Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

M. Lazzari, José Manuel Saiz-Alvarez, Salvatore Ruggieri

Turnover intention is an employee’s reported willingness to leave her organization within a given period of time and is often used for studying actual employee turnover. Since employee turnover can have a detrimental impact on business and the labor market at large, it is important to understand the determinants of such a choice. We describe and analyze a unique European-wide survey on employee turnover intention. A few baselines and state-of-the-art classification models are compared as per predictive performances. Logistic regression and LightGBM rank as the top two performing models. We investigate on the importance of the predictive features for these two models, as a means to rank the determinants of turnover intention. Further, we overcome the traditional correlation-based analysis of turnover intention by a novel causality-based approach to support potential policy interventions.

Naomi Fridman, Berta Ben Shachar

Intrapartum cardiotocography (CTG) is widely used for fetal monitoring during labor, yet its interpretation suffers from high inter-observer variability and limited predictive accuracy. Deep learning approaches have been constrained by the scarcity of CTG recordings with clinical outcome labels. We present the first application of self-supervised pre-training to intrapartum CTG analysis, leveraging 2,444 hours of unlabeled recordings for masked pre-training followed by fine-tuning on the 552-recording CTU-UHB benchmark. Using a PatchTST transformer architecture with a channel-asymmetric masking scheme designed for fetal heart rate reconstruction, we achieve an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.83 on the full test set and 0.853 on uncomplicated vaginal deliveries, exceeding previously reported results on this benchmark (0.68-0.75). Error analysis reveals that false-positive alerts typically correspond to CTG patterns judged concerning on retrospective clinical review, suggesting clinically meaningful predictions even when umbilical pH is normal. We release standardized dataset splits and model weights to enable reproducible benchmarking. Our results demonstrate that self-supervised pre-training can address data scarcity in fetal monitoring, offering a path toward reliable decision support in the labor room.

D.A. Horban

Digital transformation in healthcare acts not merely as a technological update but as a pivotal factor in redefining the state's role as an architect of secure digital ecosystems. Amidst military challenges and pandemic threats in Ukraine, establishing a resilient regulatory design becomes a critical prerequisite for ensuring national security and protecting patient rights. The purpose of the article is to systematize contemporary scientific approaches to state healthcare regulation under digitalization and to identify strategic policy shifts in regulatory practice relevant to the national economy. The research aims to expose gaps between the rapid technical implementation of digital tools and their normative support. The work is based on a systemic-structural analysis of digitalization processes as a complex interaction of institutional and technological factors. The concept of "government as a platform" is applied, necessitating a fundamental transition from overseeing individual entities to governing through the architecture of rules and information flows. The main hypothesis posits that effective digital transformation requires a shift towards risk-oriented and service-oriented oversight based on evidence. It is assumed that in the Ukrainian context, the technical progress of the electronic healthcare system outpaces the state's institutional readiness to regulate emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence. The methodological framework comprises a systematic review of 24 relevant scientific sources from 2020–2026 and content analysis of regulatory acts. Comparative institutional analysis was utilized to contrast European Union standards with Ukrainian practices, alongside matrix methods for constructing strategic shift maps.During the research, theoretical approaches to smart regulation, platform governance, risk-orientation, data governance, and evidence-informed policy were summarized. Strategic shifts were identified in the domains of data management, interoperability, telemedicine, artificial intelligence, and cyber resilience. A comparative assessment of international frameworks from the WHO, OECD, and EU against national experience was conducted, revealing critical regulatory gaps. Proposals were formulated for transitioning from static administrative control to dynamic lifecycle monitoring of digital products. The author's "Shift-to-implementation" algorithm and a conceptual model for regulatory design in Ukraine's eHealth system were developed. The impact of martial law on accelerating digitalization was evaluated through the lens of the "war shift" concept. The theoretical significance lies in expanding scientific understanding regarding the evolution of regulatory paradigms in medicine driven by technological innovation. The necessity of integrated application of "privacy-by-design" principles and evidence-based feedback loops in industry management was proven. The practical value is defined by the applicability of the proposed "Gap-Risk-Response" matrix for prioritizing government reforms during the European integration process. The results can be utilized by public authorities when harmonizing national legislation with the requirements of the European Health Data Space. The scientific novelty consists of a comprehensive study of strategic policy shifts and the justification of validation mechanisms for algorithmic solutions as medical devices. The transition to risk-based supervision is substantiated as a key condition for ensuring digital infrastructure stability during wartime. Research limitations are related to high data volatility during the war period and limited access to complete private sector statistics. Type of article – theoretical.

