Hasil untuk "Mathematical geography. Cartography"

Ting-Hui Cheng, Line H. Clemmensen, Sneha Das

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are predominantly evaluated using the Word Error Rate (WER). However, raw token-level metrics fail to capture semantic fidelity and routinely obscures the `diversity tax', the disproportionate burden on marginalized and atypical speaker due to systematic recognition failures. In this paper, we explore the limitations of relying solely on lexical counts by systematically evaluating a broader class of non-linear and semantic metrics. To enable rigorous model auditing, we introduce the sample difficulty index (SDI), a novel metric that quantifies how intrinsic demographic and acoustic factors drive model failure. By mapping SDI on data cartography, we demonstrate that metrics EmbER and SemDist expose hidden systemic biases and inter-model disagreements that WER ignores. Finally, our findings are the first steps towards a robust audit framework for prospective safety analysis, empowering developers to audit and mitigate ASR disparities prior to deployment.

M. Duggan, Daniel Gutiérrez-Ujaque

Counter-mapping has become central to a wide array of spatial practices across activist, artistic, and academic spaces. This article reconceptualises counter-mapping for a broad audience interested in understanding what counter-mapping is and what it can achieve in theory and practice. It outlines a relational framework that moves beyond participation, engaging with debates in digital geographies, decolonial mapping, and radical cartographies. While rooted in action research and conservation studies, counter-mapping has developed critical and creative strands that expand its scope and relevance. Drawing on examples from around the world, we identify participation, pedagogy, and creativity as key themes, positioning counter-mapping as a dynamic, ethically grounded practice with increasing applications across geographic research and praxis.

Leon van Wissen, Manjusha Kuruppath, L. Petram

Working from the GLOBALISE project, we have enhanced access to over 5,000 Dutch maps from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, renowned for their geographic and historical significance. We have laid the groundwork for enriching these maps with annotations and metadata following the International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) standards, directly linked to their digital representations from the collection-holding institutions. This approach ensures a FAIR framework for sharing research results and fosters collaborative annotation. We enriched the maps with georeferencing annotations and employed automated tools to extract toponyms and geographic features, enabling large-scale analysis. These annotations open new pathways for exploring understudied historical regions, such as early modern Kerala, and assessing Dutch colonial influence globally. By publishing our data early, we aim to encourage further collaborative refinements, allowing a wider scholarly community to improve and build upon this work. This approach highlights the potential of combining historical cartography with computational tools to empower large-scale geographic and historical research.

Federico Ferretti, André Reyes Novaes

A. Korjenić

The selection of a location for the disposal of radioactive waste, used sources and spent nuclear fuel in the Republic of Croatia began to be considered as early as 1988. However, in the last 10 years, intensive activities have been undertaken regarding the selection of this location. One possible location is Čerkezovac in the Trgovska Gora area, which is located in the Una River basin and less than 1 km away from the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is planned to establish a Radioactive Waste Management Center in Čerkezovac, where all spent radioactive sources located at two sites in Croatia, all institutional waste owned by Croatia, as well as low and intermediate level radioactive waste from the Krško Nuclear Power Plant, would be accommodated. According to the ESPOO Convention (Art. 1, paragraph VIII), transboundary impact implies any impact, not exclusively of a global nature, within the jurisdiction of the signatory state caused by a planned activity, whose physical origin is wholly or partially within the jurisdiction of another signatory state. The majority of the influential surface area of the radioactive waste disposal site (assuming a distance of 5 km from the Čerkezovac site in the Trgovska Gora area) is located within the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This influence could have negative implications on the natural values and protected areas in the Una River valley in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the life of the population.In this paper, based on the analytical-synthetic research approach, the basic physical-geographical characteristics of the Una River basin have been determined. During the analysis, it was concluded that the connection of physical-geographic components within the Una River basin created a series of natural values that formed the basis for the designation of protected areas. This refers to the fluvial and karst landforms that dominate this area, as well as phytogeographic formations, which stand out for their uniqueness and irreplaceability, morphography and morphometry, and the degree of preservation of physical-geographic phenomena and processes. The results of the research can contribute to a better understanding of the potamological characteristics of the Una, its hydrological significance, as well as the need for environmental protection in the context of the possibility of nuclear waste disposal in the border zone of the Una basin. The processing of all parameters relevant to the study and cartographic representation in this paper were performed in the ArcGIS software package.

