Hasil untuk "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"

Boqi Chen, Ou Wei, Bingzhou Zheng et al.

Graph model generation from natural language description is an important task with many applications in software engineering. With the rise of large language models (LLMs), there is a growing interest in using LLMs for graph model generation. Nevertheless, LLM-based graph model generation typically produces partially correct models that suffer from three main issues: (1) syntax violations: the generated model may not adhere to the syntax defined by its metamodel, (2) constraint inconsistencies: the structure of the model might not conform to some domain-specific constraints, and (3) inaccuracy: due to the inherent uncertainty in LLMs, the models can include inaccurate, hallucinated elements. While the first issue is often addressed through techniques such as constraint decoding or filtering, the latter two remain largely unaddressed. Motivated by recent self-consistency approaches in LLMs, we propose a novel abstraction-concretization framework that enhances the consistency and quality of generated graph models by considering multiple outputs from an LLM. Our approach first constructs a probabilistic partial model that aggregates all candidate outputs and then refines this partial model into the most appropriate concrete model that satisfies all constraints. We evaluate our framework on several popular open-source and closed-source LLMs using diverse datasets for model generation tasks. The results demonstrate that our approach significantly improves both the consistency and quality of the generated graph models.

William J. Bowman

We present the design and implementation of a macro-embedding of a family of compiler intermediate languages, from a Scheme-like language to x86-64, into Racket. This embedding is used as part of a testing framework for a compilers course to derive interpreters for all the intermediate languages. The embedding implements features including safe, functional abstractions as well as unsafe assembly features, and the interactions between the two at various intermediate stages. This paper aims to demonstrate language-oriented techniques and abstractions for implementing (1) a large family of languages and (2) interoperability between low- and high-level languages. The primary strength of this approach is the high degree of code reuse and interoperability compared to implementing each interpreter separately. The design emphasizes modularity and compositionality of an open set of language features by local macro expansion into a single host language, rather than implementing a language pre-defined by a closed set of features. This enables reuse from both the host language (Racket) and between intermediate languages, and enables interoperability between high- and low-level features, simplifying development of the intermediate language semantics. It also facilitates extending or redefining individual language features in intermediate languages, and exposing multiple interfaces to the embedded languages.

Ruben Becker, Giuseppa Castiglione, Giovanna D'Agostino et al.

The notion of Wheeler languages is rooted in the Burrows-Wheeler transform (BWT), one of the most central concepts in data compression and indexing. The BWT has been generalized to finite automata, the so-called Wheeler automata, by Gagie et al. [Theor. Comput. Sci. 2017]. Wheeler languages have subsequently been defined as the class of regular languages for which there exists a Wheeler automaton accepting them. Besides their advantages in data indexing, these Wheelerlanguages also satisfy many interesting properties from a language theoretic point of view [Alanko et al., Inf. Comput. 2021]. A characteristic yet unsatisfying feature of Wheeler languages however is that their definition depends on a fixed order of the alphabet. In this paper we introduce the Universally Wheeler languages UW, i.e., the regular languages that are Wheeler with respect to all orders of a given alphabet. Our first main contribution is to relate UW to some very well known regular language classes. We first show that the Striclty Locally Testable languages are strictly included in UW. After noticing that UW is not closed under taking the complement, we prove that the class of languages for which both the language and its complement are in UW exactly coincides with those languages that are Definite or Reverse Definite. Secondly, we prove that deciding if a regular language given by a DFA is in UW can be done in quadratic time. We also show that this is optimal unless the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH) fails.

Sam Stites, John M. Li, Steven Holtzen

There are many different probabilistic programming languages that are specialized to specific kinds of probabilistic programs. From a usability and scalability perspective, this is undesirable: today, probabilistic programmers are forced up-front to decide which language they want to use and cannot mix-and-match different languages for handling heterogeneous programs. To rectify this, we seek a foundation for sound interoperability for probabilistic programming languages: just as today's Python programmers can resort to low-level C programming for performance, we argue that probabilistic programmers should be able to freely mix different languages for meeting the demands of heterogeneous probabilistic programming environments. As a first step towards this goal, we introduce \textsc{MultiPPL}, a probabilistic multi-language that enables programmers to interoperate between two different probabilistic programming languages: one that leverages a high-performance exact discrete inference strategy, and one that uses approximate importance sampling. We give a syntax and semantics for \textsc{MultiPPL}, prove soundness of its inference algorithm, and provide empirical evidence that it enables programmers to perform inference on complex heterogeneous probabilistic programs and flexibly exploits the strengths and weaknesses of two languages simultaneously.%

