Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

M. Merker, Camille Blin, S. Mona et al.

Tom H. Koornwinder

This paper describes how the discrete Askey scheme independently arose in Russia and how Askey learned about this. In particular, Askey met main characters in this story, namely Gel'fand and Suslov as well as Nikiforov and Uvarov, during his trip to U.S.S.R, in September 1987. The paper describes this trip in some detail, in particular based on the diary of Askey's wife Liz, who accompanied him. Dick and Liz Askey continued their trip by visits to Japan, Australia and India. Schedules of these three visits are also given.

Володимир Комар, Анатолий Георгиевич Шваб

The purpose of the article is to analyze the activities of the Prometheus organization, which was established in Warsaw in 1928 and united non-Russian emigrants of the former Romanov Empire under Polish suzerainty. Its activities developed in line with the concept of Prometheism of the camp of J. Pilsudski, aimed at the dismemberment of the Soviet Union into separate national republics and their unification into a federation with Poland. Special attention in the context of the study is paid to the Ukrainian Petliura emigration, which was assigned the main role in the implementation of the concept of Prometheism. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and purely historical research methods, including problem-chronological and comparative-historical approaches. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that using the above methods, the activities of the branches of the Prometheus organization are revealed, in particular in Paris, Helsinki, Istanbul and Harbin. Analysis of the policy of J. Pilsudski and his associates, which was focused on uniting the efforts of anti-Soviet emigration, showed that it had a great-power character and was aimed at building a greater Poland “from sea to sea”. A necessary and sufficient condition for the implementation of these intentions was the liquidation of the USSR with its subsequent division into states semi-dependent on Poland. Thus, Ukraine, Crimea, Georgia, Azerbaijan and other republics were to arise on the national outskirts, united in a federation or confederation with Poland. It was envisaged that the territory of the USSR would be limited to the borders of the Moscow Kingdom of the 16th century. Conclusions. Thus, the Prometheus organization was founded with the aim of practical implementation of the Polish concept of Prometheism, which had a clearly expressed anti-Russian, anti-Soviet and anti-communist orientation. Its activities were carried out with the tacit support of the Polish special services, which developed strategies for using the national liberation movements of non-Russian peoples of the USSR in their own geopolitical interests. The ultimate goal of implementing this concept was the national-territorial dismemberment of the Soviet Union and the formation of the project of "Greater Poland", based on federal ties with Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Crimea and other republics. The policy of Prometheism envisaged the creation of a number of semi-independent national states on the ruins of the USSR with the further orientation of their development to the dominant interests of the Polish state. At the same time, one of the strategic mistakes of the ideologists of Prometheism was the overestimation of the internal weakness of the Soviet Union. The beginning of World War II actually stopped the implementation of Poland's Promethean plans.

Sarkis Kazarov

Introduction. The ancient Greeks were very receptive to various kinds of predictions, as a result of which various oracles enjoyed great authority. One of them was the Dodona Oracle, located on the northernmost border of Greece in a mountainous region called Epirus. Methods and materials. The article is based on various types of historical sources – narrative, epigraphic, and archaeological data – which predetermined the methods and principles of the study. This is, first of all, a comparative historical method, with the help of which, by comparing various historical sources, the most important of them are identified. The author also used the principle of trust in the historical source. Analysis. Originating in the Late Bronze Age, the Dodona Oracle reached its peak in the 5th – 4th centuries BC. Some changes in the position of the Dodona sanctuary occurred during the era of the Roman conquests. The territory of Epirus was first devastated by the Roman army under Aemilius Paulus in 168/167 BC, and then Dodona itself was sacked by the Thracians in 88 BC. All this gave rise to the opinion that after these devastations, Dodona’s activities were completely stopped. This conclusion was indirectly supported by the silence of narrative sources. However, some epigraphic sources, as well as some monuments of material culture in general, made it possible to reconsider the prevailing opinion. Very indicative in this regard are fragments of the monument to the wife of Emperor Octavian Augustus, Livia, on the basis of which parts of the dedicatory inscription have been preserved. Fragments of this inscription mentioning the Molossian Agonothetes and the Epirotic League are supplemented by a number of similar inscriptions, the texts of which are only partially preserved. Results. All this allowed for a reevaluation of the prevailing opinion among historians and introduced the idea that, during the time of the first princeps, Dodona continued to operate, albeit with a slight shift in its activities, transforming from an oracle into a venue for various holidays and festivals.

