Hasil untuk "History of Poland"

Bogusław Nierenberg, Zbigniew Bujak

Historia magistra vitae est – this maxim of Cicero (De oratore 2.36) reminds us that we should draw conclusions from what happened in the past in order to avoid mistakes in the future. For several decades we have been struggling with the question of how to repair the media, especially public media. The authors of this article look for inspiration for their reflections in the early 1980s – the time that initiated the Solidarność (Solidarity) revolution in our country. We assumed that subsequent events in our history confirm the truth of a statement made half a millennium ago by Niccolo Machiavelli (1984, p. 111): “Wise men say, and not without reason, that those who wish to foresee the future must consult the past, for human events always resemble those of earlier times. This arises from the fact that they are produced by men who have been, and ever will be, animated by the same passions; and thus they must necessarily have the same results”.In 1980, a movement was born in Poland that resonated loudly throughout the world. It took the organizational form of a trade union independent of the communist authorities and the symbolic name “Solidarity”. It was a multidimensional movement, touching upon many aspects, including the media. We analyze how, over the more than 40 years that have passed, the role, significance, and also the independence of the Polish media have been perceived. It appears that the attitude of decision-makers toward the media has ranged between an Agora and a Colosseum: either they adopted a deliberative approach, whereby those in power, together with citizens, decide what content is published, or one based on the principle that whoever holds power – by the right of the stronger – should determine what reaches the audience.

Adam Górski

Szybki rozwój technologiczny spowodował zmianę potrzeb informacyjnych czytelników i podejścia obywateli do wyników badań w naukach humanistycznych. Konieczna wydaje się zatem zmiana w nastawieniu do edycji źródłowych. Nie wystarczy sama edycja czy przedstawienie jej w formie graficznej, potrzebne są narzędzia umożliwiające szerokie kontekstowe przeszukiwanie treści i tworzenie zestawień oraz raportów na konkretnie zadane pytania. Zapewne w tym kierunku postąpi także rozwój sztucznej inteligencji, jednak w tym momencie AI nie poradzi sobie jeszcze bez człowieka, który źródło znajdujące się w archiwum, muzeum czy bibliotece wprowadzi do Internetu. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia rozważania autora na temat kierunku nadchodzących zmian w edycjach źródłowych i propozycję stworzenia bazy źródłowej inskrypcji z artefaktów epigraficznych (także zaginionych, czyli zachowanych w źródłach archiwalnych).

Kamil Walczak

In this article Netflix is presented in the context of its global and glocal activities in Polish media market. Glocalisation is understood as local execution of global interests. Author regards Netflix Originals—productions identified by the streaming giant’s logo—as glocal strategy that creates specific criteria of representation. Analysis of Polish Netflix Originals enables locating inconsistencies, falsehoods and doubtful interpretations of local identity, including the identity of the members of the LGBT community. In order to better understand and problematise key issues of representation two paradoxical terms are introduced: exotic domestication and universal particularity.

Barbara Cieślińska

Tematem artykułu jest analiza programów Ogólnopolskich Zjazdów Socjologicznych w latach 1990– –2022 pod kątem obecności zagadnień migracyjnych. Przeanalizowano programy 11 zjazdów. Po akcesji Polski do UE w 2004 roku coraz bardziej widoczny jest silny wzrost zainteresowania migracjami międzynarodowymi. Przy czym w miarę upływu czasu i kolejnych zjazdów następuje zmiana tematyki migracyjnej, od zagadnień dotyczących odpływu ludności z Polski do zagadnień związanych z napływem ludności cudzoziemskiej do Polski.

Renata Rokicka

This article is the result of research conducted as part of my current doctoral research, „The History and Reconstruction of the Book Collection of the Polish Philosophical Society”. The Polish Philosophical Society is one of the most important philosophical organizations in Poland. Its book collection is the smallest deposited in the Joint Libraries of the Faculties of Philosophy and Sociology of the University of Warsaw, the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and the Polish Philosophical Society, yet it is also the most valuable due to its abundance of 19th-century publications. The publications in the collection contain many ownership marks, reflecting the Society’s numerous transformations. The article provides a qualitative and provenance analysis of this book collection. Provenance and bibliographic methods are used to examine the characteristics of selected items. Selected examples of books from private and institutional collections demonstrate the interconnections between their previous owners. The long and complex history of the Polish Philosophical Society is also reflected.

