all dynamically linked. This review tracks multiple developments in the last 10 years including growing public health and healthcare awareness about the biological and not just psychological impact of our primary relationships, and its corollary, the neurobiologically destructive effects of trauma, abuse, neglect, and social isolation. Secure attachment is both a psychological and biological necessity, and its loss or traumatic disruption may constitute a fertile ground for depression in all its forms.

S. Furkan Ozturk, Dimitar D. Sasselov, John D. Sutherland

Biological systems are homochiral, raising the question of how a racemic mixture of prebiotically synthesized biomolecules could attain a homochiral state at the network level. Based on our recent results, we aim to address a related question of how chiral information might have flowed in a prebiotic network. Utilizing the crystallization properties of the central RNA precursor known as ribose-aminooxazoline (RAO), we showed that its homochiral crystals can be obtained from its fully racemic solution on a magnetic mineral surface, due to the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. Moreover, we uncovered a mechanism facilitated by the CISS effect through which chiral molecules, like RAO, can uniformly magnetize such surfaces in a variety of planetary environments in a persistent manner. All this is very tantalizing, because recent experiments with tRNA analogs demonstrate high stereoselectivity in the attachment of L-amino acids to D-ribonucleotides, enabling the transfer of homochirality from RNA to peptides. Therefore the biological homochirality problem may be reduced to ensuring that a single common RNA precursor (e.g. RAO) can be made homochiral. The emergence of homochirality at RAO then allows for the chiral information to propagate through RNA, then to peptides, and ultimately, through enantioselective catalysis, to metabolites. This directionality of the chiral information flow parallels that of the central dogma of molecular biology--the unidirectional transfer of genetic information from nucleic acids to proteins.

Chongbin Zheng, Evelyn Tang

Long and stable timescales are often observed in complex biochemical networks, such as in emergent oscillations. How these robust dynamics persist remains unclear, given the many stochastic reactions and shorter time scales demonstrated by underlying components. We propose a topological model that produces long oscillations around the network boundary, reducing the system dynamics to a lower-dimensional current in a robust manner. Using this to model KaiC, which regulates the circadian rhythm in cyanobacteria, we compare the coherence of oscillations to that in other KaiC models. Our topological model localizes currents on the system edge, with an efficient regime of simultaneously increased precision and decreased cost. Further, we introduce a new predictor of coherence from the analysis of spectral gaps, and show that our model saturates a global thermodynamic bound. Our work presents a new mechanism and parsimonious description for robust emergent oscillations in complex biological networks.

Ken Sakamoto, Takuma Akimoto, Mayu Muramatsu et al.

Cell membranes phase separate into ordered ${\rm L_o}$ and disordered ${\rm L_d}$ domains depending on their compositions. This membrane compartmentalization is heterogeneous and regulates the localization of specific proteins related to cell signaling and trafficking. However, it is unclear how the heterogeneity of the membranes affects the diffusion and localization of proteins in ${\rm L_o}$ and ${\rm L_d}$ domains. Here, using Langevin dynamics simulations coupled with the phase-field (LDPF) method, we investigate several tens of milliseconds-scale diffusion and localization of proteins in heterogeneous biological membrane models showing phase separation into ${\rm L_o}$ and ${\rm L_d}$ domains. The diffusivity of proteins exhibits temporal fluctuations depending on the field composition. Increases in molecular concentrations and domain preference of the molecule induce subdiffusive behavior due to molecular collisions by crowding and confinement effects, respectively. Moreover, we quantitatively demonstrate that the protein partitioning into the ${\rm L_o}$ domain is determined by the difference in molecular diffusivity between domains, molecular preference of domain, and molecular concentration. These results pave the way for understanding how biological reactions caused by molecular partitioning may be controlled in heterogeneous media. Moreover, the methodology proposed here is applicable not only to biological membrane systems but also to the study of diffusion and localization phenomena of molecules in various heterogeneous systems.

Nicolas A. Nunez, Boney Joseph, Rakesh Kumar et al.

