Hasil untuk "History of Greece"

D. Olson

Vasileios Zagkotas

The Naval Battle of Dragamesto took place on November 21, 1825, in the present-day Bay of Astakos in the Ionian Sea, during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829). The Greek fleet, consisting of 33 ships led by Admiral Miaoulis, sought to defend the supply line to the city of Missolonghi, which at that time was besieged by the Ottomans. Meanwhile, about 120 Egyptian ships under Ibrahim Pasha arrived to tighten the siege. The two fleets clashed, and the Greeks successfully repelled their opponents. This article examines the events of the battle mainly through primary sources, such as the ship logs of Captains Sachtouris, Sachinis (both eyewitnesses), and Tsamados, as well as other supplementary historical evidence. The Naval Battle of Dragamesto was the only naval engagement of the Greek War of Independence that took place along the Ionian coast, between the shores of Acarnania, Lefkada, and Ithaca. To date, no synthesis of the primary sources concerning this event has been attempted. Thus, this article constitutes the first comprehensive study of the battle, including an examination of a relevant aquarelle as a potential historical source. A comparison between the aquarelle depicting the battle and the primary written sources reveals a remarkable level of accuracy in the geographical representation, fleet formations, and key figures. However, certain discrepancies, such as the omission of specific captains and the possibility of subjective artistic interpretation of the events, highlight the need for a cautious approach when using the painting as historical evidence.

Donald C. Chang

Science is about facts and truth. Yet sometimes the truth and facts are not obvious. For example, in the field of MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), there has been a long-lasting debate about who were the major contributors in its development. Particularly, there was a strong dispute between the followers of two scientists, R. Damadian and P. Lauterbur. In this review, we carefully trace the major developments in applying NMR for cancer detection starting almost 50 years ago. The research records show that the truth was beyond the claims of either research camps. The development of NMR for cancer detection involved multiple research groups, who made critical contributions at different junctures.

Giovanni Viglietta

In the theoretical study of distributed communication networks, "history trees" are a discrete structure that naturally models the concept that anonymous agents become distinguishable upon receiving different sets of messages from neighboring agents. By conveniently organizing temporal information in a systematic manner, history trees have been instrumental in the development of optimal deterministic algorithms for networks that are both anonymous and dynamically evolving. This note provides an accessible introduction to history trees, drawing comparisons with more traditional structures found in existing literature and reviewing the latest advancements in the applications of history trees, especially within dynamic networks. Furthermore, it expands the theoretical framework of history trees in new directions, also highlighting several open problems for further investigation.

G. Aad, E. Aakvaag, B. Abbott et al.

Searches for exclusive decays of the Higgs boson into D⁎γ and of the Z boson into D0γ and Ks0γ can probe flavour-violating Higgs boson and Z boson couplings to light quarks. Searches for these decays are performed with a pp collision data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 136.3 fb−1 collected at s=13TeV between 2016–2018 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. In the D⁎γ and D0γ channels, the observed (expected) 95% confidence-level upper limits on the respective branching fractions are B(H→D⁎γ)<1.0(1.2)×10−3, B(Z→D0γ)<4.0(3.4)×10−6, while the corresponding results in the Ks0γ channel are B(Z→Ks0γ)<3.1(3.0)×10−6.