Heidi Pauwels

This paper looks at the performativity of Rajput kingship, taking up the case study of the Rathor house of Kishangarh. Studying historical cases of legitimation and illegitimation from the first half of the 18th century, it argues that affect and emotions played an important role in the process. Specifically, different players challenged and asserted power positions through multi-medial mobilization of “myth” integrated with evocation of different moods against the background of sacred time and space. In this process, gender played an important role, as female divinities and palace women were involved both as objects in the males’ royal displays, but also with room for an agency of their own.

Meriç Tanık

How do members of a novel profession gain recognition for their expertise and negotiate its value? This article examines this historically rooted yet persistently relevant question by focusing on the experiences of agronomists, forestry engineers, and veterinarians in the late Ottoman Empire and early Republican Turkey (1890s–1930s). These then-nascent professions faced shared challenges: agronomists worked to earn the trust of farmers, veterinarians contested with farriers over livestock care, and all three professions confronted public scepticism, ridicule, and inadequate compensation despite their extensive scientific training and vital contributions to the economy, public health, and environmental conservation. Drawing on their writings in mainstream press and professional journals, as well as historical interviews with them, this study explores the strategies agronomists, forestry engineers, and veterinarians employed to carve out a new social and economic space for themselves. By analysing their efforts, the article uncovers how experts in emerging fields navigate resistance while striving to redefine societal rewards to secure a place in the new world they are helping to shape – one where economic recognition should be rooted in scientific contributions, which they present as the foundation of progress and advancement.

Sebastian Pagel, Michael Jirasek, Leroy Cronin

Chemputation is the process of programming chemical robots to do experiments using a universal symbolic language, but the literature can be error prone and hard to read due to ambiguities. Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various domains, including natural language processing, robotic control, and more recently, chemistry. Despite significant advancements in standardizing the reporting and collection of synthetic chemistry data, the automatic reproduction of reported syntheses remains a labour-intensive task. In this work, we introduce an LLM-based chemical research agent workflow designed for the automatic validation of synthetic literature procedures. Our workflow can autonomously extract synthetic procedures and analytical data from extensive documents, translate these procedures into universal XDL code, simulate the execution of the procedure in a hardware-specific setup, and ultimately execute the procedure on an XDL-controlled robotic system for synthetic chemistry. This demonstrates the potential of LLM-based workflows for autonomous chemical synthesis with Chemputers. Due to the abstraction of XDL this approach is safe, secure, and scalable since hallucinations will not be chemputable and the XDL can be both verified and encrypted. Unlike previous efforts, which either addressed only a limited portion of the workflow, relied on inflexible hard-coded rules, or lacked validation in physical systems, our approach provides four realistic examples of syntheses directly executed from synthetic literature. We anticipate that our workflow will significantly enhance automation in robotically driven synthetic chemistry research, streamline data extraction, improve the reproducibility, scalability, and safety of synthetic and experimental chemistry.

Matt Earnshaw, Mario Román

We introduce context-free languages of morphisms in monoidal categories, extending recent work on the categorification of context-free languages, and regular languages of string diagrams. Context-free languages of string diagrams include classical context-free languages of words, trees, and hypergraphs, when instantiated over appropriate monoidal categories. Using a contour-splicing adjunction, we prove a representation theorem for context-free languages of string diagrams: every such language arises as the image under a monoidal functor of a regular language of string diagrams.

