Hasil untuk "Life"

J. M. Rodríguez, Kiera Murphy, C. Stanton et al.

Abstract The intestinal microbiota has become a relevant aspect of human health. Microbial colonization runs in parallel with immune system maturation and plays a role in intestinal physiology and regulation. Increasing evidence on early microbial contact suggest that human intestinal microbiota is seeded before birth. Maternal microbiota forms the first microbial inoculum, and from birth, the microbial diversity increases and converges toward an adult-like microbiota by the end of the first 3–5 years of life. Perinatal factors such as mode of delivery, diet, genetics, and intestinal mucin glycosylation all contribute to influence microbial colonization. Once established, the composition of the gut microbiota is relatively stable throughout adult life, but can be altered as a result of bacterial infections, antibiotic treatment, lifestyle, surgical, and a long-term change in diet. Shifts in this complex microbial system have been reported to increase the risk of disease. Therefore, an adequate establishment of microbiota and its maintenance throughout life would reduce the risk of disease in early and late life. This review discusses recent studies on the early colonization and factors influencing this process which impact on health.

Shannon M. Soucy, Jinling Huang, J. Gogarten

John Wang, Ping Liu, Jocelyn Hicks-Garner et al.

B. Westermann

K. Richter, M. Haslbeck, J. Buchner

W. Whyte

William I. Gorden

A. J. van Noordwijk, G. D. de Jong

Attempts to demonstrate trade-offs between alternative life history tactics have been relatively successful at higher taxonomic levels, but often fail at the level of individuals within a population. In this note we propose a simple model that explains this failure. The aim of our model is to understand the observations of positive correlations between life history traits where trade-offs, and hence negative correlations, are expected. It is assumed that the amount of resources that individuals can spend on life history traits varies between individuals. When some individuals spend much on several life history traits and others spend little, positive correlations are observed. Whether the observed correlations between life history traits are negative or positive depends on the relative variation in the acquisition and the variation in the allocation of resources.

G. Kroemer, B. Dallaporta, M. Resche-Rigon

M. Berridge, M. Bootman, P. Lipp

S. Gould

S. Monroe, A. Simons

J. Heckhausen, R. Schulz

Matt J. Gray, B. Litz, Julie L Hsu et al.

L. Zwaigenbaum, S. Bryson, Tracey Rogers et al.

A. Campbell, P. Converse, W. Rodgers

R. Krohn

vailing political tone. Significantly, there is no theory of politics to account for these patterns, and the shifting trends do not leave us with much grounds for clear long-term extrapolation. It does look, though, as if a pretty serious ideological confrontation could be building up. On the prospects of sociological theory being able to predict the future, at any rate, I see no reason to be pessimistic. What we need is at least a few sociologists to pull back from the polemics and the purely descriptive data-gathering,andmakeasustained effort to build theory around relevant topics. I think it can and will be done, although this is not the place to explain why. Finally, I have to mention the chapter by Andrew Greeley on American Catholicism. This chapter is an exception to most of what I was just saying. It says nothing, really, aboutthefuture,andthereisnotheory in it either. Greeley’s is principally a topical account of recent events in the papacy and in church politics, and the reaction of American Catholics to them. But it is as lively and informed an account of these matters as I have seen, a wonderful combination of insider’s political info with sophisticated techniques of data analysis. It is a fascinating piece of writing, and Greeley’s virulent involvement in all this adds to its steam. Some of the personal footnotes are almost worth the price of the book.

E. Igos, E. Benetto, Rodolphe Meyer et al.

L. Bernardi, J. Huinink, R. Settersten

This paper proposes a conceptualization of the life course as a set of behavioral processes characterized by interdependencies that cross time, life domains, and levels of analysis. We first discuss the need for a systematized approach to life course theory that integrates parallel and partially redundant concepts developed in a variety of disciplines. We then introduce the 'life course cube,' which graphically defines and illustrates time-domain-level interdependencies and their multiple interactions that are central to understanding life courses. Finally, in an appendix, we offer a formal account of these interactions in a language that can be readily adopted across disciplines. Our aim is to provide a consistent and parsimonious foundation to further develop life course theories and methods and integrate life course scholarship across disciplines.

Note: ❶=top-performing OECD tier (equivalent), ❷=middle-performing OECD tier (equivalent), ❸=bottom-performing OECD tier (equivalent). ➚ indicates consistent improvement; ↔ indicates no clear or consistent trend; ➘ indicates consistent deterioration, and “...” indicates insufficient time series to determine trends since 2010. For methodological details, see the Reader’s Guide of How’s Life? 2020. Income and Wealth Household income ... ... Household wealth ... ... S80/S20 income ratio (household income for the top 20% is 7.1x that of the bottom 20%) ...