Hasil untuk "Labor. Work. Working class"

Аndrii Bochkovskyi, Nаtalia Sapozhnikova, Valentina Purich et al.

Мета. Визначити проблеми, що зумовлюють неможливість надання ефективної медичної допомоги постраждалому від нещасних випадків на виробництві на місці виникнення інциденту та визначення напрямів щодо їх вирішення. Методи. Аналіз статистичних даних щодо кількості та динаміки випадків виникнення виробничого травматизму та нормативно-правових актів з порядку надання домедичної допомоги потерпілим, а також інших нормативно-правових документів – для визначення та актуалізації проблеми дослідження, а також визначення напрямів її вирішення. Результати. Встановлено актуальні проблеми, що унеможливлюють надання якісної та швидкої домедичної допомоги постраждалим від нещасного випадку або професійного отруєння безпосередньо на місці виникнення інциденту. Розроблено напрями їх вирішення, що передбачають впровадження обов’язкового набуття теоретичних знань та практичних навичок з надання домедичної допомоги у закладах освіти, удосконалення порядку навчання та перевірки знань з питань охорони праці в організаціях, необхідність унормування питань правового захисту особи, що надає домедичну допомогу постраждалому. Теоретична цінність. Обґрунтовано необхідність внесення змін в чинні стандарти освіти з метою забезпечення обов’язковості набуття знань та навичок з надання домедичної допомоги здобувачами освіти всіх спеціальностей, а також змін в чинне законодавство з питань правового захисту осіб, що надають домедичну допомогу потерпілим у невідкладних станах. Практична цінність. Результати проведених досліджень дозволять значно мінімізувати ризик для життя постраждалого, що знаходиться у невідкладному стані, за рахунок забезпечення можливості надання йому швидкої та якісної медичної допомоги безпосередньо на місці виникнення інциденту. Оригінальність. Розроблено напрями, реалізація яких дозволить підвищити рівень теоретичних знань та практичних навичок майбутніх фахівців та працівників з надання домедичної допомоги потерпілим та рівень правової захищеності осіб, які надають домедичну допомогу, що дозволить, в свою чергу, підвищити якість та швидкість надання домедичної допомоги безпосередньо на місці події та, відповідно, знизити ймовірність виникнення летальних випадків у постраждалого, за рахунок полегшення його стану та скорочення часу госпіталізації.

Geoffroy GONZALEZ

En este artículo se examina la deliberación colectiva como mecanismo que promueve la sostenibilidad ecológica y social del trabajo en las empresas. El estudio se centra en una sociedad cooperativa de interés colectivo orientada a la transición ecológica, un tipo de empresa que involucra a todas las partes interesadas (productores, consumidores, etc.) en la deliberación colectiva sobre el trabajo. Tras analizar las ventajas y limitaciones de la «holocracia» como método de organización del trabajo que fomenta los espacios de diálogo, se concluye que el impacto de la deliberación colectiva en la sostenibilidad no afecta por igual a todas las partes interesadas.

Margaret Chauke, Raesetja G. Ledwaba, Jacomina M. Motitswe

Background: Teaching Deaf learners in multigrade classes contributes to learning challenges and requires implementation of curriculum differentiation. However, limited South African Sign Language (SASL) proficiency and learning resources hinder inclusive education in special schools. Objectives: This study aimed to explore teachers’ perceptions in supporting Deaf learners in multigrade classrooms, focusing on challenges and teaching strategies for inclusive education. Method: A qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological design was used. Six teachers from a special school were selected using purposive sampling. Data collection involved focus group discussions, classroom observations, document analysis, and field notes. Thematic analysis was employed to generate findings. Results: Teachers face persistent challenges, including inadequate resources, limited SASL proficiency, and insufficient professional development. To address these challenges, they employ multimodal teaching strategies, advocate for enhanced SASL training, and integrate visual aids to foster inclusive learning. Conclusion: Teachers used gestures, assistive technologies and visual aids in supporting Deaf learners. The Department of Basic Education should implement structured SASL training, expand access to assistive technologies, and develop an inclusive curriculum tailored to Deaf learners’ needs. Continuous professional development and systematic monitoring are essential for improving teacher effectiveness and promoting inclusive education. Contribution: This study contributes to the understanding of teacher experiences in supporting Deaf learners in multigrade classes, systemic barriers and adaptive strategies they employ to manage multigrade deaf education. Furthermore, the findings of this study will inform future teacher training on the use of SASL and provide policy recommendations to improve curriculum differentiation.