Włodzimierz OSADCZY

The modern Ukrainian state that emerged from the ruins of the USSR in 1991 is characterized by a low degree of territorial integrity. The independent Ukraine was composed of several historically and culturally distinct parts, including the former eastern lands of neighboring states (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania) annexed after World War II. Thus, the basic problem of the state became the creation of a new identity for all the regions that for the first time found themselves within a common political organism. There was no fundamental ideological platform based on the state's history or common national symbols. In this situation, two concepts of defining the identity of the lands of southwestern Rus, forming the newly established state, collided. On the one hand, in Russian Slavists' circles, the national distinctiveness of Ukraine is questioned, and the dominant concept there is that of one great nation consisting of three regional varieties: Greater Russians, Lesser Russians (or Ruthenians) and Belarusians. On the other hand, the view was promoted in Poland that Ruthenia (or Ukraine) was historically hostile to (Greater) Rus, or Moscow, which fostered the development of Ukrainian nationalism. As early as the mid-19th century it was a tool of anti-Russian policy, and in the 20th century it was used in clashes between the West and Russia. Ukrainian nationalism developed in the western part of today's Ukraine began to aspire to the position of an integral ideology for all Ukrainian lands. An important element of it, however, remains chauvinism, manifested by a lack of ethical foundations, a cult of violence and hatred of neighboring peoples. The Russian-Ukrainian war is creating a favorable ground for further cultivation of this ideology.

Magdalena Popławska, Karolina Sikorska

Tomasz Panecki

This paper aims to present and discuss the method of geocoding historical place names from historic maps that cannot be georeferenced in the GIS environment. This concerns especially maps drawn in the early modern period, i.e., before the common use of precise topographic surveys. Such maps are valuable sources of place names and geocoding them is an asset to historical and geographical analyses. Geocoding is a process of matching spatial data (such as place names) with reference datasets (databases, gazetteers) and therefore giving them geographic coordinates. Such referencing can be done using multiple tools (online, desktop), reference datasets (modern, historical) and methods (manual, semi-automatic, automatic), but no suitable approach to handling inaccurate historic maps has yet been proposed. In this paper, selected geocoding strategies were described, as well as the author’s method of matching place names from inaccurate cartographic sources. The study was based on Charles Perthées maps of Polish palatinates (1:225,000, 1783–1804)—maps that are not mathematically precise enough to be georeferenced. The proposed semi-automatic and curated approach results in 85% accuracy. It reflects the manual workflow of historical geographers who identify place names with their modern counterparts by analysing their location and proper name.

Lemiński A, Kaczmarek K, Gołąb A et al.