Jean-Philippe Bernardy, Patrik Jansson

The tensor notation used in several areas of mathematics is a useful one, but it is not widely available to the functional programming community. In a practical sense, the (embedded) domain-specific languages (DSLs) that are currently in use for tensor algebra are either 1. array-oriented languages that do not enforce or take advantage of tensor properties and algebraic structure or 2. follow the categorical structure of tensors but require the programmer to manipulate tensors in an unwieldy point-free notation. A deeper issue is that for tensor calculus, the dominant pedagogical paradigm assumes an audience which is either comfortable with notational liberties which programmers cannot afford, or focus on the applied mathematics of tensors, largely leaving their linguistic aspects (behaviour of variable binding, syntax and semantics, etc.) for the reader to figure out by themselves. This state of affairs is hardly surprising, because, as we highlight, several properties of standard tensor notation are somewhat exotic from the perspective of lambda calculi. We bridge the gap by defining a DSL, embedded in Haskell, whose syntax closely captures the index notation for tensors in wide use in the literature. The semantics of this EDSL is defined in terms of the algebraic structures which define tensors in their full generality. This way, we believe that our EDSL can be used both as a tool for scientific computing, but also as a vehicle to express and present the theory and applications of tensors.

Jan de Muijnck-Hughes, Guillaume Allais, Edwin Brady

Language Workbenches offer language designers an expressive environment in which to create their DSLs. Similarly, research into mechanised meta-theory has shown how dependently typed languages provide expressive environments to formalise and study DSLs and their meta-theoretical properties. But can we claim that dependently typed languages qualify as language workbenches? We argue yes! We have developed an exemplar DSL called Velo that showcases not only dependently typed techniques to realise and manipulate IRs, but that dependently typed languages make fine language workbenches. Velo is a simple verified language with well-typed holes and comes with a complete compiler pipeline: parser, elaborator, REPL, evaluator, and compiler passes. Specifically, we describe our design choices for well-typed IRs design that includes support for well-typed holes, how CSE is achieved in a well-typed setting, and how the mechanised type-soundness proof for Velo is the source of the evaluator.