Pyeonghwa Kim, Steve Sawyer, Michael Dunn

We advance gender-inclusive research within the CSCW field by investigating the long-term gendered experiences of online freelancers on digital labor platforms. The prevalence of gender-based inequalities has attracted significant attention within the CSCW community. Yet, insights remain limited on how these inequalities shape workers' long-term experiences on digital labor platforms. Through a five-year longitudinal study of 105 freelancers on Upwork, we reveal persistent gender disparities that influence workers' long-term work and career trajectories, raising concerns about the sustainability of platform-mediated work. We advance the ongoing dialogue on gender inclusivity in the community by introducing the concepts of career disempowerment and platform-mediated motherhood penalty and by offering research and design implications for CSCW to foster more sustainable, equitable platform work environments for all genders.

Jaime Vera-Jaramillo

This study proposes a unified multi-stage framework to reconstruct consistent monthly and annual labor indicators for all 33 Colombian departments from 1993 to 2025. The approach integrates temporal disaggregation, time-series splicing and interpolation, statistical learning, and institutional covariates to estimate seven key variables: employment, unemployment, labor force participation (PEA), inactivity, working-age population (PET), total population, and informality rate, including in regions without direct survey coverage. The framework enforces labor accounting identities, scales results to demographic projections, and aligns all estimates with national benchmarks to ensure internal coherence. Validation against official departmental GEIH aggregates and city-level informality data for the 23 metropolitan areas yields in-sample Mean Absolute Percentage Errors (MAPEs) below 2.3% across indicators, confirming strong predictive performance. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset to provide spatially exhaustive and temporally consistent monthly labor measures for Colombia. By incorporating both quantitative and qualitative dimensions of employment, the panel enhances the empirical foundation for analysing long-term labor market dynamics, identifying regional disparities, and designing targeted policy interventions.

Anna Trojsi

The aim of this research is to demonstrate that the centrality of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation – GDPR), in its protective function of workers’ personal rights within the Member States of the European Union, is confirmed by the subsequent EU legislative acts (Regulations and Directives) of interest to Labour Law. Such as: at a general level, the EU Regulations of the “European strategy for data”, adopted in 2022-2023 (Data Governance Act – DGA, Digital Markets Act – DMA, Digital Services Act – DSA, Data Act – DA), as well as the previous EU “Directive Open Data” 2019/1024; among EU acts specifically concerning the labour area, for example, Directive (EU) 2019/1937 on whistleblowing and Directive (EU) 2023/970 on equal pay for equal work between men and women through pay transparency. Special attention will be paid, in this perspective, to the Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act) and to the Directive (EU) 2024/2831 on platform work.

Łukasz Pisarczyk

One of the most distinguishing features of labour law is the existence of a category of legal acts considered autonomous sources of law. Although not adopted by public authorities, they establish general and abstract norms regulating various labour-related issues and are secured by a complex system of sanctions. The legal effects of autonomous acts must be confronted with the normative model of sources of law. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland has established numerus clausus of sources of law. None of the autonomous sources of labour law are mentioned as a part of the constitutional legal system. The article presents the Polish system of sources of law and clarifies constitutional grounds for creating the normativity of collective agreements and employer’s regulations as autonomous acts.

Loredana Zappalà

The aim of the present study is to analyse the impact of the regulation of new technologies inspired by the risk-based approach, and in particular to examine the role of trade unions in the identification, assessment, management and mitigation of risks to workers’ rights. Through the analysis of the regulation inspired by the risk-based approach (GDPR, IA Act and the proposal for a directive on the improvement of working conditions in platform work), the essay identifies a new trend towards the proceduralisation of risk management, functional to preserve the effectiveness and efficacy of traditional labour regulation.

