Hasil untuk "History of Eastern Europe"

T. I. Mamun, Sabrina Younus, Md. Hashibur Rahman

Gastric cancer represents a significant global health challenge due to its high mortality and incidence rates, particularly in Eastern Asia, Eastern Europe, and South America. This comprehensive review synthesizes the latest epidemiological data and explores both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with gastric cancer, aiming to delineate the multifactorial etiology of this disease. Modifiable risk factors include Helicobacter pylori infection, obesity, dietary habits, smoking and alcohol consumption, whereas nonmodifiable factors comprise genetic predispositions, age, family history and male gender. The interplay of these factors significantly impacts the risk and progression of gastric cancer, suggesting potential preventive strategies. The challenges in treating gastric cancer are considerable, largely because of the late-stage diagnosis and the heterogeneity of the disease, which complicate effective treatment regimens. Current treatment strategies involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapies. The FLOT regimen (5-FU, Leucovorin, Oxaliplatin and Docetaxel) is now a standard for resectable cases in Europe and the US, showing superior survival and response rates over ECF and ECX regimens. For HER2-positive gastric cancer, trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy improves overall survival, as demonstrated by the ToGA trial. Additionally, immune checkpoint inhibitors like pembrolizumab and nivolumab offer promising results. However, the five-year survival rate remains low, underscoring the urgency for improved therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in molecular biology and cancer genomics have begun to pave the way for personalized medicine in gastric cancer care, focusing on molecular targeted therapies and immunotherapy. This review also highlights the critical need for better screening methods that could facilitate early detection and treatment, potentially improving the prognosis. By integrating epidemiological insights with new therapeutic strategies, this article aims to thoroughly understand of gastric cancer's dynamics and outline a framework for future research and clinical management, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach to tackle this formidable disease.

Richard de Grijs

[Abridged] In the late nineteenth century, Mars emerged as one of the most intensively reported astronomical objects in the popular press, driven by favourable oppositions, improved telescopic capabilities and growing speculation regarding planetary habitability. I examine how Mars was interpreted in Australian newspapers between the 1870s and 1899, focusing on the ways in which astronomical knowledge was framed, contextualised and debated within a colonial media environment. Drawing on a large collection of digitised newspaper articles, I analyse how observational authority, instrumental credibility and individual expertise were harnessed in press reporting. The paper situates Australian Mars coverage within a global network of scientific communication dominated by metropolitan centres in Europe and North America, while highlighting the distinctive role played by southern-hemisphere visibility. Australian observatories and observers were frequently positioned as contributors of confirmatory observation rather than interpretive leadership, reinforcing a pattern of locally grounded but internationally oriented scientific engagement. The analysis traces a shift from early emphasis on disciplined observation and measurement to later periods characterised by contested interpretations, particularly surrounding the so-called Martian "canals" and the speculative claims advanced by personalities such as Percival Lowell in the USA. By examining how newspapers mediated between observational astronomy, engineering analogies and popular imagination, this study contributes to a broader understanding of how planetary science entered public discourse beyond metropolitan centres. In doing so, it underscores the active role of colonial newspapers in shaping scientific meaning and situates Australian Mars reporting within the wider history of nineteenth-century astronomical culture.

Piotr Łuczkiewicz, Michael Meyer, Martin Schönfelder

Building on the older discovery of a brooch from the Late Ice Age settlement of Kruhlyk and a more recent interpretation of the same, this article focuses on the distribution of brooches from the Kostrzewski K var. It has been demonstrated that this brooch holds significant potential for the interpretation of the Poienești-Lucașeuca culture. It connects the region of the Poienești-Lucașeuca culture with Central Europe and thus joins a whole series of metal and ceramic finds systematically collected by Mircea Babeș and later supplemented by a series of works specifically dedicated to certain categories of artifacts (clay spoons, firedogs, brooches, coins, etc.). There are good reasons why these finds have been used as evidence of migration from Central Europe to the forest-steppe east of the Carpathians. This short essay is part of a large-scale classification project that enables the Kruhlyk fibulae to be assigned to a specific variant, thus allowing for more precise interpretations. The focus of this project is on the Late La Tène fibulae, which Jósef Kostzrewski designated as Var. K in his important work in 1919. The starting point of the authors’ project is that Var. K fibulae occur in all cultures and, as such, have the potential to synchronise the chronological systems of these archaeological cultures. An essential goal of the project is to separate similar from dissimilar pieces through detailed classification and subsequently to verify their respective chronological anchoring. These results are to be published in the Prehistoric Journal and in the Berlin monograph series ‘Chronoi. Time, Time Awareness, Time Management.