Olga V. Volosyuk

The article examines the main stages of the life and activity of Spanish engineer Agustin de Betancourt who exerted a significant influence on the development of engineering in Russia at the beginning of the XIX century and made a significant contribution to the formation of the country's cultural heritage. Particular attention is paid to the poorly studied aspects of his biography: the reasons for moving from Spain to Russia and the role played by Russian ambassador to Madrid Ivan Muravyov-Apostol in the move, as well as specification of some previously unknown details of his stay in the Russian Empire. Based on the documents from Russian archives (the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, the State Archive of the Russian Federation) and Spanish archives (the National Historical Archive, the General Archive of the Indies, the Historical Archive of the Nobility), on the documents from Orotava Foundation in the Canary Islands, as well as on memoirs, the study traces the peculiarities of Agustin de Betancourt’s relationship with Emperor Alexander I, whose favorable disposition initially granted Betancourt carte-blanche in his work. The author comes to the conclusion that the disgrace of Agustin de Betancourt led to the “oblivion” of his contribution to the architectural and engineering image of St. Petersburg for almost a century. It is proved that apart from the monarch’s disgrace, a certain role was played by architect Auguste de Montferrand for this disgrace, who had grabbed the credit for his joint work with the Spanish engineer for himself.

A. Temirkhanova, A. M. Issakayeva, E. Abil

This article examines the socio-economic situation of the North Kazakhstan region in the 20-30s of the twentieth century. The purpose of the study: the reconstruction processes during the period of the new economic policy, forced collectivization, famine, industrialization and changes in the social structure are considered. Based on historical data and archival materials, the living conditions and features of the socio-political life of the region's population are analyzed. As we delve into history, we learn about many things by comparing our past and present. The events of the early twentieth century, which led to great changes and upheavals in the history of the peoples of the former Russian Empire, left an indelible mark on the history of the Kazakh people. The works aimed at studying the formation of the borders of Kazakhstan in this period are generally the works of scientists from the era of the Soviet Union, the modern republics of Kazakhstan and the CIS and abroad.

R. Pikhoya

S. S. Zhiltsov

Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia are involved in the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The creation of the integration bloc was preceded by various documents that defined the approaches of individual countries in the post-Soviet area to interaction with their neighbors. The documents laid the foundation for subsequent interaction between the former Soviet republics. Having signed the treaty on the formation of the EAEU, each of the states adopted different documents – bilateral and multilateral agreements, which define their strategies of cooperation within the framework of the integration platform. It helped forming a common legal field for further rapprochement. Special attention is paid to the key documents that reflect the positions of the EAEU member states. Each of the EAEU countries has adopted a sufficient number of documents that highlight the policy of individual countries on the issue of integration. Such strategic papers also reveal the nature of cooperation between the countries of the post-Soviet area. The article analyses how Russia’s partners in the EAEU access the goals and objectives of integration in Eurasia. The paper also evaluates the prospects for their further cooperation among themselves and with other actors beyond the post-Soviet area. This is a separate group of states that directly or indirectly influence the Eurasian integration. The main attention is paid to the evolution of ideas and provisions in the documents of the EAEU members with regard to their position within the framework of the bloc, their analysis was carried out.

Alexander A. Novik

Through his work, the author analyzes the influence of state ideology and cultural codes on the ethnic and national self-identification of the migrants from Southeastern Europe to the Azov region of Russia. Through his research, he has revealed the degree of influence of various factors contributing to the sustainable preservation or loss of ethnic, regional, linguistic and religious identities within the framework of the development of a separate multi-ethnic territory. The source base for the study is the documents of the State Archive of the Rostov Region and the materials of complex expeditions, the Archive of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The author comes to the conclusion, that at the present, most residents of the villages on the shores of the Taganrog Bay are well aware of the history of their settlements; many are ready to claim that they have Greek/ Arnaut roots, and therefore they resolutely declare their “autochthony.” However, there are no attempts to revitalize this traditional culture or it’s holidays - “like in Greece or Albania” (as it is happening in the Zaporozhye and Donetsk regions). In the region, belonging to one’s people, by those born and living there, is perceived as a more significant marker than ethnic origin, ethnic self-identification and declaration of ethnic preferences.