Guanyi Yang, Srinivasan Murali

This paper examines the impact of racial discrimination in hiring on employment, wages, and wealth disparities between black and white workers. Using a labor search-and-matching model with racially prejudiced and non-prejudiced firms, we show that labor market frictions sustain discriminatory practices as an equilibrium outcome. These practices account for 57% of the racial unemployment gap, 48% of the average wage gap, and 16% of the median wealth gap. Discriminatory hiring also increases unemployment and wage volatility for black workers, increasing their labor market risks over the business cycle. Eliminating prejudiced firms reduces these disparities and improves the welfare of black workers as well as the overall economic welfare.

Holger Hermanns, Anne Lauber-Rönsberg, Philip Meinel et al.

The European AI Act is a new, legally binding instrument that will enforce certain requirements on the development and use of AI technology potentially affecting people in Europe. It can be expected that the stipulations of the Act, in turn, are going to affect the work of many software engineers, software testers, data engineers, and other professionals across the IT sector in Europe and beyond. The 113 articles, 180 recitals, and 13 annexes that make up the Act cover 144 pages. This paper aims at providing an aid for navigating the Act from the perspective of some professional in the software domain, termed "the working programmer", who feels the need to know about the stipulations of the Act.

Enrique Ide, Eduard Talamàs

Current AI systems are better than humans in some knowledge dimensions but weaker in others. Guided by the long-standing vision of machine intelligence inspired by the Turing Test, AI developers increasingly seek to eliminate this "jagged" nature by pursuing Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) that surpasses human knowledge across domains. This pursuit has sparked an important debate, with leading economists arguing that AGI risks eroding the value of human capital. We contribute to this debate by showing how AI capabilities in different dimensions shape labor income in a multidimensional knowledge economy. AI improvements in dimensions where it is stronger than humans always increase labor income, but the effects of AI progress in dimensions where it is weaker than humans depend on the nature of human-AI communication. When communication allows the integration of partial solutions, improvements in AI's weak dimensions reduce the marginal product of labor, and labor income is maximized by a deliberately jagged form of AI. In contrast, when communication is limited to sharing full solutions, improvements in AI's weak dimensions can raise the marginal product of labor, and labor income can be maximized when AI achieves high performance across all dimensions. These results point to the importance of empirically assessing the additivity properties of human-AI communication for understanding the labor-market consequences of progress toward AGI.

Amanda Tobin Ripley

This paper examines a collective identity shift among unionizing art museum workers. Pulling data from an action research study of museum union members, I argue that museum workers today are explicitly aligning themselves with working classes in building wall‐to‐wall labor unions and embracing the collective identity, or membership within the group, of “museum worker.” In analyzing this identity label, I draw from Bruce Lincoln's theories on discourse as a mechanism for constructing or dismantling affective social boundaries. The shift from “museum professional” to “museum worker” signifies a redefinition of creative labor and museum work rooted in cross‐class solidarity and bears implications for effective grassroots organizing and coalition‐building for institutional and social change.

Ali Abdulhussain Fadhi, Ali H Mohammed, Ibrahim Mourad Mohammed et al.

Objectives: Alzheimer is the most prevalent cognitive disturbance with a high spread rate among the elderly. The current research aims to investigate the impact of cognitive rehabilitation on the memory improvement of Alzheimer disease patients. Methods: This was a semi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test designs. The statistical population in Baghdad City, Iraq, in 2021 included 60 patients with Alzheimer and was divided into an experimental (n=30) and a control group (n=30). The patient’s cognitive abilities were assessed before the intervention (pre-test), promptly after the intervention (post-test), and 2 months later (follow-up). The experimental group had twenty-eight 45-min sessions of training based on the Montessori method (2 sessions per week). The data were analyzed via the SPSS software, version 19, using the independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance. The results had a P<0.05. Results: The findings of the independent t-test demonstrated no significant difference between the scores of both groups during the pre-test stage (P>0.05); however, the difference was significant during the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.001). In addition, the findings of the repeated measure analysis of variance indicated a significant difference between both groups’ mean scores in the post-test and follow-up (P<0.001). Discussion: Cognitive rehabilitation can help patients with memory disorders and positively affect their memory performance.

