Hasil untuk "History of Germany"

M. Weber

A. Peters, H. Wichmann, T. Tuch et al.

Philip Scranton, A. Chandler

V. Bauchau, S. Durham

Rushdi Said

Dmitri A. Jdanov, D. Jasilionis, V. Shkolnikov et al.

M. Ohayon, T. Roth

C. Diehm, A. Schuster, J. Allenberg et al.

M. Haake, H. Müller, C. Schade-Brittinger et al.

G. Filler, A. Bökenkamp, W. Hofmann et al.

D. Reynolds, P. Sammons, Bieke De Fraine et al.

S. Bassnett, A. Lefèvere

R. Koselleck, Todd Presner

Dori Blakely, Doug Johnstone, Gabriele Cugno et al.

We observed the planet-hosting system PDS 70 with the James Webb Interferometer, JWST's aperture masking interferometric mode within NIRISS. Observing with the F480M filter centered at 4.8 μ m, we simultaneously fit geometrical models to the outer disk and the two known planetary companions. We redetect the protoplanets PDS 70 b and c at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 14.7 and 7.0, respectively. Our photometry of both PDS 70 b and c provides tentative evidence of mid-IR circumplanetary disk emission through fitting spectral energy distribution models to these new measurements and those found in the literature. We also newly detect emission within the disk gap at an SNR of ~4, a position angle of $22{0}_{-15}^{+10}$ °, and an unconstrained separation within ~200 mas. Follow-up observations will be needed to determine the nature of this emission. We place a 5 σ upper limit of 208 ± 10 μ Jy on the flux of the candidate PDS 70 d at 4.8 μ m, which indicates that if the previously observed emission at shorter wavelengths is due to a planet, this putative planet has a different atmospheric composition than PDS 70 b or c. Finally, we place upper limits on emission from any additional planets in the disk gap. We find an azimuthally averaged 5 σ contrast upper limit >7 mag at separations greater than 110 mas. These are the deepest limits to date within ~250 mas at 4.8 μ m and the first space-based interferometric observations of this system.

Ellie Berg, Ashley S. Hammond, Anna G. Warrener et al.

The palaeocave site of Drimolen Main Quarry (DMQ) in Gauteng Province, South Africa, has produced fossil hominin material dating to 2.04–1.95 Ma, including craniodental remains attributed to Paranthropus robustus and the earliest specimen of Homo erectus sensu lato along with numerous postcrania of uncertain taxonomic affiliation. Among this collection is a partial pelvis (DNH 43), which includes the sacrum and elements of the right os coxae. Although previously described as showing similarities to the pelvis of Australopithecus and Paranthropus, comparisons across the broader hominin fossil record have been limited and DNH 43 has never been analysed quantitatively. Here we present a partial digital reconstruction of DNH 43 and compare it to an expanded data set of fossil specimens to determine its closest morphological affinities. Overall, the quantitative analysis is congruent with qualitative results reflecting the primitive features of DNH 43, suggesting an Australopithecus/Paranthropus-like anatomy, including small absolute size, relatively small sacroiliac articulation, moderately wide tuberoacetabular sulcus, gracile acetabulosacral buttress, and obstetric dimensions that are relatively broad. A study of this rare articulated pelvis shows that the orientation of the sacrum (pelvic incidence) is similar to that of recent Homo sapiens. Although DNH 43 shares some specific metric similarities with specimens MH2 (Australopithecus sediba) and OH 28 (cf. Homo erectus), the taxonomic relevance is unclear given the poor understanding of Paranthropus and early Homo postcranial variation. Affiliation with Paranthropus robustus (which dominates the DMQ craniodental assemblage) cannot be ruled out, and we consider assignment to that taxon to be a reasonable provisional attribution. Significance: • Associated pelvic elements (sacrum and ossa coxae) are rare in the hominin fossil record but provide information on overall body form, locomotion and obstetrics. • Anatomical assessment and partial reconstruction of specimen DNH 43 from the Drimolen Main Quarry in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa, thus provides additional insights into pelvic form in a ~2.0-million-year-old hominin. • The fossil is best attributed to Paranthropus robustus and displays an overall primitive, gracile morphology, but presents with positioning of the sacrum similar to that of recent humans, which differs from prior interpretations of early hominin spinopelvic anatomy.