Farajallah Rahimi, Maral Ahmadi Arpanahi

Today, female managers in organizations face numerous challenges from gender discrimination to the glass ceiling. To face such challenges, it is essential to develop resilience capacity for female managers and resilience capacity is increasingly considered as a distinct advantage for female managers with the aim of turning adversity into evolution and progress in the workplace. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of helping to develop the resilience capacity of female managers to break the glass ceiling. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the research consists of female managers of government offices in Khuzestan province, according to the latest statistics of the Management and Planning Organization of Khuzestan province, the total number of these managers is 205, based on Cochran's formula, the number of 128 people was obtained as a sample, and the questionnaire was conducted by a simple random method in It was distributed among the sample. Due to the possibility of returning incomplete questionnaires, 150 questionnaires were distributed, of which 130 questionnaires were returned. The findings of the research showed that the variables of interaction with the work environment, job adaptability and human resources management measures as independent variables with path coefficients of 0.12, 0.53 and 0.30 and significant numbers of 2.01, 8.40 and 3/15 have a positive and significant effect on the resilience of female managers. Among the three mentioned variables, the variable of job adaptability showed the greatest effect on the resilience of female managers. Also, the findings of the research showed that the resilience variable of female managers with a path coefficient of 0.58 and a significant number of 12.46 has a positive and significant effect on the ability to break the glass ceiling, and this effect is relatively strong.This research has helped to identify and understand the antecedents affecting the development of resilience capacity of female managers and shows how resilience can help to break the glass ceiling, as a challenge faced by women in the workplace. ‌Keywords Glass Ceiling, Human Resource Management, Interaction with the Work Environment, Job Compatibility, Resilience of Female Managers IntroductionThe history of the world has witnessed the enormous and undeniable role of women in various events; But in the past centuries, the role of women as half of the world's active population, especially in developing countries, has been neglected, which shows the existence of gender discrimination and inequality in various political, economic and social fields (Carmeli and Markman, 2011). In order to achieve balance, equality and eliminate discrimination, and as a result, better development of society, it is necessary that women can participate in the decision-making process at different levels of society, especially management levels. Today, female managers in organizations face numerous challenges from gender discrimination to the glass ceiling. To face such challenges, it is essential to develop resilience capacity for female managers and resilience capacity is increasingly considered as a distinct advantage for female managers with the aim of turning adversity into evolution and progress in the workplace. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of helping to develop the resilience capacity of female managers to break the glass ceiling.Rindova et al. (2009) believe that interaction with the work environment can bring benefits such as reducing stress, increasing communication with colleagues, and being equipped with resilience capacity and ultimately better performance.Job adaptability means that a person manipulates his attitudes, competencies and behaviors in the work environment to optimally align himself with suitable work environments (Jiang, 2012). In other words, a person has job adaptability who is able to handle job duties and assignments well and is compatible with them (Ramos and Lopez, 2018). Career adaptability is defined as the ability to adjust oneself to fit new and changed conditions in one's career through planning, exploring and deciding one's future (Brown, 2002). Career counseling, teacher-apprentice relationship and flexibility and adaptation to changes over time as components of career adaptation can be useful in developing and strengthening resilience in women.Hanga et al. (2016) believe that human resource management practices increase the ability of employees to deal with adversity. Ayed (2019) showed in research that human resources management measures have a positive and significant effect on the resilience of employees. The results of the research of Khan et al. (2017) showed that the four measures of human resource management, including job design, knowledge sharing, job rotation, and opportunities for employee career development, provide the basis for strengthening the resilience of employees. Cooper et al. (2015) found that resilience training as one of the human resource management practices can improve personal resilience and is a useful tool for developing mental health and subjective well-being in employees (Arnets et al., 2009; Glanaki et al., 2009; Pip et al., 2012). The persistence of the gender gap in management is considered an important issue at the global level. Although women are increasingly praised for having excellent management skills and effective management styles (Eagly, 2007), the lack of women in leadership positions is attributed to traditional attitudes, the glass ceiling, and the old boys' network (Stevens, 2010). Ragins et al. (1998) believe that the glass ceiling represents prejudices and attitudinal and organizational biases that prevent women from occupying senior executive positions. Morrison et al. (2020) believe that the women's glass ceiling consists of artificial barriers based on attitudinal or organizational biases that cause women and minorities to fail to reach higher levels of hierarchies, while this concept acknowledges that gender superiority at the top of the organizational hierarchy is much stronger than at the lower levels. MethodologyThis research is applied in terms of purpose and based on the method of data collection in the category of descriptive-correlational research. In this research, library method was used to collect information related to theoretical literature and research background, and questionnaire was used to collect data related to research variables. The statistical population of the research consists of female managers of government offices in Khuzestan province, according to the latest statistics of the Management and Planning Organization of Khuzestan province, the total number of these managers is 205, based on Cochran's formula, the number of 128 people was obtained as a sample, and the questionnaire was randomly selected among the sample was distributed. Due to the possibility of returning incomplete questionnaires, 150 questionnaires were distributed, of which 130 questionnaires were returned. The validity of the measuring instrument of this research was investigated in three ways: face validity, convergent validity and divergent validity. Face validity refers to whether items that are ostensibly designed to measure a latent variable actually measure that variable. Experts' opinions were used to measure face validity in this research. Convergent validity means that the items designed to measure a hidden variable have a high correlation with each other. Divergent validity means that the items of one latent variable are not highly correlated with the items of other latent variables and are different from each other. To calculate convergent and divergent validity, we must calculate the values ​​of average variance extracted (AVE) and average squared common variance (ASV).Therefore, for convergent validity, the AVE value of the variables should be greater than 0.5, and for divergent validity, the AVE value of the variables should be greater than their ASV (Rahimi, 2017), which according to Table 1, the AVE value of each of the variables is greater than 0.5 and the AVE value is greater than It is from ASV that it can be said that measurement tools have construct validity. The reliability of the measurement tool in this research was also examined through Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. FindingsThe findings of the research showed that the variables of interaction with the work environment, job adaptability and human resource management measures as antecedent variables have a positive and significant effect on the resilience of female managers. Among the three mentioned variables, the variable of job adaptability showed the greatest effect on the resilience of female managers. Also, the findings of the research showed that the resilience of female managers has a positive and significant effect on the ability to break the glass ceiling, and this effect is relatively strong. ConclusionsThis research has helped to identify and understand the antecedents affecting the development of resilience capacity of female managers and shows how resilience can help to break the glass ceiling, as a challenge faced by women in the workplace. According to the results, the following suggestions can be useful for developing women's resilience and strengthening their ability to break the glass ceiling in the workplaceSuggestions at the individual level: improving women's individual knowledge on the subject of management in educational systems, demanding women in society within the framework of the law and developing a sense of demand, cultivating individual independence, improving constructive communication in the organization, strengthening self-confidence and self-confidence.Suggestions at the organizational level: providing career counseling programs to women, promoting coaching programs in the workplace, supporting the organization in giving women equal opportunities with men, giving women sufficient financial and material resources, aligning organizational policies with women's development structures, establishing Organizational justice, transparency in organizational rules, and compilation of desirable indicators for qualifying management positions.Suggestions at the macro level: general culture building and creating a positive attitude towards the ability of human beings away from discrimination, policy making in the field of women's advancement by formulating programs and monitoring the implementation of these programs, serious attention in the field of justice in society, public effort and participation Social in order to increase public awareness of women's entry into various fields, especially the country's management field, creating equal opportunities for education, opportunities to improve and develop skills, strengthening women's organizations in society.‌References Al-Ayed, S. 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Amalia Papanikolopoulou, Eftychia Eirini Maria Gourdoupari, Polyxeni Alexiou et al.