Nived J M

We demonstrate that when a graph exhibits a specific type of symmetry, it satisfies the Union Closed Conjecture(UCC). Additionally, we show that certain graph classes, such as Cylindrical Grid Graphs and Torus Grid Graphs also satisfy the conjecture. We prove the known result that the union closed family generated by cyclic translates of a fixed set satisfies the UCC, offering a simpler proof via symmetry arguments. Later, we show that the union closed family generated by the family obtained through cyclically shifting elements from selected translates also satisfies the conjecture.

Kirill Moiseev

In countries with a growing number of elderly and a shrinking workforce, one of which is Russia, it becomes impossible to maintain a solidary pension system and a need to switch to a more stable funded system appears. This paper analyzes various scenarios of Russia's transition to such a system. This is the first study on the Russian economy in which an Overlapping Generations Model is used to simulate the pension transition. It is demonstrated that in the long term, the transition to a funded system slightly reduces the welfare of pensioners, and during the transition, the situation of pensioners deteriorates strongly. However, it is also important to emphasize that the transition imposes a heavy burden on all generations living during the reform, they are forced to consume less and greatly change their savings, while also often starting to work more. Such conclusions are made concerning average population cohorts, and the results may not be the same for different groups of individuals within these cohorts. In different scenarios, the pension system transition can cause both economic growth and economic recession, as well as a corresponding increase or decrease in wages and consumption.

Lukáš Likavčan

SETI is not a usual point of departure for environmental humanities. However, this paper argues that theories originating in this field have direct implications for how we think about viable inhabitation of the Earth. To demonstrate SETI's impact on environmental humanities, this paper introduces Fermi paradox as a speculative tool to probe possible trajectories of planetary history, and especially the "Sustainability Solution" proposed by Jacob Haqq-Misra and Seth Baum. This solution suggests that sustainable coupling between extraterrestrial intelligences and their planetary environments is the major factor in the possibility of their successful detection by remote observation. By positing that exponential growth is not a sustainable development pattern, this solution rules out space-faring civilizations colonizing solar systems or galaxies. This paper elaborates on Haqq-Misra's and Baum's arguments, and discusses speculative implications of the Sustainability Solution, thus rethinking three concepts in environmental humanities: technosphere, planetary history, and sustainability. The paper advocates that (1) technosphere is a transitory layer that shall fold back into biosphere; (2) planetary history must be understood in a generic perspective that abstracts from terrestrial particularities; and (3) sustainability is not sufficient vector of viable human inhabitation of the Earth, suggesting instead habitability and genesity as better candidates.

MS Hosen, SM Hossain, MN Mia et al.

Inward Foreign Direct Investment (IFDI) into Europe and Asian developing countries like Bangladesh is experimentally examined in this study. IFDI in emerging markets has been boosted by global investment and inflow influenced by resource availability and public policy. The economic policy uncertainty on IFDI in 13 countries is explored at a time when the crisis between Russia and Ukraine war is having a global impact. Microeconomic factors affected Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, inflation, interest rates, and the currency rate fluctuated with IFDI, which mostly shocked during COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war. With data from the World Bank and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) database, we compile a panel dataset covering 2018-2022. The researchers used a mixture of panel and linear regression analysis using a random effect model. Our findings show that the impact of global rates hurts IFDI in 13 selected countries. There is a correlation between a country's ability to enforce contracts and the amount of Inward FDI it receives. Using the top 13 hosts of incoming FDI flows COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine wartime series analysis gives valuable information for policymakers in the remaining countries chosen to attract IFDI inflows.