Margarita A. Voskanyan

Modern higher education operates in a rapidly changing environment shaped by global trends, technological advancement, public policy, and labor market demands. In this context, university governance systems face complex challenges that require systemic and strategic approaches. Rapid knowledge renewal, quality assurance, institutional autonomy and financial sustainability, as well as the integration of digital technologies and the development of state–university–society cooperation, remain key priorities for building a competitive and sustainable higher education system.

A. Alesina, E. Glaeser, Bruce Sacerdote

Pierre-Yves Le Meur, Valelia Muni Toke

In France, the notion of “deep‐sea/deep‐seabed” (“grands fonds marins”) has emerged fairly recently in public policy discourse, and in particular in the wake of the 2009 Grenelle de la Mer, which marked the French government’s desire for an integrated maritime policy. The Grenelle de la Mer is a public process of reflection and negotiation between the French government, elected representatives, economic and professional stakeholders in maritime affairs, and civil society, organized by the French Ministry for Sustainable Development and the Sea. Grenelle refers to the collective negotiation, initiated by the government in May 1968, with representatives of trade unions and industrial organizations, and held at the Ministry of Labor Headquarters in Grenelle Street in Paris. A national strategy regarding the deep‐sea was developed in 2015 and updated in 2020 through a working group led by the General Secretariat for the Sea (under the authority of the prime minister), in which the authors of this article participated. This working group was made up of representatives from the relevant ministries, research institutes, and industry via the French Maritime Cluster. The French overseas territories were absent, even though the areas in question were mainly located in the French Pacific, which accounts for around two‐thirds of the French exclusive economic zone (68%, 6.9 out of 10.2 million km2 ). In addition, New Caledonia and French Polynesia have jurisdiction over their exclusive economic zones while Wallis‐and‐Futuna has no formal sovereignty in this area. France’s maritime policy, and in particular its deep‐sea strategy, is indicative of the relationship between the French state and its overseas territories, particularly in Oceania, marked by disregard, tension, and instrumentalization. This dynamic also extends to the knowledge issue and the lack of recognition of Indigenous voices in these matters. This article will analyze this situation of epistemic injustice while underscoring the differences and commonalities in the three territories’ trajectories regarding the interplay between sovereignty, environment, indigeneity, and development.

Carlos Góes, Otavio Conceição, Gabriel Lara Ibarra et al.

What is the environmental impact of exports? Focusing on 2000-20, this paper combines customs, administrative, and census microdata to estimate employment elasticities with respect to exports. The findings show that municipalities that faced increased exports experienced faster growth in formal employment. The elasticities were 0.25 on impact, peaked at 0.4, and remained positive and significant even 10 years after the shock, pointing to a long and protracted labor market adjustment. In the long run, informal employment responds negatively to export shocks. Using a granular taxonomy for economic activities based on their environmental impact, the paper documents that environmentally risky activities have a larger share of employment than environmentally sustainable ones, and that the relationship between these activities and exports is nuanced. Over the short run, environmentally risky employment responds more strongly to exports relative to environmentally sustainable employment. However, over the long run, this pattern reverses, as the impact of exports on environmentally sustainable employment is more persistent.

Selidji Caroline Tossou

In this paper, I investigate the 2017 labor market reform in Benin, which reduced firing costs and allowed firms to renew short-term contracts indefinitely. Using micro-data from the Harmonized Household Living Standards Surveys and a two-way fixed effect approach with nearby countries as the control group, I assess the reform's impact on employment, worker tenure, contract types, and wages. My empirical results reveal a 2.6 percentage point (24.5 percent) increase in formal sector employment and a 2.8 percentage point (3.2 percent) reduction in informal employment. Formal sector tenure decreased by 0.23 months for short-term contract workers, reflecting higher turnover, while long-term contract tenure increased by 0.15 months. The likelihood of securing a permanent contract rose by 23.2 percentage points (41.6 percent) in the formal sector, indicating that firms used long-term contracts to retain high-productivity workers. Wages in the formal sector increased by 33.6 USD per month on average, with workers on short-term contracts experiencing a wage increase of 19.6 USD and those on long-term contracts seeing an increase of 23.4 USD. I complement these findings with a theoretical job search model, which explains the mechanisms through which lowered firing costs affected firm hiring decisions, market tightness, and the sorting of workers across sectors. This study provides robust evidence of labor market reallocation and highlights the complex trade-offs between flexibility, employment stability, and wages in a developing country context.