Sheng Wang, Muhammad Maladoh Bah

European countries are ambitious in both the net-zero transition and offshore energy resource development. The Irish and UK governments announced their commitments to offshore wind capacities - 37 and 125 GW, respectively, in 2050, more than two times higher than their projected power demands. While other continental countries, such as Germany, are calling for cleaner fuel resources. Exporting surplus offshore green hydrogen and bridging supply and demand could be pivotal in carbon emission mitigation for Europe. Yet, the potentials of these Island countries, are usually underestimated. This paper developed a bottom-up method to investigate the role of offshore hydrogen from Ireland and the UK in the decarbonisation of the entire Europe. We evaluate the future hydrogen/ammonia trading and the contributions of each country in carbon emission mitigation, considering their relative cost-competitiveness in offshore hydrogen production, domestic hourly power and gas system operation, and international shipping costs. Results indicate that the offshore green hydrogen could reduce 175.16 Mt/year of carbon dioxide emissions in Europe. The UK will be the largest hydrogen supplier from 2030 to 2040, while surpassed by Ireland in 2050, with 161 TWh of hydrogen exports to France and Spain. The offshore green hydrogen can contribute to 175.16 Mt of annual carbon dioxide emission reductions in total. This general flow of hydrogen from the West to the East not only facilitates Europe's net-zero progress, but also reshapes the energy supply structure and helps to ensure energy security across the European continent.

Hecht Dieter J.

Valentina Noseda

Book Review

Ганна Богданович

У статті аналізується трансформація української ідентичності в умовах війни. Виявлено, що після повномасштабного російського вторгнення відбулося формування нової суспільно-політичної реальності України, коли максимального сплеску досяг зріст консолідації українців навколо приналежності до єдиної української нації та боротьби за незалежність і демократичні цінності.

Andrea D'Angelo, Tiziana Catarci, Antinisca Di Marco et al.

This study aims to enrich and leverage data from the Informatics Europe Higher Education (IEHE) data portal to extract and analyze trends in female participation in Informatics across Europe. The research examines the proportion of female students, first-year enrollments, and degrees awarded to women in the field. The issue of low female participation in Informatics has long been recognized as a persistent challenge and remains a critical area of scholarly inquiry. Furthermore, existing literature indicates that socio-economic factors can unpredictably influence female participation, complicating efforts to address the gender gap. The analysis focuses on participation data from research universities at various academic levels, including Bachelors, Masters, and PhD programs, and seeks to uncover potential correlations between female participation and geographical or economic zones. The dataset was first enriched by integrating additional information, such as each country's GDP and relevant geographical data, sourced from various online repositories. Subsequently, the data was cleaned to ensure consistency and eliminate incomplete time series. A final set of complete time series was selected for further analysis. We then used the data collected from the internet to assign countries to different clusters. Specifically, we employed Economic Zone, Geographical Area, and GDP quartile to cluster countries and compare their temporal trends both within and between clusters. We analyze the results for each classification and derive conclusions based on the available data.

Lukáš Likavčan

SETI is not a usual point of departure for environmental humanities. However, this paper argues that theories originating in this field have direct implications for how we think about viable inhabitation of the Earth. To demonstrate SETI's impact on environmental humanities, this paper introduces Fermi paradox as a speculative tool to probe possible trajectories of planetary history, and especially the "Sustainability Solution" proposed by Jacob Haqq-Misra and Seth Baum. This solution suggests that sustainable coupling between extraterrestrial intelligences and their planetary environments is the major factor in the possibility of their successful detection by remote observation. By positing that exponential growth is not a sustainable development pattern, this solution rules out space-faring civilizations colonizing solar systems or galaxies. This paper elaborates on Haqq-Misra's and Baum's arguments, and discusses speculative implications of the Sustainability Solution, thus rethinking three concepts in environmental humanities: technosphere, planetary history, and sustainability. The paper advocates that (1) technosphere is a transitory layer that shall fold back into biosphere; (2) planetary history must be understood in a generic perspective that abstracts from terrestrial particularities; and (3) sustainability is not sufficient vector of viable human inhabitation of the Earth, suggesting instead habitability and genesity as better candidates.