AIM: To identify hematological indicators as prognostic tools in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, with or without immunosuppression. BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is often accompanied by severe inflammation and changes in biochemical and hematological parameters. NLR and PLR could have prognostic potential in SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, sequentially admitted to our Infectious Diseases Department, from June 2021 to December 2022, after the implementation of massive SARS-CoV-2 vaccination programs in Greece. Hospitalized patients were divided in two cohorts according to immunosuppression status, using a propensity score-matching in 1:2 ratio. RESULTS: In total 393 from 400 collected patients (n=131, 33.3% immunocompromised with prior medical history of either hematological malignancy or autoimmune condition and n=262, 66.7% non-immunocompromised) were enrolled: male: n=199(50.6%); mean age 64.7 (SD=16.1) (Table1). According to WHO criteria most of the patients (n=211, 54%) had severe COVID-19 and were vaccinated against COVID-19 (n=209, 53.9%). Median duration of hospitalization was significantly higher in immunocompromised patients [10, IQR (7-16), p=0.036], while intubation and survival weren't significantly different between two groups (p=0.972, 0.756 respectively) (Figure 1). Biochemical and hematological parameters on day 1 and 4 of hospitalization weren't significantly different between two groups (Table 2). In contrast higher NLR values on day 1 were observed for Omicron variant and higher NLR and PLR values on day 1 and 4 for severe COVID-19 (Table 3). CONCLUSIONS: During the 3rd and 4th pandemic wave, NLR and PLR values display promising prognostic markers, irrespective of immunosuppression status, of COVID-19 hospitalized patients.

Egor P. Antonov

The relevance of the research topic lies in the analysis of the historical experience of the activities of the Yakut department of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS), which contributed to identifying the characteristics of communications between the authorities and the Russian Orthodox Church, the clergy and believers, as well as identifying its educational and translation work. For the first time, the purpose of the research is to study the characteristics and role of the IOPS department in the history of Yakutia. The article uses materials from the periodical “Yakut Diocesan Gazette”: orders of the leadership of the IOPS, reports, lists of members, texts of bishops’ speeches, information on meetings, etc., as well as published letters of Bishop Dionysius. The article uses the methodology of intellectual history, civilizational approach, methods of cultural transfer and statistics. A fivefold increase in the number of the Yakut department of the IOPS by 1900 and the active involvement of the indigenous population in its composition amounting to 36 percent of the community were revealed. It has been established that despite the dispersed type of settlement, the absolute lack of roads and the widespread poverty of the Yakuts, the proportional amounts of donations on their part exceeded similar indicators in the center of Russia. The origin of the Yakut pilgrimage to Palestine and Greece is considered, which had a beneficial effect on the development of the intellectual and creative abilities of the pilgrims themselves. The influence of the IOPS on the genesis of imperial identity among indigenous peoples was determined, which for a long period allowed the Yakuts to resist the propaganda of exiles. We draw a conclusion on the role of the IOPS in the formation of the monarchical, conservative and anti-Zem movement of the Yakuts led by M. S. Shelomov by 1905, as a serious alternative to the liberal movement of the intelligentsia led by V. V. Nikiforov.

