We formulate an analogue transverse first law for general closed marginally trapped surfaces in arbitrary spacetimes. The construction is intrinsically quasi-local and is attached directly to an individual marginally trapped surface, rather than to a preferred horizon worldtube. Taking the Hawking energy as the internal energy and an invariant effective surface gravity associated with the marginally trapped surface as the quantity controlling the thermal term, we derive a balance law in which the variation of energy splits into a generalized heat contribution and a total work contribution. In this way, the resulting law provides a codimension-two, transverse counterpart to existing horizon-based formulations of black-hole thermodynamics. We show that the formalism reproduces the expected results for round spheres in spherically symmetric spacetimes. We then examine semiclassical equilibrium and evaporating regimes, and extend the analysis to non-spherically symmetric marginally trapped surfaces in Kerr. These examples indicate that the framework remains applicable in situations where a horizon-based treatment is either nonunique or technically cumbersome, and suggest that closed marginally trapped surfaces provide a natural arena for a genuinely quasi-local thermodynamics of black holes.
The purpose of the research is to identify the key discrepancies between the doctrinal interpretation of the rule of law element - the principle of legal certainty – and its practical implementation in the criminal law system of Ukraine. The article presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the principle of legal certainty of the law on criminal liability. The main approaches to understanding and interpreting the concept of legal certainty are revealed. It is established that legal certainty is an element of legal doctrine, a guarantee of fair trial and a universally recognized principle of law which establishes requirements for legal acts in terms of: logical presentation, clarity of wording, transparency, consistency and predictability of amendments. The author examines its role in ensuring the stability, predictability and fairness of criminal proceedings. It analyzes the major shortcomings of the legal regulation of the requirements of legal certainty of criminal law, specifically the absence of its formal enshrinement in national legislation. The main scientific studies, criminal legislation and judicial practice in this area are reviewed. The author identifies the primary factors hindering the implementation of the principle of legal certainty in Ukrainian criminal law: insufficient clarity of legal provisions, legal gaps and conflicts, legislative instability, broad discretionary powers of public authorities, inconsistency in judicial interpretation, and challenges in legal practice. It is stated that ensuring the certainty of the law on criminal liability is not only a theoretical issue but also a real practical problem which requires urgent solution. The article formulates conclusions regarding the current state of legal certainty in Ukrainian criminal law. It is established that the absence of a legislative definition of the concept of legal certainty, and the failure to identify and consolidate its main elements leads to its actual ineffectiveness. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the application of a comprehensive approach to analyzing the problem of legal certainty in criminal law, and in the combination of theoretical and practical aspects.
У статті проведений історико-правовий аналіз кримінальної відповідальності службової особи юридичної особи. Автором аналізуються різні підходи до визначення поняття службової особи, досліджується еволюція законодавства України. Встановлено, що генеза предмету статті є складним процесом, що охоплює етапи поступового переосмислення ролі юридичних осіб у вчиненні кримінальних правопорушень та впровадження ефективних кримінально-правових інструментів реагування.
Проаналізовано історичні етапи формування правового статусу службової особи. Виконано глибокий теоретичний аналіз поняття «службова особа юридичної особи публічного права», проілюстровано розвиток відповідних положень у Кримінальному кодексі України та антикорупційному законодавстві Окрема увага приділена запровадженню кримінальної відповідальності юридичних осіб та ролі їх службових осіб як носіїв кримінально-правового ризику. Здійснено критичний аналіз чинного законодавства, окреслено низку теоретичних і практичних проблем, зокрема відсутність єдиного визначення службової особи в контексті юридичної особи, що в свою чергу ускладнює правозастосовну діяльність. Приділено увагу впливу міжнародних антикорупційних норм і стандартів на формування вітчизняного кримінального права.
Наголошено, що важливою віхою стало прийняття у 2014 році Закону України «Про запобігання корупції» та внесення змін до Кримінального кодексу України, якими передбачено спеціальні норми, що охоплюють відповідальність за вчинення злочинів у сфері службової діяльності та професійної діяльності, пов’язаної з наданням публічних послуг.