Ketamine has shown rapid antidepressant and anti-suicidal effects in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) with single and serial intravenous (IV) infusions, but the effectiveness for depressive episodes of bipolar disorder is less clear. We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis to appraise the current evidence on the efficacy and tolerability of ketamine/esketamine in bipolar depression. A search was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies examining single or multiple infusions of ketamine or esketamine treatments. A total of 2657 articles were screened; 11 studies were included in the systematic review of which 7 studies were included in the meta-analysis (five non-randomized, N = 159; two RCTs, N = 33) with a mean age of 42.58 ± 13.1 years and 54.5% females. Pooled analysis from two RCTs showed a significant improvement in depression symptoms measured with MADRS after receiving a single infusion of ketamine (1-day WMD = −11.07; and 2 days WMD = −12.03). Non-randomized studies showed significant response (53%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and remission rates (38%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) at the study endpoint. The response (54% vs. 55%) and remission (30% vs. 40%) rates for single versus serial ketamine infusion studies were similar. The affective switch rate in the included studies approximated 2.4%. Esketamine data for bipolar depression are limited, based on non-randomized, small sample-sized studies. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required to strengthen the evidence.

A. Syrine, F. Rim, B. Olfa et al.

Introduction Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental process affecting approximately 1% of the population. Multiple studies have found that Childhood trauma is an important risk factor in the emergence and clinical course of schizophrenia. Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics of schizophrenic inpatients with childhood trauma among a tunisian sample. Methods Stabilized inpatients with schizophrenia at the Psychiatry C department at University Hospital in Sfax were involved in our study. Sociodemographic and clinical data of patients were collected from medical records. We used Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) to evaluate the occurrence of childhood maltreatment. Results We recruited 33 patients, all men with a mean age of 35 years and 4 months (SD=9.44 years). They were married in 6.1% and 24.2% of patients had regular work. The mean age of onset of the disorder was 24.42(3.25).The level of poor psychotropic medication adherence was 72.7%. According to CTQ-SF, 78.8% of patients had experienced child trauma with a mean score of 35.67 (SD =8.61). A rate of 39.4% reported having experienced one child trauma, while 60.6% reported having experienced more than one. We found high rates of emotional neglect (87.8%) while emotional and physical abuse during childhood were experienced by 39.4%, and 6% respectively and physical neglect were found in 30.3% of cases. Patients with more than one childhood trauma were found to have an earlier onset of psychosis (p=0.004) The occurrence of childhood trauma was not associated with the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents or the clinical features of the disease. Conclusions The results point toward childhood emotional neglect being of specific importance to schizophrenia, which may be an area for future prevention and clinical attention. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Yaru Li, Lu Wang, Qiaoyu Han et al.

Abstract Introduction Chronic postoperative pain poses challenges, emphasizing the importance of accurately predicting pain in advance. Generally, pain perception is associated with the temporal dynamics of the brain, which can be represented by microstates. Specifically, microstates are transient and patterned brain topographies formed by temporally overlapping and spatially synchronized oscillatory activities. Consequently, by characterizing brain activity, microstates offer valuable insights into pain perception. Methods In this prospective study, 66 female patients undergoing breast cancer surgery were included. Their preoperative resting‐state electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. Preoperative resting‐state EEG was recorded and four specific brain microstates (labeled as A, B, C, and D) were extracted. Temporal characteristics were then analyzed from these microstates. Patients were classified into two groups based on their Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scores at three months postoperatively. Those with NRS scores ranging from 4 to 10 were classified as the high pain group, while patients with NRS ranging from 0 to 3 were classified as the lowpain group. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the microstate characteristics between these two groups. Results Twenty‐one patients (32%) were classified as the high pain group and forty‐five (68%) as the low‐pain group. The occurrence and coverage of microstate C were significantly higher in the high pain group. Additionally, there were significant differences in the microstates transitions between the two groups. Furthermore, the study revealed a positive correlation between the coverage of microstate C and the NRS. Conclusions Preoperative resting‐state microstate features have shown correlations with postoperative pain. This study presents a novel and advanced perspective on the potential of microstates as a marker for postoperative pain.