Innocent E. Bello, Irabor Aisabokhale, Ibrahim Sufiyan

Efforts toward monitoring crimes and handling security issues require a well articulated strategy that is bankable and database-driven. This study is, therefore, aimed at examining the efficacy of deploying a GIS-based immersive 3D cartographic simulation in mapping and evaluating educational landuse for ease of territorial governance. This became necessary in-view of the need to meet the challenges of increasing security challenges in campuses. The need to cartographically model, visualize and explore security data in Three Dimensional (3D) space is becoming widely recognized as being the closest model to reality with the capabilities to build, visualize, and analyze georeferenced geographic data for decision making. This study, adopted the 3D modeling for built environment of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, State of Osun, Nigeria using elevation data from IKONOS satellite imagery base dataset. ArcGIS, Google Sketchup and Revit architectural software were used to generate building footprints from the satellite imagery, mapping the visibility analysis for the placement of security facilities such as watch tower for ease of security management. Building footprints were extruded to the required heights and draped onto the 3D model image map to project a more realistic visualization. The study reveals that line of sight (visibility) analysis proves to be the most obvious 3D analysis for 3D models as it builds on similar concepts for creation of perspective views, the core of city model visualization. The 3D GIS also supplies analytical functions commonly unavailable in CAD programs to evaluate viewshed and perform line of sight analysis. This culminates into campus animation using animation manager in Arc Scene environment. The Senate building was found to be the highest building with 8 floors of 24m height. The Result also indicated undulating nature of the terrain which plays a significant role in spatial inter-visibility. Consequently, this new 3D security monitoring is necessary in planning for security operatives and built environment for infrastructure management.

Ye. Dorozhko, I. Udovenko

Стаття присвячена інтелектуалізації електронні геодезичні прилади (ЕГП) та розробленню концептуальних основ інтеграції технологій штучного інтелекту (ШІ) в геоінформаційне середовище (ГІС) з метою підвищення ефективності систем просторового управління. У досліджені представлено розроблену архітектурну модель інтелектуалізованої системи просторового управління, яка включає взаємодію електронних приладів, сенсорних модулів, ГІС-платформ та аналітичних ШІ-сервісів. Запропоновано концепцію інтелектуалізації ЕГП, яка ґрунтується на трьох основних векторах: автономність вимірювального процесу (за допомогою машинного навчання МН для розпізнавання об’єктів, самодіагностики), адаптивність до умов навколишнього середовища (через корекцію впливу навколишнього середовища, зменшення шуму) та інтегративність у ГІС. У роботі описано застосування ШІ-методів, включаючи глибинні нейронні мережі (YOLO, Mask R-CNN, U-Net, PointNet) для автоматичної детекції та класифікації об’єктів на зображеннях і хмарах точок, а також для оцінювання та корекції GNSS-похибок у реальному часі за допомогою нейро-Калманівських фільтрів. Практичні напрями впровадження моделі включають автоматизований моніторинг деформацій інженерних споруд та інтелектуальну обробку даних БПЛА для оновлення топографічних планів. Згідно з висновками, поетапна інтеграція ШІ перетворює ЕГП на інтелектуальні сенсори, здатні самостійно оцінювати якість даних та взаємодіяти з ГІС, що забезпечує надійну основу для «розумних» міст та стійкого територіального розвитку. Ключові слова: інтелектуалізація, штучний інтелект (ШІ), електронні геодезичні прилади (ЕГП), ГІС-середовище, системи просторового управління, детекція об’єктів, GNSS-корекція.