Окрема увага приділяється розвитку концепції «юридичної відповідальності юридичних осіб», що втілилась у відповідні кримінальні норми, що дозволяють притягнути до відповідальності не лише конкретну фізичну особу, а й саму організацію за дії її уповноваженого представника. Таким чином, аналіз генези кримінальної відповідальності службової особи юридичної особи за корупційні злочини дозволяє глибше зрозуміти природу цього правового інституту, простежити еволюцію підходів до його правового регулювання та виявити перспективи вдосконалення законодавчої та правозастосовної практики в цій сфері.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Late-time cosmic acceleration has motivated the exploration of various extensions of general relativity, among which $f(Q,\mathcal{T})$ gravity, based on the non-metricity scalar $Q$ and the trace of the energy--momentum tensor $\mathcal{T}$, has gained increasing attention. In this study, we explore the thermodynamic aspects of $f(Q,\mathcal{T})$ gravity by establishing the first law and generalized second law of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon of a flat FLRW universe. By applying the Gibbs relation, we determined the rate of change of the total entropy and assessed the conditions under which the generalized second law remains valid for various choices of $f(Q,\mathcal{T})$. Our analysis focuses on linear, power-law, quadratic trace, exponential, and cross-coupling models, inspired by frameworks such as $f(R,\mathcal{T})$, $f(T)$, and modifications motivated by string theory. Our analysis showed that linear and mildly nonlinear models are generally thermodynamically consistent, whereas strongly nonlinear or interaction-type models require fine-tuned parameters for the generalized second law to hold. The present analysis underscores that thermodynamic considerations serve as effective criteria for assessing the viability of modified gravity models and their relevance to cosmological dynamics.
We consider a system consisting of one conservation law and one balance law with a time-dependent source term, and provide a comprehensive analysis of Riemann solutions, including the non-classical overcompressive delta shocks. The minimal yet representative structure of the system captures essential features of transport under density constraints and, despite its simplicity, serves as a versatile prototype for crowd-limited transport processes across diverse contexts, including biological aggregation, ecological dispersal, granular compaction, and traffic congestion. In addition to non-self-similar solutions mentioned above, the associated Riemann problem admits solution structures that traverse vacuum states ($ρ= 0$) and the critical density threshold ($ρ= \barρ$), where mobility vanishes and characteristic speed degenerates. Moreover, the explicit time dependence in the source term leads to the breakdown of self-similarity, resulting in distinct Riemann solutions over successive time intervals and highlighting the dynamic nature of the solution landscape. The theoretical findings are numerically confirmed using the Local Lax-Friedrichs scheme.
The article is dedicated to analyzing the role and position of legal principles within the framework of criminal law. The author emphasizes the importance of researching the principles of law both from a theoretical perspective - aiming to understand the content and directions of the development of criminal law as a branch of law, and from a practical perspective, manifested during the direct application of measures of criminal legal influence on certain subjects of criminal legal relations. Legal principles express the essence and social purpose of law, so it is difficult to overestimate their significance. They reflect the fundamental values and ideals of society at a particular stage of its development. As these values and ideals change, the principles of law also evolve. The relevance of the research topic is driven by the lack of a unified approach among scholars in defining the principles of criminal law, as well as insufficient attention to them from the legislator. The author's goal is to formulate their own definition of the concept of criminal law principles. To achieve this goal, the author examines the fundamental approaches taken by various scholars in defining legal principles as a whole and specifically those in context of criminal law. Emphasizing the diversity of such approaches, the author focuses on defining legal principles within the framework of broad and narrow types of legal understanding. The article highlights key features of criminal law principles that correspond to the specific characteristics of criminal law as a legal field. Trends of incorporating legal principles into legal norms are also analyzed. Furthermore, the article separately explores the issue of incorporating criminal law principles in legal norms. The article is intended for further research in the given field, that hold prospects in the specified thematic area.
We revisit the question of whether the strong law of large numbers (SLLN) holds uniformly in a rich family of distributions, culminating in a distribution-uniform generalization of the Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund SLLN. These results can be viewed as extensions of Chung's distribution-uniform SLLN to random variables with uniformly integrable $q^\text{th}$ absolute central moments for $0 < q < 2$. Furthermore, we show that uniform integrability of the $q^\text{th}$ moment is both sufficient and necessary for the SLLN to hold uniformly at the Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund rate of $n^{1/q - 1}$. These proofs centrally rely on novel distribution-uniform analogues of some familiar almost sure convergence results including the Khintchine-Kolmogorov convergence theorem, Kolmogorov's three-series theorem, a stochastic generalization of Kronecker's lemma, and the Borel-Cantelli lemmas. We also consider the non-identically distributed case.
