The deepening geopolitical conflict between the West and the Russian Federation, intensified by the war in Ukraine, has caused significant changes in the security environment of the Republic of Serbia and has largely complicated the realization of its national and defense interests. Military neutrality, as an important defense interest and key security commitment, is also conditioned by changes in the security environment of the Republic of Serbia, as well as vital national interests such as the preservation of territorial integrity, the prospect of EU membership, and ensuring energy security. Therefore, the subject of research in this paper represents the relationships of connectivity and conditioning of the military neutrality of the Republic of Serbia, key changes in the security environment caused by the war in Ukraine, and the mentioned vital national interests. The paper starts from the hypothetical stance that changes in the security environment of the Republic of Serbia complicate the realization of the military neutrality policy, especially in relation to the mentioned vital national interests. The analysis of these connections and relationships is based on the theoretical postulates of the realist school of international relations, according to which great powers and other international actors use all available instruments for projecting power and achieving interests in an anarchic system. In changed geopolitical circumstances, the military neutrality policy of the Republic of Serbia, based on balanced cooperation with the parties in the Ukrainian conflict, is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain, as there is a serious "coercive" potential of the mentioned parties, related to the vital national interests of the Republic of Serbia, such as EU membership, preservation of territorial integrity, and energy and economic security of the Serbian state and society. The methodology in the research is based on the analysis of relevant sources and literature.
This paper, using materials from embassy books as a historical source, examines concepts that were used in the 16th century by Russian, Crimean, and Turkish diplomats in international dialogue. These are terms associated with the name of the monarch, the hierarchy of states, and the concept of power. The concept of “petition” (chelobitie) and its evolution in diplomatic relations is specifically examined. The author argues that by the 16th century, the concept of “petition” in international relations did not imply the different status of diplomatic partners, but a specific situation in which one party addresses the other with some initiative. The “petition” was acting as an ethical category, an element of political ritual. The article examines the problem of non-recognition of the Tsar’s title of Ivan the Terrible by the Crimean Khanate. The methods of legitimization of Russia’s power over the annexed territories and the problems of religious tolerance are considered separately. Different policies towards Muslim and Catholic countries, various methods of diplomatic argumentation, and explanatory strategies are noted. Mutual religious tolerance was linked to practical motives. The parties tried to reduce the factors that aggravated the prospects of reaching diplomatic agreements, and the refusal to exacerbate confrontation on religious grounds was one of the diplomatic instruments.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
Consistency relations of internal gravity waves (IGWs) describe ratios of cross-spectral quantities as functions of frequency. It has been a common practice to evaluate the measured or simulated signals (e.g., time series of velocity, density, etc.) against the consistency relations, as a way to determine whether an oceanic field of interest is comprised of IGWs. One such study is carried out in Nelson et al. (JGR Oceans, 125(5), 2020, e2019JC015974), which certifies that the ocean interior field in a numerical simulation of a region southwest of Hawaii is dominated by IGWs, through evaluating the consistency relations derived from time series at a depth of 620 m. However, we find that when the same procedure is applied at greater depths (e.g., 2362 m, 3062 m, and 4987 m), a clear deviation of the simulated signal from the classical consistency relations is observed. In this paper, we identify the reason for the unexpected deviation and show that it is a general phenomenon due to interference of low vertical modes under the reflection by the ocean bottom. We further derive a new set of formulae to characterize the consistency relations of these low modes and validate these formulae using model output.
The article consists of two main parts: theoretical and empirical. The first presents the opinions of authors representing International Political Economy who question the assumption that the transformation of the energy sector can be based only on the market mechanism. They justify that the most favourable conditions for carrying out structural changes going in the direction of gradual reduction of fossil fuels and increasing the share of alternative sources in energy production exist in democratic countries where the state performs social-economic functions and engages in the promotion of clean technologies in the energy sector. The empirical analysis assesses the advancement of structural changes in energy production globally and in the group of the 15 largest producers by the share of raw materials used in 2000-2019. The study also includes changes in the subject and object structure of exports and imports of energy raw materials. The analysis shows that diversification of energy sources was progressing, but mainly concerned the share of coal, oil and gas in its production. A negative phenomenon was the increase in the share of coal in energy production in the global economy from 22.8 to 27.1%. Contributing to this were: China, Australia, Indonesia, India and Russia. In the EU, the results of the transformation of the energy sector, compared to other countries, were exceptionally good. The share of renewable raw materials in energy production increased from 11.0 to 33.4%.