Fatemeh Sadri, Lida Namdar, Javad Taheri

Rimmon Kenan, in her book ‘The Art of Narrative Expression’ has introduced a theoretical-applied framework for analyzing different types of narratives from the point of view of structural narratologists. The present research has analyzed this framework, taking into account the two elements of time and characterization, in the collection of stories of ‘Somewhere Else’ by Goli Taraghi. The purpose is to use the descriptive-analytic method to analyze the capabilities of the structural-applied model of narratology in time components, including temporal elements, spatial components, and characterization from the book ‘The Art of Narrative Expression’ in rereading the two stories ‘Unfinished Game’ and ‘Somewhere Else’. The findings demonstrated that in the two components of time and characterization, in ‘Unfinished Game’, the occurrence of travel with retrospective anachronism, at the level of the story, caused the main character's reopening of the mental complexes, which had influenced his actions for years. In the characterization of the story ‘Somewhere Else’, the main character of the story has reached a spiritual transformation in terms of self-knowledge and connection with his spiritual interests. As a result, the reader is convinced and goes along with the story which is currently sought by the application of cognitive narratology in the field of postclassical narratology. Keywords: Narratology, Time, Characterization, Rimmon Kenan, Somewhere Else, Goli Taraghi.IntroductionNarration has a history as long as human life. The human mind continuously achieves novel perceptions of the world based on narratives. Rimmon Kenan is among the experts who have been able to compile the theories of narratologists in a practical model for analyzing stories and texts in a new format and framework by studying the structure of narratives and analyzing the technique of narrative expression. In the book ‘The Art of Narrative Expression’, she shows the distinction between story narration and other narrative tools.The present research analyzed this framework, taking into account the two elements of time and characterization, in the collection of stories of ‘Somewhere Else’ by Goli Taraghi. Some Research works have been done in the field of narratology and analysis of Taraghi’s works (e.g. Aram & Sokhtezari, 2014; Hassanzadeh &Nuri, 2015; Zokaei, 2007).However, to the best of the present authors’ knowledge, a detailed investigation has not been done about the collection of stories of ‘Somewhere Else’ from the perspective of Kenan's narratology. Materials and MethodsThe present research has investigated the topic using a descriptive-analytical method in an inductive way based on a specific theoretical framework using Rimmon Kenan's narratology model. Moreover, in this research, an attempt has been made to use the most important components of this theorist. First, the components of narratology are introduced. Then, the desired data are extracted from the selected stories using the analytical method. In fact, narratology has been introduced as a practical model in the narrative analysis of stories and texts, and the components of the narratological approach are examined in ‘Somewhere Else’ by Goli Taraghi. Research FindingsIn narrative timing, the theme and foundation of the story ‘Unfinished Game’ is the movement and travel from one moment to another. This movement in time has had a great impact on the issue of narrative timing. Regarding the organization and order of the narrative, the story moves to the past through a chain of cause and effect, and anachronism occurs when something happens in the present that is tied to a memory in the past. In the discussion of continuity in the story ‘Unfinished Game’, the speed of expressing the events, at the level of the story, increases at the level of the text with the intention of speeding through unimportant events so that the narrator can represent her past memories with Azadeh Derakhshan. Regarding the descriptive delay, there are times in the story ‘Unfinished Game’ when the speaking time is spent describing or interpreting the events in the waiting room of the airport and inside the plane. In the discussion of frequency, in ‘Unfinished Game’, the frequency of "winning" is repeated continuously in the story. As for characterization, the narrator of the story ‘Unfinished Game’ has used two types of direct characterization and indirect characterization to describe herself and Azadeh Derakhshan, respectively.In ‘Somewhere Else’, regarding narrative timing in the component of organization and order, retrospective timing is very useful for understanding the characters and developing the cause-effect circle of the story. It undergoes anachronism where it expresses a time among the present, past, and the future in a parallel narrative manner. Descriptive pause in the story ‘Somewhere Else’ is used a lot to describe the characters, their dreams, and their behavior in certain events in such a way that much of the time of speech in this section is prolonged. Discussion of Results and ConclusionThis research was conducted with the aim of applying the theoretical model of narratology by focusing on the analysis of two stories ‘Somewhere Else’ and ‘Unfinished Game’ from the collection of stories ‘Somewhere Else’ by Goli Taraghi. The findings of the present research demonstrate that the author of the story, in the component of story level has been able to indirectly highlight the event of the trip in the reader's mind.In the story ‘Unfinished Game’ the author unseals the mental complexes of the main character of the story through strategies such as traveling and seeing an important character in her childhood on the same trip, traveling to the past and anachronism in the narrative order of the story, and so on.In the story ‘Somewhere Else’, the travel event is replaced by a mysterious illness that is contracted by the main character of the story, Amir Ali, for no real reason. In addition, the author shows the elements of fiction using the components of time from Genette's point of view, especially in the use of repeated frequency.Using the repeated frequency of the theme of always winning in life and traveling in time, Taraghi has been able to create an effective model for the mental health of the main characters in ‘Unfinished Game’ and ‘Somewhere Else’. From the point of view of narrative characterization, Taraghi connects the reader with the main characters of the story with indirect characterization and dynamic actions so that the reader can evaluate the characters in their actions, speech, appearance, environment, and strength of the character through analogy. Moreover, the reader achieves spiritual transformation along with the characters, goes along with the story, and enjoys it, which is, in effect, sought by cognitive narratology.

Hamid Reza Maghsoodi, Mohammad Javad Masoominia

The book “Why Nations Fail: The Roots of Power, Wealth and Poverty" written by Daron Ajmoglu and James E. Robinson is one of the works of new institutionalism. By examining the history of nations, the authors have analyzed the reasons for the growth and decline of societies. This work, like other works of the authors, is based on the comparative study of the long-term development experience of different nations. In this article, while examining the formal structure and quality of the translation of the book, which was done by Mohsen Mirdamadi and Mohammad Hossein Naimipour, the content of the book has also been examined. The book has content and methodological weaknesses. The authors claim to have derived their theory with a historical approach and an inductive method, but in fact, by choosing oriented analytical and comparative methods and of course philosophical ones, they have presented an ideological reading of the history of countries and the quality of their development. The lack of statistical evidence and the contention of the analytical method and repeated emphasis on the author's opinion with repeated identifications have weakened the content of the book. Claiming to be inductive and rejecting this claim by using an analogical approach is one of the most important problems of this book. The book has a fluent translation, but it has many editing problems. The design of its cover and back cover unfairly evokes a black, defeated, and poor image of the people of Iran.