Anton V. Buriak

This integrated study explores the diverse effects and the intricate history of protectionist policy impacts in relation to trade and economic development. The article carefully narrates the rise of protectionism as a recurring economic policy adopted during the tender phases of national economic depression, preceeding it’s emergence from the mercantilist practices of the European World Powers of the 16th and 17th century. The policy frameworks were mostly shaped by the interwoven logic behind state regulation of foreign trade intended to defend a nations economic welfare from international competition. One of the main look was for the 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which is suggested as a case study of history caused by aggressive protective policies. The artickle examines the retelling of this legislation, that enacted tariffs and duties on over 20,000 imported products, which had set off bans and restrictions on trade by Canada, Britain, and Germany. The chain reaction of such trade restrictions as punitive tariffs resulted the lowest point in trade history when volume of global trade fell by 66% from 1929 and 1934, rapidly changing what could’ve merely been an economical low from the Great Depression. The statistics trade pourposes during this timeframe, such as the drop of American imports from Europe from 1929 to 1932 shows how desperate consequences of protective policies can be. Despite these historical warnings, the article demonstrates that contemporary states continue to implement protectionist measures, often disregarding the economic lessons of the past in favor of short-term political advantages. The study offers in-depth comparative analyses of modern protectionist such as “America First” agenda in USA, China’s “Made in China 2025” industrial program and India’s “Make in India” initiatives. Through careful cross-sectional comparison of key economic indicators, particularly GDP growth and employment figures from 2016 to 2023, the study evaluates the effectiveness of these varying protectionist strategies against their stated objectives. So, the findings shows that while protecting certain industries might help them out for a bit, it’s not a great plan in the long run. It usually backfires and weakens the whole economy, which is the opposite of what states want. This adds to the discussion about how much we should open up markets versus protecting our own stuff, especially now that the world is so connected.

Mark Hudson, Junzo Uchiyama, Claudia Zancan et al.

Maritime networks have been proposed as a mechanism for early agricultural and, by extension, language dispersals in several coastal and island regions. In Island Southeast Asia, such networks have sometimes been discussed as an alternative to the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. However, the relationships between Neolithic maritime networks and maritime economies are poorly known. Here, we summarise published information for three regions where Neolithic maritime networks are thought to have been associated with language dispersals (whether hypothetical or directly attested): the Mediterranean, Island Southeast Asia and Japan. We conclude that while maritime networks played an important role in the Neolithic dispersals considered here, maritime trade and resources did not necessarily represent alternative or opposing economic strategies to agriculture. It was only from the Bronze Age that long-distance trade integrated maritime exchange and resources into a broader economic system. Our review illustrates the complex relations between subsistence, technology and mobility in prehistoric maritime networks and the paper concludes with suggestions for future research.

Daniele Dominici

The history of the Arcetri Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is analyzed from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s. Thanks to the arrival of Garbasso in 1913, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, but also hosted brilliant young physicists such as Rita Brunetti, Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti in the '20s and Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah in the '30s, engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and Cosmic Rays. This internationally renowned Arcetri School dissolved in the late 1930s mainly for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other Italian or foreign universities. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the fields of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as theoretical physics is concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods, these studies enjoyed a new expansion in the sixties thanks to the arrival of Raoul Gatto who created in Arcetri the first Italian school of theoretical physics.

Anne Sielemann, Lena Loercher, Max-Lion Schumacher et al.

In this paper, we present a synthesis pipeline and dataset for training / testing data in the task of traffic sign recognition that combines the advantages of data-driven and analytical modeling: GAN-based texture generation enables data-driven dirt and wear artifacts, rendering unique and realistic traffic sign surfaces, while the analytical scene modulation achieves physically correct lighting and allows detailed parameterization. In particular, the latter opens up applications in the context of explainable AI (XAI) and robustness tests due to the possibility of evaluating the sensitivity to parameter changes, which we demonstrate with experiments. Our resulting synthetic traffic sign recognition dataset Synset Signset Germany contains a total of 105500 images of 211 different German traffic sign classes, including newly published (2020) and thus comparatively rare traffic signs. In addition to a mask and a segmentation image, we also provide extensive metadata including the stochastically selected environment and imaging effect parameters for each image. We evaluate the degree of realism of Synset Signset Germany on the real-world German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark (GTSRB) and in comparison to CATERED, a state-of-the-art synthetic traffic sign recognition dataset.

Veronika Solopova

The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents unprecedented opportunities and challenges for journalism, fact-checking and media regulation. While AI offers tools to combat disinformation and enhance media practices, its unregulated use and associated risks necessitate clear policies and collaborative efforts. This policy paper explores the implications of artificial intelligence (AI) for journalism and fact-checking, with a focus on addressing disinformation and fostering responsible AI integration. Using Germany and Ukraine as key case studies, it identifies the challenges posed by disinformation, proposes regulatory and funding strategies, and outlines technical standards to enhance AI adoption in media. The paper offers actionable recommendations to ensure AI's responsible and effective integration into media ecosystems. AI presents significant opportunities to combat disinformation and enhance journalistic practices. However, its implementation lacks cohesive regulation, leading to risks such as bias, transparency issues, and over-reliance on automated systems. In Ukraine, establishing an independent media regulatory framework adapted to its governance is crucial, while Germany can act as a leader in advancing EU-wide collaborations and standards. Together, these efforts can shape a robust AI-driven media ecosystem that promotes accuracy and trust.