Referring to the impact of the energy sector transformation and changes in energy markets on the global balance of economic power, the authors concluded that fossil raw material resources, which are concentrated in a small group of countries, give them great opportunities to directly influence the formation of their world prices, the situation in other markets and the overall situation in the global economy through the transmission of inflation, exchange rate fluctuations and imbalances in the balance of payments. In 2000-2019, Russia strengthened its dominance in global energy commodity markets by increasing its share in world exports from 10 to 12.7%, against 9.1% of the USA, 8.8% of the EU-28, 7.5% of Saudi Arabia and 6.05% of Australia. Russia's important assets as an energy power are its well-developed oil and gas transport infrastructure covering Europe and Asia, the strong monopolistic position of Gazprom and other companies on the fossil fuel markets and the EU's high dependence on imports of energy resources from Russia. The new geopolitical situation has a major impact on changing the priorities of the energy policy of the EU and the US, as well as of the countries dependent on raw material imports from Russia. The process of transformation of the energy sector may be dynamised, which will weaken Russia's position.
In 1912 a debate erupted between Alfred Thayer Mahan and Norman Angell. The debate revolved around what motivates states and what constitutes the fundamental bases of human conduct in relation to war, peace and material interests. The article traces the thrusts and counter thrusts of Angell and Mahan as they lay bare the errors and misconceptions of each other in a heated exchange that marked an important stage in the development of Angell’s thought and a fascinating coda for Mahan’s influential career. The article concludes that revisiting the debate entails a combination of estrangement and familiarity. To read Angell and Mahan’s imperialistic and often racist discourse is jarring and the level of disconnection experienced is evidence some progress has occurred in the field of IR theory. Yet there is also a certain degree to which we continue to live in Angell and Mahan’s world, one of competing theories of civilisational clashes and the supposedly pacific effects of trade and the rule of law.
We prove explicitly the absence of one-loop corrections to large scales from small scales in transient non-slow-roll dynamics. Specifically, we address loop corrections to the primordial power spectrum, relative to tree-level, that are independent of the ratio between the two scales. We review all the necessary components, adapted to our context, to express one-loop diagrams as three-point functions, emphasizing the crucial role played by quartic interactions. Notably, we include the quartic Hamiltonian induced by the cubic Lagrangian and quartic interactions that are ensured by diffeomorphism invariance. We then explicitly prove consistency relations for an arbitrary transient non-slow-roll phase involving operators with (time) derivatives. Finally, we calculate one-loop corrections by including contributions from the relevant cubic and quartic interactions, and express the final result as a total derivative term over comoving momenta, utilizing the consistency relations we established. This leads us to conclude that one-loop corrections to long-wavelength modes are unaffected by the physics of short and enhanced modes in non-slow-roll dynamics.
Aoyama et al. (2021, ApJL) provided scaling relations between hydrogen-line luminosities and the accretion luminosity for planetary-mass objects. These fits should be an improvement over blind extrapolations of stellar relations. The fits go up only to the n = 8 electron energy level, but higher-n Balmer lines have been observed in the near-UV at Delorme 1 (AB)b with UVES (Ringqvist et al. 2023). We extend the scaling relations to higher-n levels for the Balmer and other series by fitting the fit coefficients (a, b) themselves and extrapolating them. Within the assumption of an accretion shock as the source of line emission, these fits should be robust for accreting planetary-mass objects.
Marta Baldomero-Naranjo, Víctor Blanco, Sergio García
et al.
The International Workshop on Locational Analysis and Related Problems will take place during September 7-8, 2023 in Edinburgh (United Kingdom). It is organized by the Spanish Location Network and the Location Group GELOCA from the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research (SEIO). The Spanish Location Network is a group of more than 140 researchers from several Spanish universities organized into 7 thematic groups. The Network has been funded by the Spanish Government since 2003. The current project is RED2022-134149-T. One of the main activities of the Network is a yearly meeting aimed at promoting the communication among its members and between them and other researchers, and to contribute to the development of the location field and related problems. As a proof of the internationalization of this research group, this will be the first time that the meeting is held out of Spain. The topics of interest are location analysis and related problems. This includes location models, networks, transportation, logistics, exact and heuristic solution methods, and computational geometry, among others.
The paper deals with partial and weak preference relations defined on infinite-dimensional vector spaces and compatible with algebraic operations. By a partial preference we mean an asymmetric and transitive binary relation, while a weak preference is such a partial preference for which the indifference relation corresponding it is transitive (an indifference relation is the complement to the union of a partial preference and the reverse to it). Our first aim is to study the internal structure of compatible partial and weak preferences. Using these results we then prove that a compatible weak preference admits an analytical representation by means of a step-linear function, while a compatible partial preference can be analytically represent by the family of step-linear functions.