Artur Lemi&nacute;ski,1 Krystian Kaczmarek,1 Adam Go&lstrok;&aogon;b,1 Katarzyna Kotfis,2 Karolina Skonieczna-&Zdot;ydecka,3 Marcin S&lstrok;ojewski1 1Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; 2Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; 3Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, PolandCorrespondence: Artur Lemi&nacute;ski, Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powsta&nacute;ców Wielkopolskich 72, Szczecin, 70-111, Poland, Tel +48-91-466-1101, Fax +48-91-466-1100, Email artur.leminski@pum.edu.pl Katarzyna Kotfis, Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powsta&nacute;ców Wielkopolskich 72, Szczecin, 70-111, Poland, Tel +48-91-466-1146, Fax +48-91-466-1144, Email katarzyna.kotfis@pum.edu.plIntroduction: Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a common malignancy amongst elderly. Increasing life expectancy, prevalence of smoking, lifelong exposure to environmental pollutants and immunosenescence contribute to growing number of cases. Traditionally, radical cystectomy (RC) with pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) constituted the mainstay of treatment for MIBC, but despite proven feasibility in elderly population, it has been associated with significant burden of morbidity, mortality, and complications.Study Objective: We aimed to re-evaluate the safety and efficacy of RC amongst the elderly patients with MIBC.Material and Methods: This single-center, retrospective, observational comparative study was conducted among 568 patients who underwent RC due to MIBC between 2003 and 2021. We evaluated the influence of chronological age (< 70 vs ≥ 70 years) on clinical, demographic, and pathological variables related to MIBC and RC.Results: Elderly patients had similar clinical and pathological features of disease compared to their younger counterparts; nonetheless, they more often received simplified urinary diversion, ie ureterostomy (60.25% vs 39.33%, p< 0.001) and had no PLND (15.76% vs 8.5%, p=0.01) during RC. Furthermore, more elderly patients were treated for secondary MIBCs and fewer had history of smoking. Severe complication and 90-day mortality rates were comparable between groups; however, the elderly had significantly higher all-cause mortality at one year post RC (46.67% vs 33.25%, p=0.003). On multivariate analysis, one-year mortality risk was independently associated with elderly age (HR=2.119, 95% CI: 1.227– 3.660, p=0.007), rural residency (HR=1.760, 95% CI: 1.043– 2.968, p=0.034), extravesical extension of tumor (HR=2.109, 95% CI: 1.155– 3.850, p=0.015), lymph node metastasis (HR=2.268, 95% CI: 1.290– 3.987, p=0.004) and omission of PLND (HR=6.064, 95% CI: 2.926– 12.568, p< 0.001).Conclusion: Radical cystectomy in elderly patients is associated with significant one-year mortality. Our study emphasizes the unmet need for considerate planning of treatment for MIBC in potentially vulnerable groups of elderly patients. Efforts are needed to reliably identify those unlikely to benefit from surgery and facilitate patient-centered choice of alternative therapies.Keywords: urinary bladder neoplasms, cystectomy, elderly, outcomes, urinary diversion, patient-centered care

Людмила Стрільчук

Scientific research is devoted to an interesting and multifaceted problem of regional history: the study of the peculiarities of the Ukrainian educational process of educational institutions in Lutsk, which in the period between the two world wars was the voivodship center of the Second Commonwealth. The study period is due to a number of features related to the entry of Western Volhynia in general, and Lutsk, Zokerem, part of Poland and active state intervention in all spheres of socio-political, economic, cultural and religious life of the region. The consequence of such a policy was the change of the image of Lutsk from a provincial city to the center of Polish political, socio-economic and cultural life in Volhynia. Along with these positive changes, Lutsk is experiencing a number of difficult processes during the period under study, primarily due to difficulties in resolving the national issue, which manifested itself through oppression of the Orthodox Church, Ukrainian schooling, national culture, etc. The experience of studying interwar Lutsk is, to a large extent, an illustrative example of interethnic coexistence, multinational urban structure and the interaction of different national cultures. Therefore, the proposed study not only enriches and expands the history of the city, but also highlights previously unexplored narrow historical aspects. The author emphasizes that the peculiarity of the educational processes in Lytsk in the interwar period was that the educational process was completely controlled and determined by the power of the Second Commonwealth and generally corresponded to them in general. Widespread methods of this policy were the oppression of Ukrainian-language schools, the creation of bilingual schools, and interference in the educational process of the Polish government.

Arno Thomaes, Sylvie Barbalat, Marco Bardiani et al.

To address the decline in biodiversity, international cooperation in monitoring of threatened species is needed. Citizen science can play a crucial role in achieving this challenging goal, but most citizen science projects have been established at national or regional scales. Here we report on the establishment and initial findings of the European Stag Beetle Monitoring Network (ESBMN), an international network of stag beetle (<i>Lucanus cervus</i>) monitoring schemes using the same protocol. The network, started in 2016, currently includes 14 countries (see results) but with a strong variation in output regarding the number of transects (148 successful transects in total) and transect walks (1735). We found differences across European regions in the number of stag beetles recorded, related to phenology and temperature, but not for time of transect start. Furthermore, the initial experiences of the ESBMN regarding international cooperation, citizen science approach, and drop-out of volunteers is discussed. An international standardised protocol that allows some local variation is essential for international collaboration and data management, and analysis is best performed at the international level, whereas recruiting, training, and maintaining volunteers is best organised locally. In conclusion, we appeal for more joint international citizen science-based monitoring initiatives assisting international red-listing and conservation actions.