آسیه ذبیح نیا

مصلح الدین سعدی شیرازی(606 – 690ه.ق) از شاعران و نویسندگان ایرانی است که در باب آموزش مباحث اخلاقی سخن گفته و از جمله مربیان بزرگ اجتماعی است که تعلیم را اساس نیکبختی و سعادت افراد می‌داند، به همین سبب حکمت عملی و اندرزهای تربیتی را در اشعار وحکایت‌های خویش گنجانده است. این بررسی نشان می‌دهد که برخی اشعار و حکایت‌های سعدی با مصادیق و مبانی نظری و مفاهیم اخلاق مراقبت و غمخواری و نظریه‌های تربیتی نل نادینگز(متولد 1929م.) فیلسوف تعلیم و تربیت امریکایی مطابقت و مشابهت دارد. نادینگز، محور تربیت اخلاقی را انسان می‌داند و اعتقاد دارد که شخص در غمخواری، در حالتی از رنج و اضطراب قرار می‌گیرد. این حالت او را بیدار می‌سازد تا از خود فراتر برود. بر اثر همین بیداری است که نیازهای دیگران را مانند نیازهای خود می‌داند و در جهت رفع آن کوشش می‌کند، تاجایی که نیاز دیگری را برخود فرض می‌داند. مقالۀ حاضر با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی می‌کوشد تا به این سوال اصلی پاسخ دهد که کدام مؤلفۀ اخلاقِ غمخواری از دیدگاه سعدی با نظریۀ اخلاق غمخواری نادینگز همسانی دارد؟ براساس نتایج تحقیق، دلمشغولی عاطفی برای دیگران و غمخواری برای عامۀ مردم در سطح جهانی در آثار سعدی نمود گسترده‌ای دارد. توجه به ارزش‌های انسانی و دلمشغولی عاطفی از اهمّ رویکرد سعدی در اخلاق ارتباطی است.

Joan Giner-Miguelez, Abel Gómez, Jordi Cabot

Datasets play a central role in the training and evaluation of machine learning (ML) models. But they are also the root cause of many undesired model behaviors, such as biased predictions. To overcome this situation, the ML community is proposing a data-centric cultural shift where data issues are given the attention they deserve, and more standard practices around the gathering and processing of datasets start to be discussed and established. So far, these proposals are mostly high-level guidelines described in natural language and, as such, they are difficult to formalize and apply to particular datasets. In this sense, and inspired by these proposals, we define a new domain-specific language (DSL) to precisely describe machine learning datasets in terms of their structure, data provenance, and social concerns. We believe this DSL will facilitate any ML initiative to leverage and benefit from this data-centric shift in ML (e.g., selecting the most appropriate dataset for a new project or better replicating other ML results). The DSL is implemented as a Visual Studio Code plugin, and it has been published under an open source license.

Matthew Earnshaw, Paweł Sobociński

We introduce regular languages of morphisms in free monoidal categories, with their associated grammars and automata. These subsume the classical theory of regular languages of words and trees, but also open up a much wider class of languages over string diagrams. We use the algebra of monoidal and cartesian restriction categories to investigate the properties of regular monoidal languages, and provide sufficient conditions for their recognizability by deterministic monoidal automata.

مریم مشرّف الملک

سنایی غزنوی در مثنوی تمثیلی و حکمی سیرالعباد، شماری از جانوران دریایی را در معنای تمثیلی و رمزی به کار برده است. این جانوران بر اساس تقسیم بندی حکیمان بر ارکان و طبایع دلالت دارند. هر یک از ارکان دلالت بر طبعی دارد و هر طبع ، گذشته از فوایدش، ذمایمی در نفس انسان ایجاد می‌کند. سنایی در توصیف گوهر آب و گوهر هوا در مثنوی سیرالعباد، ذمایم نفسانی برآمده از طبایع را در قالب جانوران دریایی مجسم نموده است. او، صدف، سنگ پشت ، ماهی، نهنگ و خرچنگ را در مفاهیمی رمزی به کار برده است. شماری از این جانوران به شکل موجودات وهمی و ترکیبی ظاهر می‌شوند. اجزای این موجودات و همچنین ترکیب کلی آنها دلالت بر مفاهیم خاص حکمی دارد که تنها با مراجعه به منابع کهن قابل درک است. در این مقاله قصد داریم از این مفاهیم رمز گشایی کنیم. به دنبال روشن کردن این مفاهیم رمزی، بعضی کاستی‌های شرح موجود سیرالعباد را باز خواهیم نمود.

