Hasil untuk "Modern history, 1453-"

J. Goldstone

Павел Леонидович Карабущенко

Знаменитая «Столетняя война» между Французским и Английским королевствами длилась 115 лет с 1337 по 1453 год. Она шла нерегулярно с неравномерными и частными перерывами. Наблюдаемые в настоящее время в политическом пространстве конфликты, зародились примерно столетие назад и продолжаются с переменной силой и интенсивностью. Они тоже напоминают собой новую Столетнюю войну – войну «коллективного Запада» против одинокой России. «Столетняя» – это значит война, которая длится больше ста лет, а Запад воюет с Россией уже не одно столетие. И всякий раз обострение случается тогда, когда на горизонте политических событий всплывает тень ее русофобской химеры. Как свидетельствует политическая история, сила России в её одиночестве, которое понимается как самодостаточность, суверенитет и реализованный на практике собственный имперский проект. Россия – это государство-цивилизация со своим собственным имперским проектом. Она – цивилизация по сути и империя по духу. Именно такое её поведение больше всего и не устраивает и возмущает «коллективный Запад», который окончательно сполз на позиции откровенной русофобской истерии. Новая Столетняя война тоже характеризуется своей крайней политической неопределенностью и конкретными военными столкновениями. Стороны не умеют договариваться и потому постоянно конфликтуют, запугивая друг друга. Именно в таком режиме (в режиме всеобщего недоверия и страха) и существуют современные международные отношения. The famous ‘Hundred Years’ War’ between the French and English kingdoms lasted 115 years from 1337 to 1453. It was fought irregularly with uneven and private interruptions. The conflicts currently observed in the political space, originated about a century ago and continue with variable force and intensity. They also resemble a new Hundred Years' War - the war of the “collective West” against a lonely Russia. ‘Hundred Years’ means a war that has lasted more than a hundred years, but the West has been at war with Russia for centuries. And every time it escalates when the shadow of its Russophobic chimera appears on the horizon of political events. As political history shows, Russia's strength lies in its loneliness, which is understood as self-sufficiency, sovereignty and its own imperial project realised in practice. Russia is a state-civilisation with its own imperial project. It is a civilisation in essence and an empire in spirit. It is her behaviour that most of all displeases and outrages the ‘collective West’, which has finally slipped to the position of outright Russophobic hysteria. The new Hundred Years' War is also characterised by its extreme political uncertainty and concrete military clashes. The parties do not know how to negotiate and therefore constantly conflict, intimidating each other. It is in this mode (in the mode of general mistrust and fear) that modern international relations exist.

D. Nematov

The term “photocatalysis” has recently gained high popularity, and various products using photocatalytic functions have been commercialized. Of all the materials that may be used as photocatalysts, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is virtually the only one that is now and most likely will remain appropriate for industrial application. Water and air purification systems, sterilization, hydrogen evolution, self-cleaning surfaces, and photoelectrochemical conversion are just a few of the products and applications in the environmental and energy domains that make extensive use of TiO2 photocatalysis. This is due to the fact that TiO2 has the lowest cost, most stability, and most effective photoactivity. Furthermore, history attests to its safety for both people and the environment because it has been used as a white pigment since antiquity. This review discusses some important aspects and issues concerning different synthesis methods and their influence on the structure and properties of TiO2, as well as the concept of photocatalysis based on it as a promising biocompatible functional material that has been widely used in recent years. The advantages of TiO2 applications in various fields of science and technology are discussed, including environmental protection, photocatalysis including self-cleaning surfaces, water and air purification systems, hydrogen liberation, photovoltaic energy, cancer diagnosis and therapy, coatings and dental products, etc. Information on the structure and properties of TiO2 phases is presented, as well as modern methods of synthesizing functional materials based on it. A detailed review of the basic principles of TiO2 photocatalysis is then given, with a brief introduction to the modern concept of TiO2 photocatalysis. Recent advances in the fundamental understanding of TiO2 photocatalysis at the atomic-molecular level are highlighted, and advances in TiO2 photocatalysis from the perspective of design and engineering of new materials are discussed. The challenges and prospects of TiO2 photocatalysis are briefly discussed.