Matthew D. Fuchs

Policies are designed to distinguish between correct and incorrect actions; they are types. But badly typed actions may cause not compile errors, but financial and reputational harm We demonstrate how even the most complex ABAC policies can be expressed as types in dependently typed languages such as Agda and Lean, providing a single framework to express, analyze, and implement policies. We then go head-to-head with Rego, the popular and powerful open-source ABAC policy language. We show the superior safety that comes with a powerful type system and built-in proof assistant. In passing, we discuss various access control models, sketch how to integrate in a future when attributes are distributed and signed (as discussed at the W3C), and show how policies can be communicated using just the syntax of the language. Our examples are in Agda.

Wei Meng

In the context of the new mandatory labor compliance in the European Union (EU), which will be implemented in 2027, supply chain enterprises face stringent working hour management requirements and compliance risks. In order to scientifically predict the enterprises' coping behaviors and performance outcomes under the policy impact, this paper constructs a methodological framework that integrates the AI synthetic data generation mechanism and structural path regression modeling to simulate the enterprises' strategic transition paths under the new regulations. In terms of research methodology, this paper adopts high-quality simulation data generated based on Monte Carlo mechanism and NIST synthetic data standards to construct a structural path analysis model that includes multiple linear regression, logistic regression, mediation effect and moderating effect. The variable system covers 14 indicators such as enterprise working hours, compliance investment, response speed, automation level, policy dependence, etc. The variable set with explanatory power is screened out through exploratory data analysis (EDA) and VIF multicollinearity elimination. The findings show that compliance investment has a significant positive impact on firm survival and its effect is transmitted through the mediating path of the level of intelligence; meanwhile, firms' dependence on the EU market significantly moderates the strength of this mediating effect. It is concluded that AI synthetic data combined with structural path modeling provides an effective tool for high-intensity regulatory simulation, which can provide a quantitative basis for corporate strategic response, policy design and AI-assisted decision-making in the pre-prediction stage lacking real scenario data. Keywords: AI synthetic data, structural path regression modeling, compliance response strategy, EU 2027 mandatory labor regulation

Оксана Зибарева

The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to assess the level of social security in Ukraine in the context of ensuring sustainable development, especially amid modern economic challenges, including war, social, and economic instability. The state of social security directly affects the living standards of the population, making it a crucial task for state policy. The aim of the article is to explore the key indicators that reflect the level of social security and to analyze the impact of social and economic factors on the welfare of the population. The article uses indicator and comparative methods, as well as statistical data analysis, to assess the key indicators of social security, such as income levels, access to medical and educational services, crime rates, and the prevalence of infectious diseases. Data from 2021 to 2024 have been analyzed, allowing for the identification of changes and trends in the social situation of the population. The main hypothesis of the research is that the economic crisis and armed conflict significantly worsen the level of social security for the population, particularly through a decrease in income levels, accessibility of social services, and an increase in social risks. The obtained results confirm this hypothesis, highlighting significant challenges in ensuring citizens' social rights. The originality of the research lies in the comprehensive approach to assessing social security through several key indicators, which allows for a detailed evaluation of the social situation of Ukraine's population in the current context. The scientific novelty lies in the application of new analytical methods in the context of the current economic and social situation. The prospects for further research include expanding the analysis to account for new social challenges, such as environmental disasters and the digitalization of social services, as well as improving methods for forecasting the level of social security.

Maksym Urakin

The article examines the war-driven factors behind the growth of Ukraine’s public debt and their impact on macroeconomic and financial stability under conditions of prolonged full-scale military aggression. It analyzes structural transformations of the state debt policy, identifies the role of defense expenditures and the reduction of the fiscal base in forming budget deficits, and outlines the specifics of financial support during wartime. The findings demonstrate that the increase in public debt does not represent a crisis phenomenon but serves as a vital instrument for sustaining economic viability and ensuring the functioning of the security and defense sector. It is proven that the key determinant of debt sustainability is the quality of financing rather than its volume. A high share of grants and concessional loans provided by international partners contributes to lowering servicing costs and postponing peak debt risks. The restructuring of commercial external obligations, which includes a reduction in the nominal value of debt and deferral of repayments, temporarily alleviates pressure on the state budget and allows resources to be redirected toward defense and social expenditures. Special attention is given to the currency structure of public debt. The study shows that external debt denominated in foreign currencies-typically associated with exchange rate vulnerability-acquires a stabilizing function in wartime due to the systemic inflow of donor financing, which supports international reserves and ensures exchange rate stability. At the same time, the research identifies medium-term risks related to financing post-war reconstruction, which may lead to a “second wave” of debt dependence unless compensated through war reparations and expanded grant support. The article substantiates the need to transition toward a model of post-war reconstruction financing without generating a new debt peak. Recommended strategic priorities include maximizing grant-based financing, employing frozen assets of the aggressor state, developing the domestic capital market, and stimulating economic growth. The results have practical implications for shaping debt policy, designing post-war recovery strategies, and ensuring long-term financial security for Ukraine.