José F. Fontanari, Viviane M. de Oliveira, Paulo R. A. Campos

The response threshold model explains the emergence of division of labor (i.e., task specialization) in an unstructured population by assuming that the individuals have different propensities to work on different tasks. The incentive to attend to a particular task increases when the task is left unattended and decreases when individuals work on it. Here we derive mean-field equations for the stimulus dynamics and show that they exhibit complex attractors through period-doubling bifurcation cascades when the noise disrupting the thresholds is small. In addition, we show how the fixed threshold can be set to ensure specialization in both the transient and equilibrium regimes of the stimulus dynamics. However, a complete explanation of the emergence of division of labor requires that we address the question of where the threshold variation comes from, starting from a homogeneous population. We then study a structured population scenario, where the population is divided into a large number of independent groups of equal size, and the fitness of a group is proportional to the weighted mean work performed on the tasks during a fixed period of time. Using a winner-take-all strategy to model group competition and assuming an initial homogeneous metapopulation, we find that a substantial fraction of workers specialize in each task, without the need to penalize task switching.

Larissa Prato Santos, Maria Luiza Gava Schmidt

Ergology was originated in the 1980 ́s as an approach focused on understanding human activity and work based on the worker ́s knowledge and experience. The overall objective was to conduct bibliographic research in scientific databases on the ergonomic approach in Brazil from 1980 to 2018. The specific objectives were: to describe the profile of scientific productions of empirical studies within the Brazilian context based on Ergology; to identify and organize the main results of research in Brazil that used the ergologic approach. The methodology consists of a literature review study ofempirical articles published between 1980 to 2018 in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases. Forty-five articles were selected, most of which based on qualitative methods and share efforts showing promising results for the understanding of the relationship between subjectivity and work, revealing how workers from different professional categories related singularly to their work activities. The diversity of experiences presented shows that the ergologicalapproach is consolidated amongBrazilian researchers as a method widely used by research centers and groups from different institutions.

Jannat Haider, Rabia Zubair

Background: Dysphagia is common after stroke, leading to adverse outcome. The clinical decisions are often based on usual practice, however no formal or similar methods exists to determine the efficacy for assessment and treatment of dysphagia after stroke. Objective:To determine professional preferences among SLPs in terms of opted techniques and approaches for the assessment and management of dysphagia in major cities of Pakistan. Methods:Study design was cross sectional survey and data was collected from practicing speech language pathologists of Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Lahore and Karachi from July 2020 till January 2021through online medium on Google forms. The non-probability convenient sampling technique was used for data collection from speech language pathologists. Sample size was n=31 out of which n=20 were females and n=11 were males. Responses of all participants were presented in the form of n(%) through SPSS version 20. Results: There was variation between all the responses of participants from different cities of Pakistan. The Speech and language pathologists (SLPs)had access to instrumental assessment video fluoroscopy n=5 (16.1%), FEES n= 4 (12.9%) and more than one instrumental assessment tools n= 8 (25.7%) but before recommendation of exercise is rarelyn=20 (64.3%) practiced. The two principal outcome measures for direct dysphagia exercises indicated by SLPs were Oral control n=12 (35.2%) and reduced aspiration n=8 (12.9%). To measure direct exercises outcomes SLPs rarely n=25 (80.7%) uses instrumental assessment tools but use rating scales n=29 (93%). SLPs also prefer to see patient for management of dysphagia 1-2 times a day, 1-4 days a week, for 45 minutes. The most frequently preferred direct exercises are lip range movement n=15 (48.4%), lip strength n=16 (51.6%) and effortful swallow n= 16 (51.6%) whereas electrical stimulation method is least practiced n=5 (16.2%). Conclusion: The Speech language pathologists showed variability in preferences for assessments and management practices and format. Keywords:Dysphagia, clinical decision making, speech-language pathology, stroke.

Verena Biener, Snehanjali Kalamkar, Negar Nouri et al.

