Hasil untuk "Latin America. Spanish America"

Iris Dania Jimenez, Christoph Kern

Spanish is the official language of twenty-one countries and is spoken by over 441 million people. Naturally, there are many variations in how Spanish is spoken across these countries. Media platforms such as YouTube rely on automatic speech recognition systems to make their content accessible to different groups of users. However, YouTube offers only one option for automatically generating captions in Spanish. This raises the question: could this captioning system be biased against certain Spanish dialects? This study examines the potential biases in YouTube's automatic captioning system by analyzing its performance across various Spanish dialects. By comparing the quality of captions for female and male speakers from different regions, we identify systematic disparities which can be attributed to specific dialects. Our study provides further evidence that algorithmic technologies deployed on digital platforms need to be calibrated to the diverse needs and experiences of their user populations.

Sebastián Hincapié Rojas

Arnbjörg Soffía Árnadóttir, David E. Roberson

A quantum Latin square is an $n \times n$ array of unit vectors where each row and column forms an orthonormal basis of a fixed complex vector space. We introduce the notion of $(G,G')$-invariant quantum Latin squares for finite groups $G$ and $G'$. These are quantum Latin squares with rows and columns indexed by $G$ and $G'$ respectively such that the inner product of the $a,b$-entry with the $c,d$-entry depends only on $a^{-1}c \in G$ and $b^{-1}d \in G'$. This definition is motivated by the notion of group invariant bijective correlations introduced in [Roberson \& Schmidt (2020)], and every group invariant quantum Latin square produces a group invariant bijective correlation, though the converse does not hold. In this work we investigate these group invariant quantum Latin squares and their corresponding correlations. Our main result is that, up to applying a global isometry to every vector in a $(G,G')$-invariant quantum Latin square, there is a natural bijection between these objects and trace and conjugate transpose preserving isomorphisms between the group algebras of $G$ and $G'$. This in particular proves that a $(G,G')$-invariant quantum Latin square exists if and only if the multisets of degrees of irreducible representations are equal for $G$ and $G'$. Another motivation for this line of work is that whenever Cayley graphs for groups $G$ and $G'$ are quantum isomorphic, then there is a $(G,G')$-invariant quantum correlation witnessing this, and thus it suffices to consider such correlations when searching for quantum isomorphic Cayley graphs. Given a group invariant quantum correlation, we show how to construct all pairs of graphs for which it gives a quantum isomorphism.

Pablo Ibáñez-Bonillo, Rafael Chambouleyron

Presentación del número

Alex Silva Costa

No conteúdo dos I Fioretti encontra-se a narrativa do milagre do Sermão de Santo Antônio aos peixes, acontecido no século XIII, o interessante é que durante tempos a descrição do milagre sempre esteve preenchida de misticismos devido ao caráter extraordinário de tal feito do santo, a comunicação aos peixes. No século XVII, o Padre Antônio Vieira apresenta em 13 de junho de 1654 o Sermão de Santo Antônio aos Peixes para denunciar os desmandos políticos e vícios praticados pelos colonos da região maranhense. Naquela época, os padres jesuítas estavam em conflito com os exploradores por causa do uso da mão de obra indígena. Estabelecemos então, um paralelo entre as duas obras para demostrar as conexões historiográficas entre o período medieval e o colonial brasileiro para debatermos as continuidades e permanências na longa duração do tempo histórico.

José Cañete, Gabriel Chaperon, Rodrigo Fuentes et al.

The Spanish language is one of the top 5 spoken languages in the world. Nevertheless, finding resources to train or evaluate Spanish language models is not an easy task. In this paper we help bridge this gap by presenting a BERT-based language model pre-trained exclusively on Spanish data. As a second contribution, we also compiled several tasks specifically for the Spanish language in a single repository much in the spirit of the GLUE benchmark. By fine-tuning our pre-trained Spanish model, we obtain better results compared to other BERT-based models pre-trained on multilingual corpora for most of the tasks, even achieving a new state-of-the-art on some of them. We have publicly released our model, the pre-training data, and the compilation of the Spanish benchmarks.