A. Bekmagambetov, A. Yagmussova, Z. Smagulov

Occupational safety at enterprises with harmful and dangerous conditions is a key priority of state policy in protecting workers' rights. Effective legislative regulation helps reduce occupational risks, improve working conditions, and ensure social guarantees. This article provides a comparative analysis of the labor protection legislation of Kazakhstan and Georgia, incorporating empirical observations from a foreign scientific internship. The study aims to identify similarities and differences in regulating working conditions, safety measures, and compensation mechanisms. It examines employer obligations, state control, and social guarantees, including occupational risk insurance, benefits, and early retirement. Additionally, compensation mechanisms for workplace accidents and legal accountability for labor protection violations are analyzed. The study's scientific significance lies in comparing legal norms, assessing compliance with international standards, and identifying areas for legislative improvement. The practical significance is in applying findings to modernize Kazakhstan's labor protection system and enhance social protection mechanisms. The study employed the comparative legal method, analysis of regulatory acts, as well as systemic and structural analysis. Differences were identified in the degree of state control, the level of employer responsibility, and the procedures for investigating occupational accidents. Prospective directions for modernizing Kazakhstan’s legislation were defined, taking into account the positive reform trends implemented in Georgia since 2018, such as the introduction of a risk-based approach, strengthening the role of employers, and harmonizing national legislation with European standards. The results of the study may be useful for lawyers, occupational safety specialists, trade unions, employers, and government authorities involved in labor law and social policy. The conclusions and proposals formulated in the

L. Darling-Hammond, G. Sykes

Teacher quality is now the focus of unprecedented policy analysis. To achieve its goals, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) requires a “highly qualified teacher” in all classrooms. The concern with teacher quality has been driven by a growing recognition, fueled by accumulating research evidence, of how critical teachers are to student learning. To acquire and retain high-quality teachers in our Nation’s classrooms will require substantial policy change at many levels. There exists longstanding precedent and strong justification for Washington to create a major education manpower program. Qualified teachers are a critical national resource that requires federal investment and cross-state coordination as well as other state and local action. NCLB provides a standard for equitable access to teacher quality that is both reasonable and feasible. Achieving this goal will require a new vision of the teacher labor market and the framing of a national teacher supply policy. States and local districts have vital roles to play in ensuring a supply of highly qualified teachers; however, they must be supported by appropriate national programs. These programs should be modeled on U.S. medical manpower efforts, which have long supplied doctors to high- need communities and eased shortages in specific health fields. We argue that teacher supply policy should attract well-prepared teachers to districts that sorely need them while relieving shortages in fields like special education, math and the physical sciences. We study the mal-distribution of teachers and examine its causes. We describe examples of both states and local school districts that have fashioned successful strategies for strengthening their teaching forces. Unfortunately, highly successful state and local program to meet the demand for qualified teachers are the exception rather than the rule. They stand out amid widespread use of under-prepared teachers and untrained aides, mainly for disadvantaged children in schools that suffer from poor working conditions, inadequate pay and high teacher turnover. The federal government has a critical role to play in enhancing the supply of qualified teachers targeted to high-need fields and locations, improving retention of qualified teachers, especially in hard-to-staff schools, and in creating a national labor market by removing interstate barriers to mobility.