Taoyu Yang

Abstract The modern history of Tianjin, a northern port city in China, offers an intriguing urban case for scholars interested in comparative colonial practices. From the 1860s to the 1940s, Tianjin was home to up to nine foreign concessions and a sequence of different Chinese municipalities. While much scholarship on colonial history has focused on the interactive dynamics between the colonizer and the colonized, Tianjin’s colonial past draws attention to the multiplicity, multilateralism and multilayered trajectories at the heart of the colonial experiences of both imperialist powers and the Chinese. At the heart of this short survey are some reflections on the multi-imperial dimensions of the city of Tianjin. It also explains how the multi-imperial dimensions operated in Tianjin in its treaty-port incarnation and offers some considerations of how the Tianjin case contributes to broader historiographical conversations germane to the imperial–global–urban complex.

Lisl Schoepflin

The article considers the background and interests of don Pedro Purqui of Cañari descent in the late sixteenth century in Cuzco, Peru. Purqui made distinct interventions in an Inca-centric history project and, more broadly, as an Indigenous leader and intellectual in colonial Cuzco’s heterogenous and multivocal ‘lettered city’. His literary efforts contributed to the conceptualization of Cañari social memory as part of a larger process of ethnogenesis during the early modern period. The case study examines legal and chronicle records in juxtaposition with the Galvin Murua (1590-1596), compiled by the Basque Mercedarian friar, Martín de Murua. Purqui’s strategic efforts aimed to defend and promote the Cañari’s privileged but precarious status of nobility and heritage in an emergent and contested colonial context. The analysis demonstrates that the seeming contradictions of the Cañari, locally in Cuzco and regionally in the Andes, involved multivalent, complementary elements in iteratively conceived ethnic identity and social memory.

Miriam Sonlleva Velasco, Carlos Sanz Simón

El estudio de la historia de la inspección educativa demanda investigaciones centradas en la evolución de este cuerpo profesional desde un prisma provincial. En este artículo se realiza un recorrido por la inspección educativa en la provincia de Ávila (Castilla y León, España) durante el primer tercio del siglo XX, con especial énfasis en el caso de la Segunda República y las vicisitudes acaecidas durante el conflicto bélico civil. Los resultados confirman que la implicación de la plantilla en las realizaciones educativas del periodo republicano fue significativa y estuvo especialmente centrada en la formación del profesorado y la orientación pedagógica de los maestros para la puesta en práctica de un modelo de escuela renovador. Dicha significación fue motivo de represión, especialmente en el caso de los inspectores, los cuales tuvieron una posición política explícita en el panorama provincial.

Alexia Preen

Political elites often use the nation’s past to construct the nation’s present identity. In his speeches about the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, President Vladimir Putin frequently uses the Russian national myth of the Great Patriotic War to construct Russia’s present duties, values, and identity. Charges of neo-Nazism and fascism against Ukraine are made to construct the Russian national identity as one that fights proactively against Nazism. However, by using a myth set in the Soviet period, the status of Ukraine as either part of the Russian Self or constituting the foreign Other is highly ambiguous. Although cynical and deeply offensive, Putin’s use of Nazi imagery therefore has a purpose deeper than causing shock and offence.

Karen Alfaro

O estudo do tempo presente representa um grande desafio na relação entre história e justiça, especialmente naqueles processos que ainda estão em aberto e nos quais não há registros oficiais ou estes não constam nos relatórios da verdade. Este artigo busca refletir a partir de uma trajetória de pesquisa sobre adoções forçadas no Chile, no que diz respeito aos materiais, às tensões e à relação com a justiça ao longo desses anos. Nossas principais questões gerais foram: quais são os principais problemas de acesso aos arquivos do passado-presente? Hoje, qual é o papel das fontes orais e dos arquivos de memória? E quais possibilidades e questões se associam ao uso das redes sociais como repositórios de testemunhos e fontes não tradicionais? Junto com essas, nos perguntamos especificamente sobre: ​​quais são as contribuições da disciplina história com a compreensão das adoções forçadas no Chile? E quais são os desafios da pesquisa nesse campo de estudo? Com ​​este artigo, apresentado no V Seminário Internacional de História do Tempo Presente, buscamos abordar essas questões a partir de uma trajetória de pesquisa. Nesta comunicação apresentada no V Seminário Internacional de História do Tempo Presente, procuramos responder a estas questões a partir de uma trajetória de investigação. 