Jack Allsop

A Latin square of order $n$ is an $n \times n$ matrix of $n$ symbols, such that each symbol occurs exactly once in each row and column. For an odd prime power $q$ let $\mathbb{F}_q$ denote the finite field of order $q$. A quadratic Latin square is a Latin square $\mathcal{L}[a, b]$ defined by, $$(\mathcal{L}[a, b])_{i, j} = \begin{cases} i + a(j-i) & \text{if } j-i \text{ is a quadratic residue in } \mathbb{F}_q, \\ i + b(j-i) & \text{otherwise}, \end{cases}$$ for some $\{a, b\} \subseteq \mathbb{F}_q$ such that $ab$ and $(a-1)(b-1)$ are quadratic residues in $\mathbb{F}_q$. Quadratic Latin squares have previously been used to construct perfect $1$-factorisations, mutually orthogonal Latin squares and atomic Latin squares. We first characterise quadratic Latin squares which are devoid of $2 \times 2$ Latin subsquares. Let $G$ be a graph and $\mathcal{F}$ a $1$-factorisation of $G$. If the union of every pair of $1$-factors in $\mathcal{F}$ induces a Hamiltonian cycle in $G$ then $\mathcal{F}$ is called perfect, and if there is no pair of $1$-factors in $\mathcal{F}$ which induce a Hamiltonian cycle in $G$ then $\mathcal{F}$ is called anti-perfect. We use quadratic Latin squares to construct new examples of anti-perfect $1$-factorisations of complete graphs and complete bipartite graphs. We also demonstrate that for each odd prime $p$, there are only finitely many orders $q$, which are powers of $p$, such that quadratic Latin squares of order $q$ could be used to construct perfect $1$-factorisations of complete graphs or complete bipartite graphs.

Miguel Ortega-Martín, Óscar García-Sierra, Alfonso Ardoiz et al.

Dictionaries are one of the oldest and most used linguistic resources. Building them is a complex task that, to the best of our knowledge, has yet to be explored with generative Large Language Models (LLMs). We introduce the "Spanish Built Factual Freectianary" (Spanish-BFF) as the first Spanish AI-generated dictionary. This first-of-its-kind free dictionary uses GPT-3. We also define future steps we aim to follow to improve this initial commitment to the field, such as more additional languages.

Abednego Orobosa Isere

This paper studies the left (right) middle translations on finite involutory latin quandles and their representations. It also shows that a left involutory latin quandle of odd order n can be constructed from a cyclic group of odd order by the application of left middle translations. Furthermore, the concept of spins of involutory latin quandle is investigated, and it is shown that if Q is a left involutory latin quandle of odd order n, then the set of all right spins (r-spins) is a cyclic group of odd order n under composition of mapping.

Capucine Boidin

Nancy Noguera

The short story narrates the journey of a young girl that disappears at the lawless border between Venezuela and Colombia.

Bertha Estrada Lázaro, Emmanuel Francisco García Uribe

This article examines the recent evolution of the Juarez metalworking industry, which has been characterized by the knowledge application in its production processes. It dives into the identification and characterization of business social networks from a sociocentric approach. The results presented form part of a research product that reveals a system of interactions between participating companies in relation to access sources and knowledge acquisition in an interactive learning process. The study identifies a diversity of leading agents, among which are clients, industry suppliers and local consolidated companies.

Catia Brilli

This article analyses the evolution of the role of the consuls in the territories of the Hispanic monarchy during the Genoese emigration from the end of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century. Emigration from the Ligurian coasts underwent profound political and institutional changes during this period; on the one hand this led to the disappearance of the republic of Genoa and to its annexation to the kingdom of Sardinia, and on the other hand, to the disintegration of the Hispanic monarchy, to which the Genoese businessmen had linked their fortunes. In order to identify the possible changes or continuities in Genoese consular affiliation with the emergence of new state realities, the analysis will focus on the port of Cadiz, a centre for commerce with the Indies and home to one of the most important communities of expatriates at the end of the Old Regime, and the port of Buenos Aires, the main settlement area for modern Genoese emigration to America after the collapse of the colonial order.

Christian A. Cancino, J. Merigó, D. Urbano et al.

ABSTRACT Ibero-American researchers show an increasing number of studies on entrepreneurship and innovation research. This article analyzes the journals and universities that published research on the discipline developed by Ibero-American authors between 1986 and 2015. The work uses the Web of Science database and provides several bibliometric indicators. The results show that the most outstanding researchers of the region come mainly from Spain and Portugal. In particular, Spanish researchers are the most productive and influential authors in the region. A small group of researchers from Chile, Argentina, and Mexico are also very influential. Latin American researchers must deepen their international academic networks.