Virtual Reality (VR) provides new possibilities for modern knowledge work. However, the potential advantages of virtual work environments can only be used if it is feasible to work in them for an extended period of time. Until now, there are limited studies of long-term effects when working in VR. This paper addresses the need for understanding such long-term effects. Specifically, we report on a comparative study (n=16), in which participants were working in VR for an entire week -- for five days, eight hours each day -- as well as in a baseline physical desktop environment. This study aims to quantify the effects of exchanging a desktop-based work environment with a VR-based environment. Hence, during this study, we do not present the participants with the best possible VR system but rather a setup delivering a comparable experience to working in the physical desktop environment. The study reveals that, as expected, VR results in significantly worse ratings across most measures. Among other results, we found concerning levels of simulator sickness, below average usability ratings and two participants dropped out on the first day using VR, due to migraine, nausea and anxiety. Nevertheless, there is some indication that participants gradually overcame negative first impressions and initial discomfort. Overall, this study helps lay the groundwork for subsequent research, by clearly highlighting current shortcomings and identifying opportunities for improving the experience of working in VR.

Jonas Oppenlaender

This article-based doctoral thesis explores the stakeholder perspectives and experiences of crowdsourced creative work on two of the leading crowdsourcing platforms. The thesis has two parts. In the first part, we explore creative work from the perspective of the crowd worker. In the second part, we explore and study the requester's perspective in different contexts and several case studies. The research is exploratory and we contribute empirical insights using survey-based and artefact-based approaches common in the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). In the former approach, we explore the key issues that may limit creative work on paid crowdsourcing platforms. In the latter approach, we create computational artefacts to elicit authentic experiences from both crowd workers and requesters of crowdsourced creative work. The thesis contributes a classification of crowd workers into five archetypal profiles, based on the crowd workers' demographics, disposition, and preferences for creative work. We propose a three-part classification of creative work on crowdsourcing platforms: creative tasks, creativity tests, and creativity judgements (also referred to as creative feedback). The thesis further investigates the emerging research topic of how requesters can be supported in interpreting and evaluating complex creative work. Last, we discuss the design implications for research and practice and contribute a vision of creative work on future crowdsourcing platforms with the aim of empowering crowd workers and fostering an ecosystem around tailored platforms for creative microwork. Keywords: creative work, creativity, creativity support tools, crowdsourcing

Robert A. Moffitt, Matthew V. Zahn

Existing research on the static effects of the manipulation of welfare program benefit parameters on labor supply has allowed only restrictive forms of heterogeneity in preferences. Yet preference heterogeneity implies that the marginal effects on labor supply of welfare expansions and contractions may differ in different time periods with different populations and which sweep out different portions of the distribution of preferences. A new examination of the heavily studied AFDC program uses variation in state-level administrative barriers to entering the program in the late 1980s and early 1990s to estimate the marginal labor supply effects of changes in program participation induced by that variation. The estimates are obtained from a theory-consistent reduced form model which allows for a nonparametric specification of how changes in welfare program participation affect labor supply on the margin. Estimates using a form of local instrumental variables show that the marginal treatment effects are quadratic, rising and then falling as participation rates rise (i.e., becoming more negative then less negative on hours of work). The average work disincentive is not large but that masks some margins where effects are close to zero and some which are sizable. Traditional IV which estimates a weighted average of marginal effects gives a misleading picture of marginal responses. A counterfactual exercise which applies the estimates to three historical reform periods in 1967, 1981, and 1996 when the program tax rate was significantly altered shows that marginal labor supply responses differed in each period because of differences in the level of participation in the period and the composition of who was on the program.

Richmond Y. Wong, Michael A. Madaio, Nick Merrill

Numerous toolkits have been developed to support ethical AI development. However, toolkits, like all tools, encode assumptions in their design about what work should be done and how. In this paper, we conduct a qualitative analysis of 27 AI ethics toolkits to critically examine how the work of ethics is imagined and how it is supported by these toolkits. Specifically, we examine the discourses toolkits rely on when talking about ethical issues, who they imagine should do the work of ethics, and how they envision the work practices involved in addressing ethics. Among the toolkits, we identify a mismatch between the imagined work of ethics and the support the toolkits provide for doing that work. In particular, we identify a lack of guidance around how to navigate labor, organizational, and institutional power dynamics as they relate to performing ethical work. We use these omissions to chart future work for researchers and designers of AI ethics toolkits.