Ali Akbar Ahmadi Darani, Tannaz Karamatian Fard

As the Iranian printing industry entered its modern era in the 1950s, manuals of style began to flourish with sets of writing and editing guidelines for correct punctuation and text formatting. Over time, the writing symbols have increased in number, and manual organizers have tried to make their guidelines inclusive by proposing new rules and usages for the symbols. Nowadays, a great number of such manuals are publicly accessible, but there is hardly any novelty or difference from the past in them. Besides, no attempts have been made to accurately evaluate or criticize the proposed orthographic signs and symbols and the tips on how to use them. To fill the gap, the present study examines eighteen commonly used writing style manuals through a descriptive-analytical method. The aim is to shed light on the contradictions within the individual manuals and among them, the differences in the authors’ views, and the excess and defect in their approaches. This is a just and fair task of evaluation done with a bulk of examples as proofs and evidence. Each section of the research ends up with some suggestions about how to revise the set-up of guides and manuals on writing so as to reduce the inconsistencies and eliminate the textual inexpressiveness that stems from the wrong use of punctuation marks. The number of such marks presented in this study is kept as low as possible because too many suggestions would make it hard for editors and users to discreetly select and apply the intended marks.IntroductionCoinciding with the birth of the publication industry, more precisely in the wake of 1330 AH, manuscript editions using mechanics of writing, more particularly punctuation marks, increased significantly prior to publication at academic centers and publishing industries. The importance of this issue inspired many editors and authors to compile manuals and dedicate a section in books with the general title of mechanics of writing to explicate the use of punctuation marks. Considering existing multifarious and diverse manuals, and the paucity of studies on such writings (more significantly, the punctuation marks), the present study aims to analyze the aforementioned texts and uses of punctuation marks to highlight obscurities and provide a review and critical study of opposing views, in the hope of improving text consistency. Materials and Methods Taking an analytical and critical method, the present study reviews 18 conventional manuals which have examined punctuation marks. It also evaluates the internal contradictions, and variety of views, and then moderately touches on excessive adherence to rules, with all examples and evidence in their texts. The concluding section provides suggestions on differences that would likely foreground revision of given manuals and eliminate dispersed editing methods and the conceptual incompetency caused by inappropriate uses of punctuation marks. Research FindingsThere were varied opinions on using the question mark in several specific cases, and several punctuation marks for a particular purpose, such as 1) Interrogative sentences inferring a rhetorical question, 2) Interrogative sentences used for inquiries or polite requests, 3) Recurring use of question marks, and 4) Question marks inserted in brackets. The following presents the frequent uses of question marks: 1) closing direct question sentences, and 2) adding in parentheses to shed doubt on the author’s intention or ambiguity of the text and in hooks to highlight the author’s sense of doubt or cited texts.Exclamations were also treated differently; either following 1) an exclamatory sentence, 2) sounds, 3) within the parentheses, and 4) coupled with a question mark. There are different views, which are subject to criticism, on using periods that may appear either in imperative sentences or conventional abbreviations. In this sense, there are several possible uses to consider a period: 1) at the end of declarative and imperative sentences, 2) short answers, 3) abbreviations, 4) indirect questions, 5) at the end of citations within the text or at the end of the text, 6) separating parts of web addresses, 7) at the end of a direct quotation, and 8) following quotation marks.There are diverse views and ambiguities concerning the use of semicolons such as 1) followed by parallel pairs separated by ‘and’ (wa), 2) conjunctions such as because (zirā), or however (ammā), 3) separating options (when each of the options are separated by a semicolon and the final point takes a period). It can be thus regarded that semicolons are followed by linking words such as because (zirā), however (ammā), but (walī), therefore (banābarīn), while (dar ḥālī kih), hence (dar natījah), for instance (barāy-i mithāl), meaning (ya’nī), in this sense (az īn rūy), in a way that (bi ṭūrī kih), within the separate components of a general category (while each segment is separated by a semicolon and the final point ends with a period), in-text citations to two or more sources, within conditional sentences or sentences consisting multiple commas, within seemingly independent sentences that are semantically interrelated.Exploring how manuals refer to the uses of commons, the researchers noticed the specific differences  1) among parallel words, 2) following and followed by the post-positioned particle in Persian rā, 3) following the subject, 4) following short answers, and 5) following that (kih). The study shows that commas are prevalently used 1) following an exclamatory sentence, 2) between the dependent and independent sentences (when the dependent clause precedes the main clause, a comma is used and when the independent clause precedes the dependent clause, a semicolon is applied), 3) among parallels, 4) between the phrase and similar sentences, 5) in either part of an exclamatory sentence, non-restrictive clause, or appositions, 6) between two repeated words, 7) following adverbial clauses at the beginning of the sentence, 8) replaced for nouns and verbs, 9) for clarification, and 10) to separate addresses, sources, numbers, surnames and names, book titles, and author’s names. Discussion of Results and Conclusion The substantial issues observed in consulted manuals include the use of examples rather than evidence, the incongruity between uses and examples to support suggested punctuation marks and their uses, ambiguities or content incompetency in using mechanics and providing an amalgam of rhetorical and grammatical points. Writing mechanics eliminate mistakes ambiguities and improve proper understanding of the text; however, excessive use of punctuation marks which also consists of diverse instances or suggestions, and discourages users to adhere to conventions. It is noteworthy that punctuation marks ought to be applied on the account of textual and contextual perquisites, though there might be exceptions given the rules and conventions of every punctuation mark. To eliminate obfuscations, it is suggested to include an introductory section in glossaries and encyclopedias, indicating compilers’ preferences for applied punctuation marks. It is also recommended to consider the denotative aspect of punctuation marks in particular sciences, as some marks convey a significant meaning in specific areas of knowledge.