Stephen Christopher

This article analyzes the tribal aspirations of Sippis, traditionally a wool shearing caste closely associated with Gaddis. Sippis have different administrative classifications across three districts in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu. In most contexts, they self identify as part of the Gaddi tribe. In this regard, they are not alone; four other caste groups, partially integrated into Gaddi life, make similar claims of tribal belonging. They argue that Gaddis are a caste heterogeneous tribal community with entrenched forms of casteism and ritual exclusion. Some identify with the neologism “Scheduled Tribe Dalit” to reflect their intersectionality as both marginalized Dalits and tribal people. Sippis, however, demand tribal inclusion along different ideological lines, often de-emphasizing tribal casteism, and emphasizing status equivalence with Gaddi Rajputs and Brahmins. Sippis generally reject their subordination as landless peasants and unfree clients under patronage exploitation, a narrative central to many other self identifying Gaddi Dalits. In doing so, Sippis separate themselves from other Gaddi identifying caste groups as they appeal for Scheduled Tribe status in Kangra. Based on 22 months of fieldwork, I analyze the ideologies of Sippi exceptionalism in the domains of pilgrimage, ritual practice, vocational lifestyle, and belief. The widespread recognition of Sippis as the highest status group among Scheduled Caste Gaddis, both in terms of self stylization and tribal social acceptance, accounts for villages where lower status groups have legally changed their caste certificates to become Sippi. Attention to how reservation shapes spirituality has broader implications for the anthropology of affirmative action across South Asia.

Ana Potic, Stefanie Perrier, Tijana Radovic et al.

Abstract Background Neurodegeneration due to cerebral folate transport deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in FOLR1. Onset typically occurs in late infancy and is characterized by psychomotor regression, epilepsy, and a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy on magnetic resonance imaging. If left untreated, progressive neurodegeneration occurs. However, early treatment with folinic acid has been shown to stabilize or reverse neurological features. Approximately thirty patients have been described worldwide. Here, we report the first two cases with genetically proven cerebral folate transport deficiency from South-Eastern Europe, describe the effect of oral folinic acid therapy on clinical and neuroradiological features and review the literature. Results Two siblings presented in childhood with clinical and radiological findings consistent with a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. Exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous pathogenic variant in FOLR1 (c.465_466delinsTG; p.W156G), confirming the diagnosis of neurodegeneration due to cerebral folate transport deficiency. Folinic acid treatment was promptly initiated in both patients. The younger sibling was treated early in disease course at 2 years of age, and demonstrated complete recovery in clinical and MRI features. The older sibling, who was 8 years of age at the time of diagnosis and treatment, demonstrated partial but substantial improvements. Conclusion We present the first account in the literature that early treatment initiation with oral folinic acid alone can result in complete neurological recovery of both clinical and radiological abnormalities in neurodegeneration due to cerebral folate deficiency. Moreover, through the report of these patients along with review of the literature, we provide information about the natural history of the disease with comparison of treatment effects at different stages of disease progression. This report also reinforces the importance of universal access to genetic testing to ensure prompt diagnoses for treatable disorders.

Helen Au-Yang, Jacques H. H. Perk

We present our personal histories with Michael Fisher. We describe how each one of us first came to Cornell University. We also discuss our many subsequent interactions and successful collaborations with him on various physics projects.

Andrey Yu. Chernov, Eugene A. Katz

Bronze cuboctahedral weights dated to the VIII-X centuries were found in northwest Russia near Ladoga, one of the most important trading centers in Eastern Europe in the VIII-X centuries. The history of the mathematical study of cuboctahedron and more generally of the entire family of Archimedean solids in the Middle East and Europe supports the archeological hypothesis about the origin of these artifacts and trading contacts between Europe and the Islamic Caliphate at that time when European mathematicians were not aware of such polyhedra, but Arab-Persian scientists and craftsmen were.