Iosif Lazaridis, A. Mittnik, N. Patterson et al.

The origins of the Bronze Age Minoan and Mycenaean cultures have puzzled archaeologists for more than a century. We have assembled genome-wide data from 19 ancient individuals, including Minoans from Crete, Mycenaeans from mainland Greece, and their eastern neighbours from southwestern Anatolia. Here we show that Minoans and Mycenaeans were genetically similar, having at least three-quarters of their ancestry from the first Neolithic farmers of western Anatolia and the Aegean, and most of the remainder from ancient populations related to those of the Caucasus and Iran. However, the Mycenaeans differed from Minoans in deriving additional ancestry from an ultimate source related to the hunter–gatherers of eastern Europe and Siberia, introduced via a proximal source related to the inhabitants of either the Eurasian steppe or Armenia. Modern Greeks resemble the Mycenaeans, but with some additional dilution of the Early Neolithic ancestry. Our results support the idea of continuity but not isolation in the history of populations of the Aegean, before and after the time of its earliest civilizations.

I. Buckle, R. Mayes

Roberto Casalbuoni, Daniele Dominici, Massimo Mazzoni

The history of the Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is traced from the beginning of the 20th century, with the arrival of Antonio Garbasso as Director (1913), to the 1960s. Thanks to Garbasso's expertise, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, where the Astronomical Observatory was already located, but it also formed a brilliant group of young physicists made up of Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti, Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah, who were engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and Cosmic Rays. This Arcetri School disintegrated in the late 1930s for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other universities, for the environment created by the fascist regime and, to some extent, for the racial laws. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the field of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as theoretical physics was concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods these studies enjoyed a new expansion towards the end of the 1950s, with the arrival of Giacomo Morpurgo and above all, that of Raoul Gatto, who created the first real Italian school of Theoretical Physics at Arcetri.

Niels C. M. Martens, Miguel Ángel Carretero Sahuquillo, Erhard Scholz et al.

Editorial of a special issue on dark matter & modified gravity, distributed across the journals Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics and Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. Published version of the open access editorial (in SHPS) available here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.08.015. The six papers are collected here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science-part-b-studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-modern-physics/special-issue/10CR71RJLWM.

Petros Tatsopoulos

Yael Naze

With Cyrano, Voltaire, and Verne, France provided important milestones in the history of early science fiction. However, even if the genre was not very common a few centuries ago, there were numerous additional contributions by French-speaking writers. In this paper, we review two cases of interplanetary novels written in the second half of the eighteenth century and sharing a rare particularity: their authors were female. Voyages de Milord Ceton was imagined by Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert whereas Cornelie Wouters de Wasse conceived Le Char Volant. While their personal lives were very different, and their writing style too, both authors share in these novels a common philosophy in which equality -- between ranks but also between genders -- takes an important place. Their works thus clearly fit into the context of the Enlightenment.

Philippe Durey

Little-known in France because of the secondary place of sculpture vis-à-vis painting in the cultural consciousness of the contemporary public concerning the nineteenth century, as well as because of the poor representation in the Louvre (as in most of the great fine art museums) of the works of David d’Angers, Reviving Greece nevertheless occupies a central place in French sculpture of the first half of the nineteenth century. While David d’Angers’ interest in Botzaris and the Greek cause, and the way he came up with his idea and his attachment to his statue are fairly well-documented, part of the history of this work has remained in the dark: the exact date of its execution, the knowledge of it in France before it was sent to Greece, the circumstances of its sending, the contacts with the Greeks, David’s place in the philhellenic movement, his sentimental and phantasmatic relationship with Greece, his plans to leave and set up a school of sculpture there, and finally the brutality of his disappointment in 1852. This article sheds new light on this work, which is of both historical and artistic interest not only because the fate of the statue recounts a moment in the relations between two countries, France and Greece, but also because of the failed – and perhaps impossible – transplantation of an already-established artist reveals the difficult, long and painful cultural journey of a young nation in the European concert of the time.

Sara Giovansana

Talking about Greece nowadays does not only mean becoming aware of the immense cultural, social, and linguistic heritage which characterizes the country, but also accepting the huge change which is affecting the nation. The paper focuses on the international cinematographic account on Greece in order to explore the spectrum of non-Greek visions concerning Greek life, history, culture, and traditions. The work is aimed – through the analysis of both American and Italian movies – at outlining stereotypes and authentic elements of the foreign movie industry’s representation of “Greekness”, browsing some of its most typical leitmotifs. In this respect, noteworthy examples are: the ancient myth; the brutality of war; the cultural misappropriation; the tourism business. The article deals with these issues in an attempt to define possible future developments and points for reflection.