Shikha Patel, Madhavi Indraganti, Rana N. Jawarneh

Rapid urbanization in Gulf cities has driven significant land cover changes, influencing outdoor thermal comfort and land surface temperatures (LST). This study investigates land cover dynamics from 1998 to 2023 across six cities – Doha, Dubai, Kuwait City, Manama, Muscat, and Riyadh – using Landsat imagery to assess LST, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and approximated wet-bulb globe temperature (AWGBT). Results reveal an increase in urban areas, with Manama and Kuwait City experiencing the largest expansions (47.50% and 47.02%). Vegetation patterns varied, with cities like Dubai and Riyadh showing consistent increases, while Doha stagnated from 2013 to 2023. LST ranged from 42°C to 55°C, with desert areas showing the highest temperatures. Built-up areas had LST comparable to desert land, highlighting a reverse urban heat island effect. Dubai’s LST decreased between 2013 and 2023 due to successful green initiatives, contrasting with rising temperatures in other cities. The mean LST difference between the desert and urban areas was 2.5°C, and vegetation displayed a cooling effect, with a 3.5°C difference between vegetated and desert areas. Thermal comfort maps aligned with LST data, showing increasing heat stress, particularly in Doha and Kuwait City, while Dubai maintained stable comfort levels. This study underscores the critical role of vegetation and sustainable urban planning in mitigating heat stress and enhancing outdoor thermal comfort across Gulf cities.

Jan Ondras, Marek Šuppa

Mathematical reasoning requires abstracting symbolic rules from visual patterns -- inferring the infinite from the finite. We investigate whether multimodal AI systems possess this capability through FractalBench, a benchmark evaluating fractal program synthesis from images. Fractals provide ideal test cases: Iterated Function Systems with only a few contraction maps generate complex self-similar patterns through simple recursive rules, requiring models to bridge visual perception with mathematical abstraction. We evaluate four leading MLLMs -- GPT-4o, Claude 3.7 Sonnet, Gemini 2.5 Flash, and Qwen 2.5-VL -- on 12 canonical fractals. Models must generate executable Python code reproducing the fractal, enabling objective evaluation. Results reveal a striking disconnect: 76% generate syntactically valid code but only 4% capture mathematical structure. Success varies systematically -- models handle geometric transformations (Koch curves: 17-21%) but fail at branching recursion (trees: <2%), revealing fundamental gaps in mathematical abstraction. FractalBench provides a contamination-resistant diagnostic for visual-mathematical reasoning and is available at https://github.com/NaiveNeuron/FractalBench

Qing Ke, Tianxing Pan, Jin Mao

The production of knowledge has become increasingly a global endeavor. Yet, location related factors, such as local working environment and national policy designs, may continue to affect what kind of science is being pursued. Here we examine the geography of the production of creative science by country, through the lens of novelty and atypicality proposed in Uzzi et al. (2013). We quantify a country's representativeness in novel and atypical science, finding persistent differences in propensity to generate creative works, even among developed countries that are large producers in science. We further cluster countries based on how their tendency to publish novel science changes over time, identifying one group of emerging countries. Our analyses point out the recent emergence of China not only as a large producer in science but also as a leader that disproportionately produces more novel and atypical research. Discipline specific analysis indicates that China's over-production of atypical science is limited to a few disciplines, especially its most prolific ones like materials science and chemistry.

Changjian Liu, Shuhui Gong, Hui Su et al.

With urbanisation and population growth, understanding spatial interactions in cities is increasingly vital for urban management. In recent decades, spatial interactions could be predicted accurately with the support of large GPS data, but anonymous trajectory data lacks semantic details, limiting predictions and behaviour understanding. To address this, we proposed a Semantic-Integrated Mobility Trajectory Model (SMTM), integrating social media check-in data, remote sensing imagery, and taxi trajectory data capable of accurately predict travel flow. Specifically, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) extract demographic insights, Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) and Gate Recurrent Units (GRU) are incorporated to predict spatial interaction intensity. We conducted two case studies in New York City, U.S., and Ningbo, China, using taxi trips (over three million trips in New York and nearly one million trips in Ningbo) and social media check-in data (around 60,000 records for each city). Results demonstrate excellent performance over baselines. Furthermore, the integration of travel trajectories and census data revealed diverse travel preferences at various scales, including intra-region, inter-region, and inter-urban. The SMTM model contributes to optimising the design of public spaces and personalised recommendations.