A. A. Belov, A. N. Danilov, A. Yu. Denisov et al.

In 2023, the Center for Sociological and Political Research of the Belarusian State University conducted a longitudinal sociological study “Family Formation, Stable Family Relationships and Fertility in the Changing Social-Economic Conditions” in the framework of the international project “Strengthening the Scientific and Educational Potential of the Republic of Belarus in the Field of Collection, Analysis and Use of Demographic Data to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals”, implemented by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Republic of Belarus in partnership with the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and funded by the Government of the Russian Federation. The conceptual and methodological basis of the study is the international research program “Generations and Gender” launched in 2001. Based on the methodology of this program, the similar studies were conducted in 26 countries, including Russia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Japan, Italy, Belgium, Norway, etc. The article presents the results of the second wave of the study, focusing on the current functional problems of the Belarusian family in the changing social-economic conditions: trends in family formation in the new life circumstances, criteria of stable family relations, and the evolution of social attitudes towards having children. The authors make conclusions about the dominant reproductive attitudes, the planned number of children, and changes in the family intergenerational relations. The results of the study will contribute to the development of additional measures to improve the state socialdemographic policy.

A. M. Kabdulsharipova, E. S. Nurekenova, S. N. Suieubayeva et al.

The purpose of this work is to identify the specifics and prospects for the development of women’s entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan. The article is devoted to the problems of developing women’s entrepreneurship, the solution of which is not only a big step towards solving the problem of gender inequality but also a huge breakthrough for the economy of the whole world. Based on a literature review, the article presents the specifics of women’s entrepreneurship in the Republic of Kazakhstan, identifies the problems of women’s entrepreneurship, and assesses the prospects for its development in the digital economy. The status of gender equality and the growth of women’s entrepreneurship over a span of years are evaluated. Issues and deficiencies in this field have been acknowledged, and opportunities for the advancement of women’s entrepreneurship in Kazakhstan have been ascertained through economic and social evaluations. The study’s findings helped to identify the best strategies for encouraging women to take the initiative to launch their own businesses, which is an essential part of the contemporary labor market. The results of the study can be used both at the state and local levels to develop programs and strategies to achieve the 5th Sustainable Development Goal and gender policy in the regions of Kazakhstan.

Jeremy M. Wachter

I describe the assessment framework of labor-based contract grading (LBCG). In a labor-based grading scheme, the time and effort ("labor") a student spends on an assignment determines the credit they receive; the contract component requires students to design projects with clearly-defined goals and deliverables which must be satisfied to earn credit. LBCG is intended to promote student agency and engagement, and to provide a more equitable assessment framework given that students come with a wide range of prior experiences and preparation. I illustrate the LBCG framework within the context of an upper level physics course, using a particular assignment as an example; I also provide information on student experiences and engagement.

Yuval Rymon

AI is transforming human labor at an unprecedented pace - improving 10$\times$ per year in training effectiveness. This paper analyzes how society can adapt to AI-driven human-labor automation (HLA), using Bernardi et al.'s societal adaptation framework. Drawing on literature from general automation economics and recent AI developments, the paper develops a "threat model." The threat model is centered on mass unemployment and its socioeconomic consequences, and assumes a non-binary scenario between full AGI takeover and swift job creation. The analysis explores both "capability-modifying interventions" (CMIs) that shape how AI develops, and "adaptation interventions" (ADIs) that help society adjust. Key interventions analyzed include steering AI development toward human-complementing capabilities, implementing human-in-the-loop requirements, taxation of automation, comprehensive reorientation of education, and both material and social substitutes for work. While CMIs can slow the transition in the short-term, significant automation is inevitable. Long-term adaptation requires ADIs - from education reform to providing substitutes for both the income and psychological benefits of work. Success depends on upfront preparation through mechanisms like "if-then commitments", and crafting flexible and accurate regulation that avoids misspecification. This structured analysis of HLA interventions and their potential effects and challenges aims to guide holistic AI governance strategies for the AI economy.

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Naim Göktaş

Workers make up the vast majority of societies. Hence, wage policies are an important item on the agenda. This study examines wage policies implemented in Türkiye in recent years. Our findings reveal the main facts that stand out in our country’s wage policies. Moreover, the Turkish Statistical Institute’s dominant role in these policies has been evaluated. In addition, the increasing distrust toward the inflation measurements of the Turkish Statistical Institute and the concrete reasons for this distrust have been disclosed. After these assessments, the wage policies in the collective bargaining agreements were investigated. This study also used document analysis method and examined the articles regulating wage increases in the agreements. Accordingly, questions such as whether trade unions will be considered part of general wage policies or whether trade unions have constructed policies that can change current general wage policies were answered. Finally, the study emphasized that unions should introduce new methods in collective bargaining wage policies to protect the welfare of employees.