The article examines the problems of defining the subject of municipal law as a branch of Ukrainian law. The phenomenology of municipal law is studied in the context of its genesis, development and understanding of the subject of municipal legal regulation. It is proved that the subject of municipal law as a branch of national law should be considered social relations that arise in the process of recognition, formation, organization and exercise of municipal power, as well as the realization and protection of municipal human rights. The article provides a doctrinal analysis of approaches to interpreting the content of relevant social relations. The issue of the principles and forms of implementation of municipal law was raised. It is stated that the urgent task of the modern municipal legal doctrine is the search for the main characteristics of the subject of municipal legal regulation, that is, the generalized criterion that allows to attribute the social relationship to the number of proper municipal legal relations. Municipalism and community organization at the municipal level - the municipal system - should act as such a characteristic. For the first time, it was proposed to introduce the category «municipal system» into scientific circulation. According to the author, the municipal system is a system of social relations and principles related to the exercise by territorial communities of their functions and powers as the primary subject of local self-government, as well as the implementation of historical, socioeconomic, spiritual-cultural, ethno-national and other features and traditions of their municipal life, which are recognized and protected by the Constitution and other acts of positive law. It is a kind of system-conglomerate structure, a synergistic combination of the principles of local self-government and heterogeneous elements and processes of municipal life (human rights, freedom, democracy, power, territory, property, etc.). It is claimed that the municipal system is one of the basic criteria for the formation of the subject of modern municipal law.
The article is devoted to the vision of atypical civil law provisions. It was found that the state of scientific opinion regarding atypical civil law provisions is irrelevant to the demands (needs) of the time. The subject of the study is atypical civil law provisions. The purpose of the study is to solve a scientific problem, which consists in developing a theoretical concept of atypical civil law provisions. The concept of atypical civil law provisions is defined as peculiar rules embodied in civil legislation (civil law goals-provisions, civil law principles-provisions, civil law definition-provisions, temporal civil law provisions, conflict civil law provisions, operational civil law provisions), which have a two-element structure (hypothesis and disposition ) and do not establish specific legal models of behavior of participants in civil relations, and the functional potential of which in the mechanism of legal regulation of civil relations depends on a certain type of such civil law provisions. It was determined that the atypical civil law provisions include: first, civil law goals-provisions; secondly, civil law principles-provisions; thirdly, civil law definition provisions; fourthly, temporal civil law provisions; fifth, operative civil law provisions; sixth, conflicting civil law provisions. The research is based on general scientific and special legal scientific methods of cognition. Using the historical-legal method, the evolution of atypical civil law provisions (civil law definition-provisions and operative norms of civil law) is outlined. Using the formal-logical method, the following author’s definitions were developed: a) atypical civil law provisions; b) civil law goals provisions; c) civil law principles-provisions; d) civil law definition-provisions; e) civil law temporal provisions; e) civil law operational provisions; e) conflict civil law provisions. The combination of systemic and structural-functional analysis made it possible to determine the types of atypical civil law provisions. Acts of civil legislation of Ukraine are the normative-legal base for the study of civil law goals-provisions, civil law principles-provisions, civil law definition-provisions, civil law temporal provisions, conflict civil law provisions, civil law operational provisions.
Abstract In 2021, the abnormal short-term price fluctuations of GameStop, which were triggered by internet stock discussions, drew the attention of academics, financial analysts, and stock trading commissions alike, prompting calls to address such events and maintain market stability. However, the impact of stock discussions on volatile trading behavior has received comparatively less attention than traditional fundamentals. Furthermore, data mining methods are less often used to predict stock trading despite their higher accuracy. This study adopts an innovative approach using social media data to obtain stock rumors, and then trains three decision trees to demonstrate the impact of rumor propagation on stock trading behavior. Our findings show that rumor propagation outperforms traditional fundamentals in predicting abnormal trading behavior. The study serves as an impetus for further research using data mining as a method of inquiry.
The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze the implementation of the execution of the fiduciary guarantee, the obstacles encountered in the implementation of the execution of the fiduciary guarantee after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 in Jambi City and the countermeasures carried out in overcoming the obstacles encountered. Research Methods, the research used is empirical juridical. First, the results of the research are that the execution of fiduciary guarantees in Jambi City is still not in accordance with the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019. This can be seen from the three cases that the author raised in this study, it was stated that only one case carried out parate execution in accordance with the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019, and two other cases did not comply with the Court's decision. This means that there are still creditors who immediately carry out executions before submitting an Application for Confiscation of Execution to the District Court. Second, the obstacles encountered in implementing the execution of fiduciary guarantees after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019 and the countermeasures made to overcome the obstacles faced, namely the obstacle since the entry into force of this decision is very difficult to collect from customers due to regulations -rule of law. Which if the rule of law is violated, PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance will bear the consequences. In addition, the debtor insists on not letting go of his unit and violates the payment deadline. The countermeasures carried out in overcoming the obstacles faced by PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance, namely if the debtor defaults, namely does not pay the installments that have been determined properly and has been given a subpoena, if the debtor becomes bankrupt, and the debtor dies and the heirs are absent.