Wei Chen, Yuyu Zhou, Eleanor C. Stokes et al.

Morphological (e.g. shape, size, and height) and function (e.g. working, living, and shopping) information of buildings is highly needed for urban planning and management as well as other applications such as city-scale building energy use modeling. Due to the limited availability of socio-economic geospatial data, it is more challenging to map building functions than building morphological information, especially over large areas. In this study, we proposed an integrated framework to map building functions in 50 U.S. cities by integrating multi-source web-based geospatial data. First, a web crawler was developed to extract Points of Interest (POIs) from Tripadvisor.com, and a map crawler was developed to extract POIs and land use parcels from Google Maps. Second, an unsupervised machine learning algorithm named OneClassSVM was used to identify residential buildings based on landscape features derived from Microsoft building footprints. Third, the type ratio of POIs and the area ratio of land use parcels were used to identify six non-residential functions (i.e. hospital, hotel, school, shop, restaurant, and office). The accuracy assessment indicates that the proposed framework performed well, with an average overall accuracy of 94% and a kappa coefficient of 0.63. With the worldwide coverage of Google Maps and Tripadvisor.com, the proposed framework is transferable to other cities over the world. The data products generated from this study are of great use for quantitative city-scale urban studies, such as building energy use modeling at the single building level over large areas.

Richard de Grijs

During the first few centuries CE, the centre of the known world gradually shifted from Alexandria to Constantinople. Combined with a societal shift from pagan beliefs to Christian doctrines, Antiquity gave way to the Byzantine era. While Western Europe entered an extended period of intellectual decline, Constantinople developed into a rich cultural crossroads between East and West. Yet, Byzantine scholarship in astronomy and geography continued to rely heavily on their ancient Greek heritage, and particularly on Ptolemy's Geography. Unfortunately, Ptolemy's choices for his geographic coordinate system resulted in inherent and significant distortions of and inaccuracies in maps centred on the Byzantine Empire. This comprehensive review of Byzantine geographic achievements -- supported by a review of astronomical developments pertaining to position determination on Earth -- aims to demonstrate why and how, when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453 and the Ottoman Empire commenced, Byzantine astronomers had become the central axis in an extensive network of Christians, Muslims and Jews. Their influence remained significant well into the Ottoman era, particularly in the context of geographical applications.

Aya Nassar

In this commentary, I read Sidaway's ‘Beyond the Decolonial: Critical Muslim Geographies’ as an invitation to engage in alternative cartographies and lateral engagements with what Islam (broadly and complexly conceived) might say to the discipline. In doing so, I build upon Sidaway's invitation to suggest a deeper engagement with the complexity of already existing Islamic geographical traditions and scholarship on Muslim spatialities by pulling out two themes that echo some of those raised in the main article: (1) Islamic traditions of mapping and cartography, and (2) scholarship on Islam and the city. The central aim of my response, however, is to push for different entry points when considering the decolonial possibilities of Muslim geographies rather than an entry point of dismissal from disciplinary geography. Only by decentring the whiteness of the discipline as the starting point, can Islamic traditions of geography be engaged on their own terms, as complex, evolving, contextual, and at times perhaps problematic.

Saikat Nandy, Scott H. Holan, Michael Schweinberger

Many models for spatial and spatio-temporal data assume that "near things are more related than distant things," which is known as the first law of geography. While geography may be important, it may not be all-important, for at least two reasons. First, technology helps bridge distance, so that regions separated by large distances may be more similar than would be expected based on geographical distance. Second, geographical, political, and social divisions can make neighboring regions dissimilar. We develop a flexible Bayesian approach for learning from spatial data which units are close in an unobserved socio-demographic space and hence which units are similar. As a by-product, the Bayesian approach helps quantify the relative importance of socio-demographic space relative to geographical space. To demonstrate the proposed approach, we present simulations along with an application to county-level data on median household income in the U.S. state of Florida.