Sándor Vágvölgyi

We show that for any ground term equation systems $E$ and $F$, (1) the union of the generated congruences by $E$ and $F$ is a congruence on the ground term algebra if and only if there exists a ground term equation system $H$ such that the congruence generated by $H$ is equal to the union of the congruences generated by $E$ and $F$ if and only if the congruence generated by the union of $E $ and $F$ is equal to the union of the congruences generated by $E $ and $F$, and (2) it is decidable in square time whether the congruence generated by the union of $E$ and $F$ is equal to the union of the congruences generated by $E $ and $F$, where the size of the input is the number of occurrences of symbols in $E$ plus the number of occurrences of symbols in $F$.

Helen Au-Yang, Jacques H. H. Perk

We present our personal histories with Michael Fisher. We describe how each one of us first came to Cornell University. We also discuss our many subsequent interactions and successful collaborations with him on various physics projects.

Peter Galison, Juliusz Doboszewski, Jamee Elder et al.

This white paper outlines the plans of the History Philosophy Culture Working Group of the Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.

Savaş Genç

One significant geopolitical consequence of the demise of the Soviet Union was the rise of intense political and commercial competition for control over the vast energy resources of the newly independent and vulnerable states of the Caucasus and Central Asia. Following the collapse of Communism, the ex-Soviet republics of Central Asia, particularly Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, have been trying to exploit their natural resources, since they consider oil to be the prime means of securing their economic and political independence. This article is an independent analysis of the main issues facing the oil and gas sector developments in the countries of the former Soviet Union gifted with major petroleum resources: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan in Transcaucasia. Will Caspian oil redraw the global energy map? What is the importance of the Caspian oil for the world market? And what is Caspian energy potential in Central Asian history?

Jonathan Tyshler, N. Manning

The Russian-speaking population in the United States has shown a notoriously high prevalence of vaccine hesitancy. The same trends are present in the former Soviet republics. This was illuminated during the COVID-19 pandemic as World Health Organization cited this demographic as among the lowest vaccinated. This study aims at discovering key factors behind vaccine hesitancy in the Russian-speaking population in former Soviet republics and the USA. From August to November of 2021, twenty five 30-minute interviews with subjects ranging between ages 16-81 were conducted in Russian. Through these 25 interviews, 15 with immigrants in the Russian-speaking community in Washington State and 10 with residents of Russia and Ukraine, coupled with reviews of published literature and online sources, a strong relationship between vaccine hesitancy and a multitude of factors was established. The key factors behind vaccine hesitancy documented in this study were tied to subjects’ experiences and culture in the former Soviet Union. Among these was a strong distrust of government, doubts towards the healthcare system, mistrust of medical professionals, a Soviet medical culture that questions prophylactic treatment options, the eruption of a consumer-dominated society in the post-soviet era, and misinformation in the media. For immigrants in the U.S., a general confusion with the American healthcare system was also a contributing factor. These findings reveal key drivers of vaccine hesitancy in one of the lowest vaccinated demographics overall, highlighting the persisting importance of Soviet background. Shining light on these factors is essential for combating vaccine hesitancy in this population.

Margaret Garth

This article examines the history of photography in the Soviet Union through the work of three women photographers from different generations and republics: Olga Ignatovich (1905–1984), Valentina Kulagina (1902–1987), and Zenta Dzividzinska (1944–2011). It traces how these photographers, whose work in Russia and Latvia spanned from the 1920s through the 1970s, reconciled their oeuvres with the complex—and often competing—legacies of art and photography movements under socialism. Their choices of subject matter, form, and means of distribution present a case study of how women photographers shaped the creation of the Soviet photographic aesthetic through a combination of post-revolutionary avant-garde practices and elements of Socialist Realism.

Nazmi Dinçer, Rabia Dinçer

Distance education has long been an integral component of the education system of the Russian Federation and the former Soviet Union. A great many students and teachers in the country have been benefiting from the merits of distance education. The statistics announced by the state officials indicate strong evidence for the presence of mainstream remote learning. However, there is little information with regard to distance education of the country in the western literature. This necessitates an overview of the system and the history of the integration. This article, thus, sheds light on the general information regarding the history and demography of the general and higher education system across the country. It further takes a slight detour to the history of distance education and contemporary practices.