Social choice theory extends information economics to the context of group or societal decision-making. The underlying assumption is that we do not know the preferences of individuals, but we want to use them to make decisions. The overarching question is whether it is possible to design decision-making rules or systems that will both encourage individuals to reveal their preferences and then use that information to make a reasonable decision. The general approach to the problem is …rst to study decision rules in the case of complete information about preferences and to identify a set of rules that satis…es particular desirable properties. Then, we turn back to the question of incentives for individuals to reveal information about their preferences to determine when it is a Nash equilibrium to reveal information honestly in voting (as an example of a rule for how societies make decisions in practice). An important observation is that the incentives to reveal information are bound up completely with how that information will be used in the societal decision. In general, a societal decision rule that has good properties for the case of complete information will also provide incentives for individuals to reveal their preferences honestly in voting. However, a societal decision rule that does not have good properties for the case of complete information about individual preferences, will provide incentives for people to conceal their preferences, i.e. by voting "dishonestly". Thus it makes sense to start with the decision rule and work backwards to incentives. There is another underlying assumption, which is that the attributes of available alternatives are known to everyone. It is not possible, for example, that one person is an expert whose opinion is more informed than everyone else's. The only uncertainty is how individuals value the alternatives. Throughout this discussion, we will (mostly) sidestep the question of strength of preferences. We 175
Vinícius Barros da Silva, João Peres Vieira, Edson Denis Leonel
The detection of limit cycles of differential equations poses a challenge due to the type of the nonlinear system, the regime of interest, and the broader context of applicable models. Consequently, attempts to solve Hilbert’s sixteenth problem on the maximum number of limit cycles of polynomial differential equations have been uniformly unsuccessful due to failing results and their lack of consistency. Here, the answer to this problem is finally obtained through information geometry, in which the Riemannian metrical structure of the parameter space of differential equations is investigated with the aid of the Fisher information metric and its scalar curvature R. We find that the total number of divergences of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mo>|</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">R</mi><mo>|</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> to infinity provides the maximum number of limit cycles of differential equations. Additionally, we demonstrate that real polynomial systems of degree <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> have the maximum number of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>(</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> limit cycles. The research findings highlight the effectiveness of geometric methods in analyzing complex systems and offer valuable insights across information theory, applied mathematics, and nonlinear dynamics. These insights may pave the way for advancements in differential equations, presenting exciting opportunities for future developments.
The emergence of beauty vloggers is currently a trend in the world of beauty because they can influence skincare or make-up products through video content that is shared. This study intends to find out the information seeking behavior of beauty vloggers in the Trenggalek Regency area to meet information needs in the process of creating video content, as well as the obstacles faced by beauty vloggers in searching for information as an effort to meet information needs in the process of creating video content and how to overcome them. The type of approach used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach. The data collection technique used was interviews with three beauty vloggers, observation and documentation. As well as data analysis used, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the study show that the information seeking behavior model used by beauty vloggers in the Trenggalek Regency area is in accordance with the theory put forward by David Ellis which is divided into 8 stages including Starting, Chaining, Browsing, Differenting, Monitoring, Extracting, Verifying, Ending via whatsapp, tick tock, instagram and google. The results of the study also show the obstacles faced by beauty vloggers which are divided into 2 factors including internal factors in the form of lack of information availability and external factors in the form of inadequate internet networks. However, the constraints from these internal factors can be handled by re-searching information, while external factors can be handled by postponing information search activities and looking for a place that has network access that supports it.
Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
The study examines the long-term causal relationship between public debt, governance quality, and illicit financial flows in sub-Saharan Africa. Annual time series data were gathered from the World Bank Governance Indicators, International Monetary Fund Economic Outlook, and Global Financial Integrity from 2005 to 2014. The approach adopted in the study is in the tradition of the portfolio choice framework of tax evasion, rooted in the investment theory of capital flight. The study finds that there is a negative and statistically significant long-run relationship between governance quality and illicit financial flows. The results also show a negative and statistically insignificant relationship between public debt and illicit financial flows. The findings suggest that weak institutional oversight, poor regulatory quality, corruption, and political crises are important determinants of illicit financial outflows in the region. It concludes that governments need to improve the transparency of financial transactions, including the beneficial ownership of corporate structures and tax information. The results also indicate the need to strengthen institutions such as customs, anti-corruption, and other law enforcement agencies to detect intentional trade misinvoicing as tax evaders exploit loopholes in tax administration peculiar to developing countries. The study is timely as resources are critically needed to rebuild economies in view of the global COVID-19 outbreak and its deleterious effects on low-income countries. The study is also relevant for policymakers as it presents pointers to the factors that proliferate illicit capital outflows from the region.
Political science, Economic growth, development, planning