Abstrak
Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pelaksanaan parate eksekusi, kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU-XVII/2019 di Kota Jambi dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi. Metode Penelitian Penelitian yang digunakan bersifat yuridis empiris. Hasil penelitian Pertama, pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia di Kota Jambi masih belum sesuai dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari tiga kasus yang Penulis angkat dalam penelitian ini dinyatakan hanya satu kasus saja yang melakukan parate eksekusi sesuai dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019, dan dua kasus lainnya tidak sesuai Putusan Mahkamah tersebut. Artinya, masih terdapat pihak kreditur yang langsung melakukan eksekusi sebelum pengajukan Permohonan Sita Eksekusi ke Pengadilan Negeri. Kedua, kendala yang dihadapi dalam pelaksanaan parate eksekusi jaminan fidusia pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU- XVII/2019 dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi, yakni kendalanya sejak berlakunya putusan ini sangat sulit untuk melakukan penagihan terhadap nasabah karena adanya aturan-aturan hukum. Yang mana jika aturan hukum tersebut dilanggar, PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance yang menanggung konsekuensinya, selain itu debitur bersikeras untuk tidak mau mepaskan unitnya dan melanggar batas waktu pembayaran. Adapun upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi kendala yang dihadapi PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance yaitu jika debitur melakukan wanprestasi, yaitu tidak membayar angsuran telah ditentukan sebagaimana mestinya dan telah diberi somasi, jika debitur jatuh pailit, dan Debitur meninggal dunia dan ahli warisnya tidak ada.
S. O. Pogribny, S. V. Bezpalko, I. V. Kritsak
et al.
In an article based on the interdisciplinary method of scientific research, national and international experience, theoretical developments and legislative initiatives an attempt was made to update the normative and legal material and generalization of scientific developments in the field of research infrastructure, with an emphasis on modern educational and scientific processes. A significant drawback on this path was that initiators of drafting the draft law “About scientific and scientific and technical activity” on issues of research infrastructure and support for young scientists the scientific base of the investigated problem is not sufficiently taken into account, which is most often seen in reasoning, to the explanatory note to the Draft Law. It is suggested to borrow the displayed ones in the article the ideas of scientists, and also emphasizes implementation further scientific research, especially regarding the latest scientific publications of Ukraine and the world in the specified direction. The need for constant monitoring and analysis is emphasized positive foreign practices of building a smart educational and scientific policy, which is a stimulus for the prospects of the development of science and the national economy in general. As suggestions, author’s works are offered, ideas and recommendations implemented during the recent events of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which can be the ideological base for to improve the Draft Law we are working on. It should be noted that open science is – this is the future of the ХХІ century. The world is moving towards an open research infrastructure, which is a positive trend, after all everyone has an opportunity in free access get acquainted with the authors’ work. Today, providing open access to scientific resources is a priority. Research and scientific infrastructure under martial law equates to the critical infrastructure of the state.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
El análisis del concepto de culpa en su desarrollo histórico ha sido un tema de continuo debate y estudio para la doctrina jurídica autoral de todo tiempo y lugar, alcanzando su máxima expresión, en la moderna Teoría de la Responsabilidad, de desarrollo inconcebible sin aquel. La culpa ha configurado, pues, uno de los grandes logros del pensamiento jurídico antiguo, toda vez que ha explicado las razones jurídicas por las cuales una determinada conducta resulta reprochable, ergo, atributiva de la obligación de reparar, ya bien el daño causado (responsabilidad resarcitoria), ya bien el riesgo creado de que un daño acontezca, continúe, o se agrave (responsabilidad preventiva). Así, su génesis y evolución conceptual; sus distintos criterios de apreciación; su estrecha conexidad lógica con los elementos objetivos antijuricidad y causalidad; los supuestos de presunción de su existencia; su prueba y la inversión de su carga, serán tratados, en mayor o menor medida, en el presente estudio. Todo lo cual, ha hecho de la culpa una de las ideas de mayor vigencia e interés en las Ciencias Jurídicas, desde la célebre “Lex Aquilia”, pasando por el Libro IX del Digesto, hasta nuestro actual Código Civil y Comercial de la Nación.
