Hasil untuk "Law of Europe"

Benedek Varga

For the second time, the legal historians of the Faculty of Law of the University of Szeged participated in the international research group supported by the Visegrad Grant. The central topic of the project, which was implemented between 2021-2022, was the comparative study of the development of Polish, Czech and Hungarian legal systems between the two World Wars. The consortium project “(Dis)continuity of Legal Systems in Czechoslovakia, Hungary & Poland after WWII: Difficult Heritage”, launched in February 2024, focused on the Sovietisation of the legal systems of Central and Eastern European countries, but the methodology remained the same, as the socialist legislation was examined using the methodology of comparative law, in which the international conference organised in the framework of the project played a significant role. Five universities were involved in the research: the Jagellonian University and the University of Bialystok in Poland, the University of Trnava in Slovakia, the University of Plzeň in the Czech Republic, the and the Hungarian Department of Legal History of the University of Szeged in Hungary.

Roque Moreno Fonseret , Pedro Payá López

This article addresses four cases of transitional justice practised in southern Europe from 1945 to the present day: France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, to which special attention is paid. Representatives of what are considered the first and second wave of transitional justice, they have in common the fascist experience but the ways of facing the violent past are dissimilar due to its different national and international contexts. In France and Italy, the criminal justice, administrative purges, and economic sanctions that were applied were preceded by extra-legal repression exercised during the final phase of the war, the liberation, and the immediate postwar period in what was known as an épuration and in which the Resistance played a leading role. On the contrary, in the transitions of the late 1970s, criminal justice was applied minimally in Portugal, where administrative purges prevailed, and was non-existent in Spain, because of the Amnesty Law of 1977. Although impunity accompanied all the processes studied, the comparison reveals the singularity of the Spanish case, with a greater degree of consequence of a transition to a non-disruptive democracy with the Franco dictatorship. In the same way, in all cases, reconciliation with the past has extended into the 21st century and it has also been in Spain where it has presented the greatest difficulties.

Hans Vedder

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2024 9(1), 87-103 | European Forum Insight of 10 May 2024 | (Table of Contents) I. A December revolution. - II. The competition law of sports competition regulations. - III. ISU: a restriction by object trough two turns. - IV. ISU as a platform case and paradigm shift. - V. Who is the ultimate arbiter? - VI. Through the ice? | (Abstract) This judgment provides the foundations for applying art. 101 TFEU to rules or sporting organisations related to competing organisations. At hand was a rule that banned athletes from competing in non-approved skating competitions. The Commission found this rule to be a restriction of competition by object, which was largely upheld by the General Court. This judgment largely confirms the Commis-sion’s assessment and sheds light on what sporting organisations can do within the bounds of compe-tition law. It is a highly relevant judgment not only for those interested in the interaction between sports regulation and competition law, but also for people with a more general focus on competition law as it contains several clarifications and innovations as regards the interpretation of art. 101 that have implications beyond sporting organisations and may also impact the application of art. 102. Final-ly, the Court sheds some light on the compatibility of arbitration with the EU legal order.

Giorgio Ardizzone

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2023 8(2), 853-878 | Article | (Table of Contents) I. Dual-track proceedings and the current scope of protection. – II. The need for a clear notion of “idem”. – III. The “sufficiently close connection in substance and time”: ECtHR case-law post A and B v Norway. – IV. The “sufficiently close connection in substance and time”: the unspoken balancing act engaged in by the ECtHR and an alternative criterion to assess whether there was a duplication of proceedings. – V. Lis pendens and ne bis in idem. – VI. Conclusion. | (Abstract) This Article analyses the issue of the compatibility with the ne bis in idem principle of the double-track sanctioning systems present in various European legal orders in the light of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union. In particular, after a reconstruction of the most significant case-law after the famous ruling A and B v. Norway, three main critical points are brought into focus: the divergences between the national and European case-law on the interpretation of the notion of idem factum, the difficult practical application of the close connection test between proceedings developed by the European Court of Human Rights, which can be seen as the precipitate of an unsatisfactory balancing act of opposing interests, and the possible extension of the ne bis in idem principle also to cases of lis pendens.

Lenka Dzúriková

Conference report

Ann-Christine Hartzén, Andrea Iossa, Eleni Karageorgiou

Rosita Diperi, Federico Donelli

Giulia Di Giacomo

L’articolo esamina la legislazione italiana emanata in tema di emigrazione dal 1901 al 1919, focalizzandosi in particolare sulle disposizioni concernenti l’emigrazione continentale, sia in considerazione della minore attenzione prestata finora a queste norme, sia per evidenziare il forte nesso esistente tra l’attività di tutela degli emigranti e la possibilità di controllare e governare i flussi migratori. Analizzando il susseguirsi degli interventi normativi l’articolo prova a verificare se e in che misura l’incremento dell’attività amministrativa statale rivolta alla tutela degli emigranti abbia progressivamente distorto il carattere liberale della normativa del 1901.