Alagappan Ramanathan, Sangeetha Abdu Jyothi

Submarine cables constitute the backbone of the Internet. However, these critical infrastructure components are vulnerable to several natural and man-made threats, and during failures, are difficult to repair in their remote oceanic environments. In spite of their crucial role, we have a limited understanding of the impact of submarine cable failures on global connectivity, particularly on the higher layers of the Internet. In this paper, we present Nautilus, a framework for cross-layer cartography of submarine cables and IP links. Using a corpus of public datasets and Internet cartographic techniques, Nautilus identifies IP links that are likely traversing submarine cables and maps them to one or more potential cables. Nautilus also gives each IP to cable assignment a prediction score that reflects the confidence in the mapping. Nautilus generates a mapping for 3.05 million and 1.43 million IPv4 and IPv6 links respectively, covering 91% of all active cables. In the absence of ground truth data, we validate Nautilus mapping using three techniques: analyzing past cable failures, using targeted traceroute measurements, and comparing with public network maps of two operators.

Yuan Liu

This paper is to build a primitive framework for a new possible extended system of real mathematical analysis - the Isomorphic Mathematical Analysis System (IMAS). It is based on some new concepts: e.g. isomorphic frame, dual-variable-isomorphic function, and isomorphic coordinate system. More concepts are introduced to constitute the whole IMAS framework. This IMAS attempts to provide current MA with new implements, which include isomorphic frame, thereby effectively putting the MA to work as well in some unevenly distributed coordinate spaces, realized by the isomorphic coordinate system. With these implements, many existing MA concepts are extended and incorporated into the new IMAS.

André Augusto Gavlak, Ligia Vizeu Barrozo

The public sector’s possibilities of using geospatial technologies are vast and can improve public management. In the Brazilian Federal Government, the use of geospatial technologies is unknown, nor is it known the main applications and public and private actors involved. This research proposes to analyze the geospatial technologies market in the Federal Government between the years 2011 and 2019 through public data of contracts. Through the individual analysis of 600 contracts, we concluded that R$ 804,747,626.99 were negotiated during the period. The contracts mainly involved Remote Sensing and Aerophotogrammetry (50%) and Geographic Information Systems (33%) solutions, applied primarily in the thematic areas of Oil & Gas (39%), Infrastructure (19%), and Environment & Natural Resources (10%). Fototerra was the leading company, providing R$ 155,553,107.03 in products and services. The foremost acquiring institution was the Ministry of Mines and Energy, contracting R$ 410 million, of which Petrobras acquired R$ 311 million. This paper showed how different federal institutions use Geography’s technological bases to fulfill their missions, improve social well-being, and contribute to a more developed, less unequal, and fairer country.

Jonas Bayer, Christoph Benzmüller, Kevin Buzzard et al.

A proof is one of the most important concepts of mathematics. However, there is a striking difference between how a proof is defined in theory and how it is used in practice. This puts the unique status of mathematics as exact science into peril. Now may be the time to reconcile theory and practice, i.e. precision and intuition, through the advent of computer proof assistants. For the most time this has been a topic for experts in specialized communities. However, mathematical proofs have become increasingly sophisticated, stretching the boundaries of what is humanly comprehensible, so that leading mathematicians have asked for formal verification of their proofs. At the same time, major theorems in mathematics have recently been computer-verified by people from outside of these communities, even by beginning students. This article investigates the gap between the different definitions of a proof and possibilities to build bridges. It is written as a polemic or a collage by different members of the communities in mathematics and computer science at different stages of their careers, challenging well-known preconceptions and exploring new perspectives.

Jacques Bair, Alexandre Borovik, Vladimir Kanovei et al.

Leibniz scholarship is currently an area of lively debate. We respond to some recent criticisms by Archibald et al.