Law, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
O presente trabalho objetiva demonstrar a necessidade de formação de profissionais do direito de acordo com epistemologias feministas para que o próprio Direito não seja instrumento de violência de gênero. Para esse escopo, a análise teórica, segundo metodologias feministas, é alinhada à práxis jurídica no Direito Penal, especificamente quanto ao uso da tese de legítima defesa da honra nos crimes de feminicídio, haja vista a declaração de inconstitucionalidade dessa tese pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal na ADPF 779. Com fulcro nessas análises, realizadas a partir de levantamento bibliográfico, dados estatísticos e jurisprudência sobre o tema, foi possível identificar que as decisões de Tribunais Superiores proibitivas do uso de teses de cunho moral nos crimes contra a mulher possuem um caráter simbólico positivo capaz de contribuir para a superação dessa espécie de violência de gênero no âmbito jurídico. As analises também permitem apontar a falha na formação nos cursos de Direito no que tange à construção do conhecimento a partir das experiências das mulheres e propor, como contrapartida, uma formação de acordo com uma perspectiva crítica e subversiva das relações de gênero.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Мандат као двострано неједнако обавезујући контракт одступа од правила синалагматичности у групи консензуалних контраката . Управо доводећи у везу чињенице да је мандат двострано неједнако обавезујући уговор (contractus bilateralis inaequalis) и да припада групи консензуалних контраката, поставља се врло једноставно питање о поријеклу тог института. Да ли је постојао институт сличан институту мандата у цивилном праву који су римски правници адаптирали и по угледу на карактеристике тог института створили институт који ће бити доступан и странцима и регулисан начелима добре вјере, а задржати бесплатност као суштинско одређење правне природе контракта јер води поријекло из пријатељства и дужности? Вјеродостојан одговор на ово питање се може дати само уколико романистика дође до нових извора који ће потврдити већ постојеће хипотезе које су формиране кроз бројне теорије о поријеклу мандата .
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence, Law of Europe
Continuing from arXiv:2102.01917v2, in this paper, we discuss general criteria and forms of liminf laws of iterated logarithm (LIL) for continuous-time Markov processes. Under some minimal assumptions, which are weaker than those in arXiv:2102.01917v2, we establish liminf LIL at zero (at infinity, respectively) in general metric measure spaces. In particular, our assumptions for liminf law of LIL at zero and the form of liminf LIL are truly local so that we can cover highly space-inhomogenous cases. Our results cover all examples in arXiv:2102.01917v2 including random conductance models with long range jumps. Moreover, we show that the general form of liminf law of LIL at zero holds for a large class of jump processes whose jumping measures have logarithmic tails and Feller processes with symbols of varying order which are not covered before.
La repuesta jurídica correcta para cada caso propuesta por Ronald Dworkin supone una confianza extraordinaria en la razón práctica jurídica, y entre los que polemizaron con ella está el representante más difundido del iusnaturalismo clásico: John Finnis, que si bien afirma la existencia de esa razón valorativa, se limita a reconocerle la doble función de: i) descartar respuestas inadmisibles por suprimir “bienes humanos básicos”; y ii) ofrecer alternativas igualmente razonables e inconmensurables que le corresponde al juez optar entre ellas. Esas posiciones y sus argumentos respectivos mantienen plena actualidad en torno a las posibilidades que ofrece la razón práctica jurídica.
Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
We derive an approximate expression for the entropy of Hawking radiation filling a spherical box in stable thermodynamic equilibrium with the Schwarzschild black hole that produced the said radiation. The Bekenstein entropy bound is satisfied but the generalized second law might not be always guaranteed. We briefly discuss the possible origin of this unexpected result.
Since the beginning of 2020 the World woke up to a new reality: due to the dangers of Pandemic, majority of states are forced to change the rhythm of their lives and put it under the strict measures of emergency regime. The massive deployment of the states of emergency has itself put the need to analyse the legislature governing this institute high on the agenda, in Georgia as well as in the world. As the research has demonstrated, naturally, the state of emergency is announced differently depending on the models of governance, such as participation of various institutions in it or the differences of function allocation, however, at all stages the participation of the Parliament, as a controlling body is significant. The foregoing paper will investigate the state of emergency from the parliamentary perspective: the role of legislative body in this process and the threats, that may emerge when exercising governance, will be analysed.
Law of nations, Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
Being inscribed in a momentum of international pop music festivals, the French pop music festivals were launched in 1970 : Le Bourget, Valbonne, Biot and Aix-en-Provence. Authorities fear violence such as Altamont festival (1969) and also politic contestation organized by Maoists. Two festivals are banned (Valbonne and Aix). Using official archives, interviews and mediatic sources, this article study festival’s part to reveal the generation gap between youth culture and adults. That’s why we will study representations of youth and rock through the view of authorities and media. We will also study protest movements at the festival and their impact on the society.