Dynamic network data have become ubiquitous in social network analysis, with new information becoming available that captures when friendships form, when corporate transactions happen and when countries interact with each other. Flexible and interpretable models are needed in order to properly capture the behavior of individuals in such networks. In this paper, we focus on study the underlying latent space that describes the social properties of a dynamic and directed international relations network of countries. We extend the directed additive and multiplicative effects network model to the continuous time setting by treating the time-evolution of model parameters using Gaussian processes. Importantly we incorporate both time-varying covariates and node-level additive random effects that aid in increasing model realism. We demonstrate the usefulness and flexibility of this model on a longitudinal dataset of formal state visits between the world's 18 largest economies. Not only does the model offer high quality predictive accuracy, but the latent parameters naturally map onto world events that are not directly measured in the data.
Despite the advances in robotics a large proportion of the of parts handling tasks in the automotive industry's internal logistics are not automated but still performed by humans. A key component to competitively automate these processes is a 6D pose estimation that can handle a large number of different parts, is adaptable to new parts with little manual effort, and is sufficiently accurate and robust with respect to industry requirements. In this context, the question arises as to the current status quo with respect to these measures. To address this we built a representative 6D pose estimation pipeline with state-of-the-art components from economically scalable real to synthetic data generation to pose estimators and evaluated it on automotive parts with regards to a realistic sequencing process. We found that using the data generation approaches, the performance of the trained 6D pose estimators are promising, but do not meet industry requirements. We reveal that the reason for this is the inability of the estimators to provide reliable uncertainties for their poses, rather than the ability of to provide sufficiently accurate poses. In this context we further analyzed how RGB- and RGB-D-based approaches compare against this background and show that they are differently vulnerable to the domain gap induced by synthetic data.
Background and Objective: Several studies confirm that the age of hens has a tremendous impact on external and internal egg quality characteristics. Egg production could be at serious risk if egg quality characteristics and age of hens are not seriously considered. This study was conducted to analyze the phenotypic correlations between some internal and external egg quality characteristics in old laying hens. Materials and Methods: A total of 288 eggs of 85-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were collected during 3 weeks and their internal and external egg characteristics were evaluated. Results: Phenotypic correlations between egg quality characteristics in old laying hens indicate a negative impact on shell and albumen quality but not affected yolk quality characteristics. Conclusion: This study helps to understand that raising laying hens above 80 weeks would have a negative impact on egg quality characteristics.
The paper surveys recent progress in the search for an appropriate internal space algebra for the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. As a starting point serve Clifford algebras involving operators of left multiplication by octonions. A central role is played by a distinguished complex structure which implements the splitting of the octonions ${\mathbb O} = {\mathbb C} \oplus {\mathbb C}^3$ reflecting the lepton-quark symmetry. Such a complex structure in $C\ell_{10}$ is generated by the $C\ell_6(\subset C\ell_8\subset C\ell_{10})$ volume form, $ω_6 = γ_1 \cdots γ_6$, left invariant by the Pati-Salam subgroup of $Spin(10)$, $G_{\rm PS} = Spin (4) \times Spin (6) / {\mathbb Z}_2$. While the $Spin(10)$ invariant volume form $ω_{10}=γ_1 ... γ_{10}$ is known to split the Dirac spinors of $C\ell_{10}$ into left and right chiral (semi)spinors, ${\cal P} = \frac12 (1 - iω_6)$ is interpreted as the projector on the 16-dimensional \textit{particle subspace} (annihilating the antiparticles). The standard model gauge group appears as the subgroup of $G_{PS}$ that preserves the sterile neutrino (identified with the Fock vacuum). The $\mathbb{Z}_2$-graded internal space algebra $\mathcal{A}$ is then included in the projected tensor product: $\mathcal{A}\subset \mathcal{P}C\ell_{10}\mathcal{P}=C\ell_4\otimes \mathcal{P} C\ell_6^0\mathcal{P}$. The Higgs field appears as the scalar term of a superconnection, an element of the odd part, $C\ell_4^1$, of the first factor. The fact that the projection of $C\ell_{10}$ only involves the even part $C\ell_6^0$ of the second factor guarantees that the colour symmetry remains unbroken. As an application we express the ratio $\frac{m_H}{m_W}$ of the Higgs to the $W$-boson masses in terms of the cosine of the {\it theoretical} Weinberg angle.