Charlotte Beaucillon

(Series Information) European Papers - A Journal on Law and Integration, 2020 5(1), 387-401 | European Forum Insight of 25 April 2020 | (Table of Contents) I. Introduction. - II. Requests for assistance from certain EU Member States and replies received. - II.1. Italy. - II.2. Spain and France. - III. Available assistance mechanisms and their use in the COVID-19 crisis. - III.1. Ad hoc Assistance. - III.2. The NATO Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Centre. - III.3. The EU Civil Protection Mechanism. - IV. Lessons learned and further research paths. - IV.1. The lack of public information and the need for transparency of European public action. - IV.2. Realpolitik and the civil-protection autonomy of the Union. - IV.3. The gap between EU citizens' expectations and the Union's competences. | (Abstract) It is of course too early to draw conclusions about the European Union's response to the COVID-19 crisis in its Member States while we are still in the midst of the health crisis. On the other hand, it is already possible to correct the widely shared first impression that European solidarity had been shattered. The available public data systematized in Section II and the analyses in Section III show that European solidarity has been expressed in two ways: First, bilaterally between EU Member States; second, collectively under the recent impetus of the European Commission. To help explain this impression of the absence of a Union, Section IV proposes three paths that should be the subject of further research: public information and the policy of transparency of European public action, the Union's emergency-reaction autonomy in the face of third countries' Realpolitik strategies, and the gap between the expectations of the Union's citizens and its actual competences.

Alakbarova Fatma

The issue of active protests against the injustice of the law aimed at bringing about a change in that conduct is of great relevance for members of the world society. There is no escape from admitting the fact that even the most perfect political system may and will from time to time produce unjust laws. What is as yet unclear is the principles of justification in favour of a civil disobedient who commits an open breach of that laws. The present article defines the features that make an act of civil disobedience something more than a simple breach of a law. The purpose of this article is to justify civil disobedience as a unique political category, which makes social choice and legal change possible.

Johann Chapoutot

Janusz WĘGRZECKI

The article focuses on social, political and cultural evolution in Europe. It describes and interprets the deepest – cultural – cause of observing social and political changes. It analyses gradually a picture of the new demos and the elite that is beginning to emerge. It compares the ideological character of these demoses and elites. Previous one, his ideological character is democratic-liberal-leftist. Later one, his character is democratic-liberal-right. It analyses the new demos and new elite democratic-liberal-right that come in the political stage in EU. It proposes a new deal between both of demoses and elites necessary to save political peace in EU. If EU could survive it needs be a new deal between left and right attitude. Europe needs a new consensus to establish new rules of a law-governed state, establish new values as liberal-left-right and establish new form of democratic state as liberal-left-right democratic.

Sebastian Heselhaus

David Delgado Ramos

Resumen: El 26 de junio de 2015, la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos, mediante su sentencia Obergefell v. Hodges, consagró la constitucionalidad del matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo, poniendo fin a un intenso y extenso debate que había dividido profundamente a la sociedad estadounidense desde el último tercio del siglo xx. A lo largo de este trabajo se analiza el derecho al matrimonio en los Estados Unidos desde la perspectiva de su marco jurídico-constitucional y su evolución jurisprudencial, tanto a nivel estatal como federal, para concluir con un análisis de la sentencia Obergefell v. Hodges y sus votos particulares. Abstract: On 26 June 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States through its judgement Obergefell v. Hodges consecrated the constitutionality of same-sex marriage, ending an intensive and extensive debate which had deeply divided American society since the last third of the 20th century. Throughout this work the right to marry in the United States is analyzed from the perspective of its legal frame and its jurisprudential evolution, both at State and federal levels, to conclude with an analysis of Obergefell v. Hodges and their dissenting opinions.

Hannele Isola Miettinen

Legislative reasoning in Europe takes place in cultural pluralism, “in the unity of diversity”. The consequence of this pluralism is that cultural rationality is necessary demand, which has to be taken into the account in the method of legislative reasoning. This article focuses the culture in legal reasoning, an activity separated from legal reasoning. The article reflects three dimensions of cultural rationality, context, legal consciousness and language as a part of cultural aspects. There is not found one clear and undisputable concept of culture, but many. The method of legislative presupposes, for example, that it is organised to take into account the cultural aspects. Another alternative is to establish legislative reasoning methods which are based on the relevant knowledge, reporting regularly and efficiently on cultural aspects in society. This alternative favours taking better into account the legal consciousness of society which is the precondition of legitimate laws. The change of legal consciousness often takes place in an imperceptible way. The language rights are an essential factor in influencing the legislative agenda and understanding the law given by the legislator.