Sebastian Duerr, Peter A. Gloor

This literature review focuses on the use of Natural Language Generation (NLG) to automatically detect and generate persuasive texts. Extending previous research on automatic identification of persuasion in text, we concentrate on generative aspects through conceptualizing determinants of persuasion in five business-focused categories: benevolence, linguistic appropriacy, logical argumentation, trustworthiness, tools and datasets. These allow NLG to increase an existing message's persuasiveness. Previous research illustrates key aspects in each of the above mentioned five categories. A research agenda to further study persuasive NLG is developed. The review includes analysis of seventy-seven articles, outlining the existing body of knowledge and showing the steady progress in this research field.

Yasmeen Sultana Faruqi

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">Urdu literature has a long standing and a very strong bond with journalism. Where a lot of our eminent writers have produced literary masterpieces; many have also gained recognition through newspaper columns.<span> </span>The history of column writing goes back to the end of 19th century when famous literary figures of that time started writing in columns for newspaper publications. This resulted in growing interest among the readers on one hand and on the other, consequently also produced higher sales for these dailies and periodicals. This continued even after the birth of Pakistan and along with columnists writing on serious issues, many humorists also turned towards column writing and started contributing in widely circulated newspapers. So much so that claim to fame for some of the newspapers was only because of the columns by the leading writers of the era.<span> </span>This article focuses on those literary giants who influenced a large section of the readers through their columns. These include Shaukat Thanvi, Majeed Lahori, Ibn-e-Inshaa, Ibraheem Jalees, Mushfique Khwaja and Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi. These are the authors whose columns are still fresh in people&rsquo;s minds.<span> </span>The works of these humorous columnists has been analyzed and their styles, topics of discussion and faculties of satire, have been deeply examined.</span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>AR-SA</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> 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Hamid Malekzadeh, Ahmad Khaleghi damghani

From which point of view should one think about a system of thought or a current of thought in the life of a political thinker? This is the question that will determine the final analysis of how we deal with the various philosophical-political apparatuses. A confrontation that has, more than anything else, within itself the specific intentions of the person who is describing a system of thought, as well as the issues that have necessitated a particular theory for the narrator. Any form of encountering a text, for the person who is writing about, is a search for an answer that must be presented to the concrete issues of political life at this point in time and space. It is with this premise that I try to write about some of the prison notes of the Italian thinker and political activist Antonio Gramsci. A collection for Persian speakers entitled State and Civil Society, translated by Abbas Milani, has been presented to the market by Akhtaran Publications. I will try to make this study based on an understanding of the concept of politics as a unifying factor to this part of Gramsci's writings,