Sławomir Kleszcz

Purpose: This paper aims to present the nuclear security and radiological protection system in Poland. Method: The scientific methods used in this paper include critical analysis of literature as well as analysis and logical construction method. The research was conducted based on data relating to the Polish Armed Forces. Results: The article presents selected issues related to radiation security in the state defence system. It explains the essence of this problem. It presents entities responsible for the implementation of tasks related to nuclear safety and radiological protection in Poland, as well as legal acts that regulate these aspects of state security. Conclusions: The issue in questions has huge implications for both the natural and medical sciences, as well as for the psychological aspects. Compliance with strict safety requirements and work regulations is crucial for protecting workers’ health and life and, in particular, the security of millions of citizens, as one of the biggest radiation disasters in the world history, the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, may prove. Rising some kind of public awareness and education in the area of radiation security is also extremely important. The society needs to understand the problem and then accept it as an inevitable process in building a new national power industry.

Melkov Andrey Sergeevich

The paper comprehensively describes the history of saints Cyril and Methodius’ Moravian mission and the creation of the Slavic alphabet, as well as outlines the main milestones of the Slavic written language formation in Bulgaria, Poland, Czech and Rus. The author puts forward the thesis that the sacred language created by the Solun brothers became the language of liturgy and homilies from the very beginning, as well as the language of theology, philosophy and hagiography. The history of the Cyril-Methodius tradition spreading among the Western, Southern and Eastern Slavs is presented by the author basing on the analysis of the ancient legends of the Holy brothers, as well as Bulgarian, Polish, Czech and Old Russian manuscripts and evidences of medieval chroniclers. The history of the Russian version of the Church Slavonic language is separately considered. The language situation in Ancient Rus is analysed with considering the point of correlation between the Old Russian and Church Slavonic languages. The problem of the Church Slavonic evolution and functioning in South-Western and Moscow Rus is studied in detail, as well as the formation of a common all-Russian version of this language in the second half of the 17th century.

Agata Hiacynta Tarnacka

Objectives The aim of the analysis was to present the current state of the organization and operation of the National Bank of Poland and postulates regarding changes that could strengthen its position as an institution implementing monetary policy. Material and methods The subject of consideration of the article titled Organization and operation of the National Bank of Poland are legal acts that are the basis for the organization and operation of the National Bank of Poland. The dogmatic, legal and historical-legal method was applied. Results The Monetary Policy Council - each year set monetary policy and submits it - only to the Sejm. In addition, the organs of this major financial institution cooperate in shaping and conducting Polish foreign exchange policy: the NBP Management Board conducts periodic reviews of monetary and monetary settlements and foreign exchange transactions, while the Monetary Policy Council determines the upper limits of liabilities resulting from taking loans and credits from foreign banking institutions by the NBP and and the President of the NBP has the competence to decide on the granting of an individual foreign exchange permit. Conclusions In its long history, the Polish central bank has become a bank not only independent, but also meeting European standards, manifesting itself even in the term of office of the President of the National Bank of Poland, or in compliance with the principles of accounting. The institution has three basic roles: a state bank, an issuing bank and a bank of banks. In particular, the scope of his competences includes shaping and implementing monetary policy, which the National Bank of Poland does independently. In addition, he runs his own financial management having financial privileges and a bankruptcy privilege.

Józef Pociecha

The beginning of the twentieth century is a time of the development of official statistics in European countries. Due to the lack of its own independent state, it was not possible to publish a Yearbook of Poland at the time. In this context, the Polish Statistical Association (PSA) was founded in Cracow in 1912. One of its main tasks was to merge statistical information on Polish lands dispersed among statistical offices of Russia, Germany and Austria and to issue its own statistical yearbooks for Polish lands and their population. Before the beginning of World War I, the PSA was able to prepare the publication Statistics of Poland, printed in 1915, whose main authors were: A. Krzyżanowski and K. W. Kumaniecki. Many people from the intellectual elite of the country were involved in the project. The territorial scope of Statistics of Poland is interesting. It covers the territory of the first Polish Republic and the area of Upper Silesia and the southern Masuria, where Poles were the majority. Statistical data contained in Statistics of Poland amaze by their abundance even today. The importance of Statistics of Poland is that it gave arguments for the Polish delegation in the con­duct of the discussions on the shape of the territory of reborn Poland in 1918 carried out at the peace conference in Versailles.