Tim Maudlin, Elias Okon, Daniel Sudarsky

We start by surveying the history of the idea of a fundamental conservation law and briefly examine the role conservation laws play in different classical contexts. In such contexts we find conservation laws to be useful, but often not essential. Next we consider the quantum setting, where the conceptual problems of the standard formalism obstruct a rigorous analysis of the issue. We then analyze the fate of energy conservation within the various viable paths to address such conceptual problems; in all cases we find no satisfactory way to define a (useful) notion of energy that is generically conserved. Finally, we focus on the implications of this for the semiclassical gravity program and conclude that Einstein's equations cannot be said to always hold.

Tianhao Yang, Zheng-Jun Zha, Hanwang Zhang

We study the multi-round response generation in visual dialog, where a response is generated according to a visually grounded conversational history. Given a triplet: an image, Q&A history, and current question, all the prevailing methods follow a codec (i.e., encoder-decoder) fashion in a supervised learning paradigm: a multimodal encoder encodes the triplet into a feature vector, which is then fed into the decoder for the current answer generation, supervised by the ground-truth. However, this conventional supervised learning does NOT take into account the impact of imperfect history, violating the conversational nature of visual dialog and thus making the codec more inclined to learn history bias but not contextual reasoning. To this end, inspired by the actor-critic policy gradient in reinforcement learning, we propose a novel training paradigm called History Advantage Sequence Training (HAST). Specifically, we intentionally impose wrong answers in the history, obtaining an adverse critic, and see how the historic error impacts the codec's future behavior by History Advantage-a quantity obtained by subtracting the adverse critic from the gold reward of ground-truth history. Moreover, to make the codec more sensitive to the history, we propose a novel attention network called History-Aware Co-Attention Network (HACAN) which can be effectively trained by using HAST. Experimental results on three benchmarks: VisDial v0.9&v1.0 and GuessWhat?!, show that the proposed HAST strategy consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art supervised counterparts.

N. V. Sarlis, E. S. Skordas, P. A. Varotsos

A strong earthquake of magnitude Mw6.8 struck Western Greece on 25 October 2018 with epicenter at 37.515N 20.564E. It was preceded by an anomalous geolectric signal that was recorded on 2 October 2018 at a measuring station 70km away from the epicenter. Upon analyzing this signal in natural time, we find that it conforms to the conditions suggested (e.g., Entropy 19 (2017) 177) for its identification as precursory Seismic Electric Signal (SES) activity. Notably, the observed lead time of 23 days lies within the range of values that has been very recently identified (Entropy 20 (2018) 561) as being statistically significant for the precursory variations of the electric field of the Earth. Moreover, the analysis in natural time of the seismicity subsequent to the SES activity in the area candidate to suffer this strong earthquake reveals that the criticality conditions were obeyed early in the morning of 18 October 2018, i.e., almost a week before the strong earthquake occurrence, in agreement with earlier findings. Furthermore, upon employing the recent method of nowcasting earthquakes, which is based on natural time, we find an earthquake potential score around 80% just before the occurrence of this Mw6.8 earthquake. Here, we also report the recording of more recent SES activities including a very recent one which just appeared at Pirgos measuring station on 13 October 2023.

Bairang Wei

This article focuses on the frescoed frieze in Palazzo Vizzani, the one with The History of Cyrus the Great. It presents a relatively rare theme in the visual arts of the sixteenth century which appeared only in some series of tapestries commissioned by powerful aristocratic patrons for their residences. This is due to the fact that this character (Cyrus the Great) was associated with the genre literary of the 'Mirror of Princes'. The link can be traced back to the Ciropedia of ancient Greece, in which Xenophon described Cyrus the Great as a perfect monarch, a figure that is considered an idol by many sovereigns of the classical era and even of the Renaissance. However, another Greek writer, Herodotus, created a completely different Cyrus in The Histories, which is also the main literary source inspired the pictorial frieze in Palazzo Vizzani. The figure of Cyrus turns out to be more complicated and controversial in The Histories, it's not so much a perfect sovereign, but more like a tragic hero of ancient Greece. It is worth noting that the story of his life is in accordance with the tradition of 'the fate of the illustrious condottieri' in medieval literature, in which the fate of the protagonist is thought to be dominated by unpredictable Fortune. For this reason, I proposed that 'the concept of Fortune' is the key to interpreting the profound meaning of this frieze.