Peter Galison, Juliusz Doboszewski, Jamee Elder et al.

This white paper outlines the plans of the History Philosophy Culture Working Group of the Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.

Jing Liu, Xiaofan Tang, Junji Xia et al.

This paper utilized the high temporal and spatial resolution temperature profile data observed by the multi-channel microwave radiometer at the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) on the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau from February to May and August to November 2021, combined with the ERA5 reanalysis data products for the whole year of 2021, to study the daily, monthly, and seasonal variations of the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH). The results are as follows: (1) The ABLH on sunny days showed obvious fluctuations with peaks and valleys. The ABLH continued to rise with the increase of surface temperature after sunrise and usually reached its maximum value in the afternoon around 18:00, then rapidly decreased until sunset. (2) The average ABLH in April was the highest at about 1200 m, while it was only around 600 m in November. The ABLH fluctuated greatly during the day and was stable at around 400 m at night. The ABLH results obtained from ERA5 were slightly smaller overall but had a consistent trend of change with the microwave radiometer. (3) The maximum ABLH appeared in spring, followed by summer and autumn, and winter had the lowest value, with all peaks reached around 14:00-15:00. These results are of great significance for understanding the ABLH on the eastern slope of the Tibetan Plateau, and provide reference for the absolute calibration of photon numbers of the LHAASO telescope and the atmospheric monitoring plan, as well as for evaluating the authenticity and accuracy of existing reanalysis datasets.

Liang Luo

Jan Szumski, Bogdan Musiał

The article focuses on the background of the pamphlet ‘Falsifiers of History. An Historical Note’ issued by the Soviet Information Bureau in 1948. The book was personally edited and largely hand-written by Joseph Stalin. His involvement was not fully known until now. In this paper, the authors deciphered, translated and compared the text of the published pamphlet. It shows Stalin’s guidelines in the official interpretation of the causes of World War II and the reasons for the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Throughout the post-war period the official Soviet narrative regarding the origins of the of World War II were largely based on a set of guidelines contained in a pamphlet ‘Falsifiers of History’. Currently, the neo-Stalinist historical narrative concerning the origins of World War II is promoted by the Russian officials. Nevertheless, not all Russian historians share these views, and many assess the Hitler-Stalin Pact in a much more critical way.

Gerald A. Goldin

Prediction of ``anyons'', often attributed exclusively to Wilczek, came first from Leinaas & Myrheim in 1977, and independently from Goldin, Menikoff, & Sharp in 1980-81. In 2020, experimentalists successfully created anyonic excitations. This paper discusses why the possibility of quantum particles in two-dimensional space with intermediate exchange statistics eluded physicists for so long after bosons and fermions were understood. The history suggests ideas for the preparation of future researchers. I conclude by addressing failures to attribute scientific achievements accurately. Such practices disproportionately hurt women and minorities in physics, and are harmful to science.

Astolfo G. M. Araujo, M. Okumura

Pavlichenko, N.A. , Chistov, D.E.

In the course of excavations in 2016 in the north-eastern part of the Berezan settlement, sector “O-Western”, graffiti on two Ionian cups were found. One of them belongs to the “rosette bowl” type of the 2nd quarter of the 6th century BCE; the incompletely preserved inscription contains a dedication to Hermes, and the name of the owner, Deinon. The storage pit in which this vessel was discovered is dated to the 2nd quarter — mid. 6th century BCE on the basis of stratigraphy and pottery finds. The second graffito is inscribed on a large Ionian kylix with a bent rim (“Knickrandschale”). This long inscription bears the name of the owner, Pythes the son of Pericles. Despite the chronological proximity, these vessels belong to different periods of the Berezan settlement. The Deinon’s bowl is synchronous with the dugouts of the early settlement on Berezan, being one of the evidences that Greek population predominated. The Pytheas’ kylix seems to reveal the name of the owner of a large multi-chamber stone-and mudbrick house, built in the beginning of the 3rd quarter of the 6th century BCE.