Jerzy Biniewicz

The author focuses on the history of the Polish scientific educational style. The 18th century science in is an area for empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge of the natural world. The article discusses a Polish text by Krzysztof Kluk, Zwierząt domowych i dzikich, osobliwie krajowych, historii naturalnej początki i gospodarstwo (The beginnings of natural history and husbandry of farmed and wild animals, of domestic animals in particular) (vol. 1, 1779). The author provides us with a basic outline of zoology in 18th century and proposes a lecture on animals living in Poland. His lecture has two narrative planes: scientific and colloquial. In this article, the author proposes a methodology of text analysis. Careful stylistic analysis of 18th century scientific texts shows that Polish handbooks of zoology and economy have features that characterize modern scientific texts, namely bilingual communication, preference for specialist language, rhetorical figures, use of specific verb forms and distinct narrative structure.

E. Mosiej, K. Krysztopa-Grzybowska, M. Polak et al.

B. Łabuz-Roszak, A. Machowska-Majchrzak, M. Skrzypek et al.

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important and common cardiovascular risk factor. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the frequency of use of oral antiplatelet drugs (OAPs) and oral anticoagulant drugs (OACs) among the elderly with T2DM in Poland. Material and methods The study was based on the data collected in the Polish national PolSenior study. Results Among 4979 PolSenior participants aged 65 and over, 883 (17.8%) had previously diagnosed T2DM. Among them, 441 (49.9%) used at least one drug in pharmacological cardiovascular prevention, i.e. OAPs (mostly ASA) in 405 (45.9%) cases and OACs in 38 (4.3%). The use of these drugs significantly depended on the sex (p = 0.02) and personal income (p = 0.05). Age, place of residence and level of education did not affect the prevalence of pharmacological prevention. Previous stroke and myocardial infarction were mostly associated with OAPs, whereas a history of atrial fibrillation (AF) was related to OAC treatment. Among participants treated with OAPs, therapy was applied as secondary cardiovascular prevention in 211 (52.1%) subjects, and as primary prevention in 194 (47.9%) subjects. Among participants treated with OACs, 24 (64.9%) persons had a history of AF. Secondary cardiovascular pharmacological prevention should be considered in 45 untreated participants (12.5%), and primary cardiovascular pharmacological prevention (SCORE ≥ 10 and/or AF) in 154 participants (42.7%). Conclusions Cardiovascular pharmacological prevention in the elderly with T2DM in Poland seems to be unsatisfactory. Educational programmes concerning current recommendations for pharmacological cardiovascular prevention should be developed among general practitioners.

E. Krzych-Fałta, K. Furmańczyk, B. Piekarska et al.

Introduction The incidence of allergies depends on a number of factors, including adopting an urban “western” lifestyle, genetic predispositions, and different regions of residence. Aim To compare the prevalence of allergic conditions (seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) and perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR), bronchial asthma (BA), atopic dermatitis (AD)) in a group of countryside versus urban residents in Poland. Material and methods The prevalence of allergic conditions in urban versus countryside settings was assessed using the translated and approved questionnaire developed for international ECRHS II and ISAAC studies. Respondents were selected via random multistage sampling, with proportionate stratified sampling, and the Polish Resident Identification Number (PESEL) as the basis. A total of 18,617 respondents took part in the study. Subsequently, approximately 25% of the subjects underwent outpatient assessments: skin-prick, lung function, peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) tests, as well as history-taking. Results Allergic rhinitis (AR) proved to be the most common condition in the entire study population. Children residing in the countryside were twice more likely to be diagnosed with BA (8.33% vs. 4%; p < 0.05). Conversely, in the adult subgroup, BA was more commonly observed in urban areas. Whereas reported symptom rates were much higher in AR and AD patients, symptomatic BA was proportionately lower with respect to the official diagnoses (underdiagnosed BA phenomenon). Atopic dermatitis was considerably more common in the metropolitan population. One factor that significantly correlated with allergic diseases was a positive family history. Conclusions Inhabitants of metropolitan areas are to a greater extent predisposed to allergic conditions. One factor significantly contributing to allergies is genetic predisposition. Given the scale of the problem, there is an urgent need to implement measures for early prevention and diagnosis of allergies to minimize distant health effects.

Jakub Godzimirski