Introduction. The article discusses the motive of a “miracle in a fiery furnace”, based on the story of the Three Holy Children in the Book of Daniel. Methods. The study provides a comparative analysis of the Biblical topos about the trial by fire in Byzantine, Western European and Eastern sources. A semiotic approach of textual study is used. Analysis. In Byzantine hagiography and hymnography, the plot of the “Three Holy Children” was interpreted as a prototype of the Incarnation, so, the sacred situation was reproduced in new historical conditions. In the Lives of Bishops of Cherson, the plot about miracle in the furnace is used for construction the local sacred history. Similar motives are found in the narratives about the baptism of Rus, such as Vita Basilii (the fifth book of Theophanes Continuatus), Vita beati Romualdi by Petrus Damiani, Historia de predicatione episcopi Brunonis. In narrative about conversion of Özbeg Khan to Islam, literary plot was connected with shamanistic representations about the holy fire. Results. The Biblical topos of the “fiery furnace” underwent a semantic transformation within the framework of various discourses. It was used in Byzantine texts for constructing the Christian Identity, while was enhanced by Turkic mythology in Muslim tradition.
History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics, International relations
Laura Marcelli, Enrico Arnone, Matteo Barghini
et al.
Mini-EUSO is a detector observing the Earth in the ultraviolet band from the International Space Station through a nadir-facing window, transparent to the UV radiation, in the Russian Zvezda module. Mini-EUSO main detector consists in an optical system with two Fresnel lenses and a focal surface composed of an array of 36 Hamamatsu Multi-Anode Photo-Multiplier tubes, for a total of 2304 pixels, with single photon counting sensitivity. The telescope also contains two ancillary cameras, in the near infrared and visible ranges, to complement measurements in these bandwidths. The instrument has a field of view of 44 degrees, a spatial resolution of about 6.3 km on the Earth surface and of about 4.7 km on the ionosphere. The telescope detects UV emissions of cosmic, atmospheric and terrestrial origin on different time scales, from a few micoseconds upwards. On the fastest timescale of 2.5 microseconds, Mini-EUSO is able to observe atmospheric phenomena as Transient Luminous Events and in particular the ELVES, which take place when an electromagnetic wave generated by intra-cloud lightning interacts with the ionosphere, ionizing it and producing apparently superluminal expanding rings of several 100 km and lasting about 100 microseconds. These highly energetic fast events have been observed to be produced in conjunction also with Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes and therefore a detailed study of their characteristics (speed, radius, energy...) is of crucial importance for the understanding of these phenomena. In this paper we present the observational capabilities of ELVE detection by Mini-EUSO and specifically the reconstruction and study of ELVE characteristics.
Issues, arising in the field of intellectual property rights in connection with the development of artificial intelligence systems and their impact on the development of legal relations in the economy and culture of modern society, have been considered. Aspects of mutual policies in the field of intellectual property rights and the development of artificial intelligence systems for the development of innovation and creativity have been examined. Questions of copyright and ownership in the interaction of man, collective and artificial intelligence or artificial intelligence systems have been raised and proposed. Issues related to artificial intelligence as an object of intellectual property have been considered. The position of the author on the legal personality of artificial intelligence to intellectual property objects created by autonomous artificial intelligence systems has been presented, which is expressed in the answers to the questions of the project of the World Intellectual Property Organization to the wide discussion of interested parties, planned for 2020 at the headquarters of the World Intellectual Property Organization in Geneva. The main conceptual principle of the author on the issues of the planned discussion is to grant the right of copyright and ownership of intellectual property objects created by autonomous artificial intelligence to a dressed subject – a person or collective, a developer of artificial intelligence with fixation of the latter as a sub-subject or instrument of the subject. Traditional categories of intellectual property rights also have been considered, such as patentability and the inventive level of property in connection with the possible generation of these objects by artificial intelligence. Issues related to data, its generation, fabrications and legal relations regarding data have been considered. Harmonization of international intellectual property rights policies to alleviate the technological gap between countries in the context of artificial intelligence development has been examined.
The Novel Coronavirus has stressed and pressed a great number countries from a great number of sectors. This has impacted on travelling ban, supply chain, and even oil prices. The role of China in combating Covid-19 has considerably become a model for the world. On the other hand, there is doubt regarding China’s role, domestically and globally both. This article seeks to discover the impact on global political economy from Covid-19 global pandemic. Literature review and comprehensive yet brief analysis has been made to satisfy the academic enquiries regarding the topic.