Ana Marrades

Resumen Nos encontramos ante un momento histórico y político que sugiere una revisión constitucional, con necesidades específicas y diferentes a las de 1978. Existen nuevas demandas que exigen que se revise el pacto constitucional. Algunas afectan directamente al catálogo de derechos, especialmente a los llamados derechos sociales, y se refieren por un lado, a la necesidad de otorgar a los derechos sociales ya reconocidos la consideración de fundamentales con todo lo que ello conlleva; y por otro, a la necesidad de crear nuevos derechos. El previsible aumento de personas necesitadas de cuidados, la escasez de servicios públicos para su asistencia, el tipo de cuidado informal prestado casi exclusivamente por mujeres que tienen que afrontar problemas y dilemas personales que afectan al libre desarrollo de la personalidad y también al derecho a la igualdad, pero sobre todo, la falta de una ética de la solidaridad y de la responsabilidad extendida socialmente exigen el reconocimiento de un derecho al cuidado. Por ello, entendemos que este análisis debe ser realizado desde la perspectiva de género, entendida como una categoría de análisis abierta que apuesta por el ejercicio de una lectura crítica de la realidad para transformar la situación de mujeres y hombres en la sociedad en aras de la igualdad real que postula nuestra Constitución y partiendo de la función transformadora del Derecho Constitucional. La ética del cuidado, como una forma de aproximarse a los problemas morales «típicamente femenina», ha servido para señalar la importancia del cuidado como prescripción ética básica; y por tanto esta ética debería guiar la nueva configuración del catálogo de derechos para una futura revisión de la Constitución. Los derechos del cuidado a las personas y que por tanto constituyen necesidades humanas básicas para una vida digna, se formulan en un contexto de cambio que exige una intervención urgente del Derecho para reconocerlos y aplicarlos. La configuración de un derecho al cuidado podría tener una doble vertiente: la de ser cuidado, obviamente, pero también la de cuidar, lo que implicaría por ejemplo suspender la actividad laboral o disfrutar de unas condiciones especiales temporalmente en tanto que la necesidad perdure, lo que permitiría una implicación más igualitaria de los hombres en el cuidado. El cuidado ha sido tradicionalmente una función de las mujeres, ellas se han ocupado del cuidado de menores, enfermos y personas dependientes; sin embargo esta función tan encomiable y necesaria para facilitar las condiciones de una vida digna, las ha colocado en una situación de desventaja dificultándoles su participación en la esfera pública. La solución posible es la asunción por parte de toda la sociedad de que la esfera privada y en definitiva, las tareas de cuidado han de ser compartidas entre hombres y mujeres; y lo más importante: que esa reflexión debe pasar a las agendas políticas influyendo en la legislación y en las políticas públicas. Abstract We are faced with a historical and political moment which suggests a constitutional revision, with specific and different needs from the 1978 needs. There are new needs that require to review the constitutional pact, some directly affect the catalogue of rights, especially to the so-called social rights, involving on the one hand, the need to grant social rights already recognized the consideration of basic with everything that that entails; and secondly, the need to create new rights. The foreseeable increase of people in need of care, the shortage of utilities for their assistance, the kind of informal care provided almost exclusively by women who are faced with problems and personal dilemmas that affect the free development of the personality and the right to equality, but above all, the lack of an ethic of solidarity and the responsibility socially extended require recognition of a right to care. Therefore, we understand that this analysis should be done from the perspective of gender, as a category of analysis open committed to the exercise of a critical reading of reality to transform the situation of women and men in society for the sake of real equality postulated in our Constitution and on the basis of the transformative role of the constitutional law. The ethics of care, as a way of approaching the moral problems «typically feminine», has served to emphasize the importance of care as basic ethical prescription; and therefore this ethics should guide the new configuration of the catalogue of rights for a future revision of the Constitution. The rights of care and which therefore constitute basic human needs to a dignified life, formulated in a context of change, require urgent intervention of the law to recognize them and apply them. The configuration of a right to care could have a twofold purpose: not only the right to be cared for, but also, the right to care for, implying for example to suspend work or enjoy special conditions temporarily while the need persists, which would allow a more equal involvement of men in care. Care has traditionally been a function of women, they have dealt with the care of children, sick and dependent persons; however this function so commendable and necessary to facilitate the conditions for a dignified life, has placed them at a disadvantage, making it difficult for them their participation in the public sphere. The possible solution is the assumption by the whole society that the sphere private and ultimately care tasks have to be shared between men and women; and most importantly: this reflection must have a political influence in legislation and public policies.

Steffen Bay Rasmussen

Zuzanna Benincasa, Andrzej Chmiel, Michał Urbańczyk et al.

Ivana Rašović

Pricedure for the admission to the European Union is complex and characteristic with the phases in which the key role have the in stitutions of the Community and for the phases happening according to the established rules of the international law. If Montenegro successfully implement the Agreement on stabilization and admission, it will create the conditions for this new country to enter European Union, i.e. to sign the Agreement on Admission to European Union Sport like activity is of big importance for any state in Europe.