Patricia Pizarroso Acedo

Presentación de los artículos y contenido del monográfico

Ancelmo Schorner

A partir do conceito de colonialidade (a parte invisível e constitutiva da modernidade), tal como discutido desde o final dos anos 1980 e início dos anos 1990, por Aníbal Quijano, este texto procura discutir como se deu a colonialidade do poder, do saber, do ser e da natureza no processo de constituição do Parque Florestal Manoel Enrique da Silva, atual Floresta Nacional de Irati. Como fontes, temos os relatórios produzidos pelo seu silvicultor Ernesto da Silva Araújo entre 1950 e 1960, e 12 formulários impressos (FINPI), para preenchimento de informações a respeito dos talhões plantados no Parque entre 1950 e 1957 com Araucaria angustifolia (pinheiro-brasileiro ou pinheiro-do-paraná). No texto, mostramos como a silvicultura científica pretendeu, nem sempre com sucesso, ordenar um espaço tido pelo silvicultor como primitivo. Nos processos de plantação de Araucária, a natureza foi reduzida ao valor terra, e sua diversidade foi limitada a apenas uma espécie, sendo a monocultura a base fundamental desse modelo. Palavras-chave: colonialidade; silvicultura científica; monocultura.

Deborah Paci

Losandro Antonio Tedeschi, Sirley Lizott Tedeschi

Neste artigo, analisamos a potência produtiva e criativa de práticas de resistência na história das mulheres contra os efeitos das relações de poder instituídas que assujeitam e aviltam a vida. Aproximamo-nos dos estudos pós-estruturalistas e dos estudos feministas e destacamos principalmente as contribuições de Michel Foucault no que se refere à noção de resistência e às reflexões de Gilles Deleuze sobre a obra foucaultiana. Entendemos que as práticas de resistência representam um trabalho sobre si e possibilitam a criação de gestos ativos e transgressores capazes de constituir novos modos de existência, novas subjetividades. A análise mostra que as práticas de resistência na história das mulheres, contra os efeitos de poder do mandato patriarcal, são ações que podemos chamar de menores, de desviantes, mas com força para produzir espaços de liberdade; são forças potencializadoras de outras formas de existência, capazes de compor outras formas de vida; vidas que agem em vez de apenas reagir às práticas instituídas. Nesse sentido, afastamo-nos das concepções que veem nas práticas de resistência apenas oposições ou reações ao poder e buscamos ressaltar que as práticas de resistência instauram fissuras, abalos nos modos de vida estabelecidos e potencializam outras formas de existência. O desafio consiste em encontrar mecanismo para ampliar cada vez mais as ressonâncias desses abalos, dessas fissuras. Palavras-chave: Poder. Subjetividade. Mulheres. História.

Philip B. Scranton

Matteo ANASTASI ha conseguito la laurea in Storia presso l’Università Europea di Roma discutendo una tesi sull’attività del quarto governo di Amintore Fanfani. Attualmente si sta specializzando in Relazioni Internazionali presso l’Università LUISS Guido Carli, sotto la supervisione del professor Francesco Perfetti. I suoi campi di studio sono l’analisi del fenomeno politico dell’ apertura a sinistra nel dopoguerra e la storia diplomatica italiana.

P. Temin

Raquel Sánchez García

Lourdes AMIGO VÁZQUEZ

<span>The festival was a great sociocultural event whose dimensions reached their maximum evolution in Early Modern Spain, especially in the 17th and 18th centuries and in its urban centres. This was the «festive </span>society» par excellence, because of the frequency of the celebrations and the multiplicity of meanings, implications and consequences. Society and power, ultimately, were represented at the festival. In this context, the specific case of Valladolid demonstrates both its character as a germane model, applicable to any other town, and its uniqueness. Significantly, in the early 17th century it was once again the seat of the Court and yet even after being abandoned by Philip III in 1606, it continued to be one of the most important towns of Castile, the seat of the Royal Chancellery.

Daniel Gomà

The purpose of this article is to determine the building process of Burmese Marxism and its relation to other ideologies of the anticolonial movement, and the consequences of the founding of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB). We will analyze the formative period of the PCB and its difficulties to consolidate its ideology in a complex political, social and cultural environment and how its actions during World War II will permit the party to become the country’s main political force. But the opportunity of having absolute power in its hands will be missed and will mark the beginning of his political decline.

D. Edelstein

K. Sivaramakrishnan