Carolin Hannusch

We recall the Alon-Tarsi conjecture on the number of even latin squares. We introduce a map which switches the parity of a latin square under certain requirements. An example is included.

Mariano Monge Juárez

Tras la consolidación de la Revolución Pasteuriana en Francia y Europa, en España se desarrolla una intensa política legislativa de vigilancia y prevención de la tuberculosis. La necesidad de mano de obra en pleno avance industrial obliga a las clases dominantes a ejercer el control sobre el cuerpo y la salud de los ciudadanos.  La vacuna BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin), descubierta por los franceses Albert Calmette y Camille Guérin del Instituto Pasteur, en 1921, constituye una herramienta biopolítica decisiva en la lucha contra la infección. Solo tras la proclamación de la II República se produce un cambio de paradigma, más orientado a la educación y prevención.

N. Russell, Kevin Nazar, S. del Pino et al.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify and summarize existing literature on the burden of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and viral hepatitis (VH) in indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants in Latin America to provide a broad panorama of the quantitative data available and highlight problematic data gaps. Methods Published and grey literature were systematically reviewed to identify documents published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese with data collected between January 2000 and April 2016 on HIV, STI, and VH disease burden among indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants in 17 Latin American countries. Results Sixty-two documents from 12 countries were found. HIV prevalence was generally low ( 5%) were noted in some indigenous communities in Venezuela (Warao) (9.6%), Peru (Chayahuita) (7.5%), and Colombia (Wayuu females) (7.0%). High active syphilis prevalence (> 5%) was seen in some indigenous communities in Paraguay (11.6% and 9.7%) and Peru (Chayahuita) (6.3%). High endemicity (> 8%) of hepatitis B was found in some indigenous peoples in Mexico (Huichol) (9.4%) and Venezuela (Yanomami: 14.3%; Japreira: 29.5%) and among Afro-descendant quilombola populations in Brazil (Frechal: 12.5%; Furnas do Dionísio: 8.4% in 2008, 9.2% in 2003). Conclusions The gaps in existing data on the burden of HIV, STIs, and VH in indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants in Latin America highlight the need to 1) improve national surveillance, by systematically collecting and analyzing ethnicity variables, and implementing integrated biobehavioral studies using robust methodologies and culturally sensitive strategies; 2) develop a region-wide response policy that considers the needs of indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants; and 3) implement an intercultural approach to health and service delivery to eliminate health access barriers and improve health outcomes for these populations.

Emilio J. Compte, Jason M. Nagata, A. R. Sepúlveda et al.

Despite an increase in body dissatisfaction and muscularity concerns among Latin American men, there is a paucity of research relating to muscle dysmorphia in this population. In this study we aimed to evaluate, for the first time in Latin America, the factor structure of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI; Hildebrandt, Langenbucher, & Schlundt, 2004). A sample of 551 men who exercise completed measures of body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and the MDDI. Exploratory factor analysis in a first split-half sample revealed a 3-factor solution similar to the original version, which was then tested through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a second split-half sample. A re-specified model (allowing for error correlations between Items 10-13 and 11-13) presented adequate fit. Omega coefficients revealed adequate internal consistency (> .80) for the Drive for Size and Functional Impairment subscales. The internal consistency for the Appearance Intolerance subscale was .74 and .72 across subset samples. Associations with body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, body mass index, and frequency of training and rest days are presented as evidence of construct validity. Finally, multi-group CFA indicated that the model was invariant across type of exercise. Overall, these data suggest that the MDDI is suitable for use in Spanish-speaking Latin American male populations.

José A. García-Arroyo, Amparo Osca Segovia

Darcy Best, Kyle Pula, Ian M. Wanless

A Latin array is a matrix of symbols in which no symbol occurs more than once within a row or within a column. A diagonal of an $n\times n$ array is a selection of $n$ cells taken from different rows and columns of the array. The weight of a diagonal is the number of different symbols on it. We show via computation that every Latin array of order $n\le11$ has a diagonal of weight at least $n-1$. A corollary is the existence of near transversals in Latin squares of these orders. More generally, for all $k\le20$ we compute a lower bound on the order of any Latin array that does not have a diagonal of weight at least $n-k$.