Hasil untuk "History of Civilization"

Jun Chen

There is nothing more personal than healthcare. Health care must move from its current reactive and disease-centric system to a personalized, predictive, preventative and participatory model with a focus on disease prevention and health promotion. As the world marches into the era of Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G wireless, technology renovation enables industry to offer a more individually tailored approach to healthcare with more successful health outcomes, higher quality and lower costs. However, empowering the utility of IoT enabled technology in personalized health care is still significantly challenged by the shortage of cost-effective and wearable biomedical devices to continuously provide real-time, patient-generated health data. Textiles have been concomitant and playing a vital role in the long history of human civilization. In this talk, I will introduce our current research on smart textiles for biomedical monitoring and personalized diagnosis, textile for therapy, and textile power generation as an energy solution for the future wearable medical devices.

Yakir Aharonov, Guy Hetzroni

This oral history interview provides Yakir Aharonov's perspective on the theoretical discovery of the Aharonov-Bohm effect in 1959, during his PhD studies in Bristol with David Bohm, the reception of the effect, the efforts to test it empirically (up to Tonomura's experiment), and some of the debates regarding the existence of the effect and its interpretation. The interview also discusses related later developments until the 1980s, including modular momentum and Berry's phase. It includes recollections from meetings with Werner Heisenberg, Richard Feynman, and Chen-Ning Yang, also mentioning John Bell, Robert Chambers, Werner Ehrenberg, Sir Charles Frank, Wendell Furry, Gunnar Källén, Maurice Pryce, Nathan Rosen, John Wheeler, and Eugene Wigner.

Yida Cai, Ranjuexiao Hu, Huiyuan Xie et al.

Legal relations form a highly consequential analytical framework of civil law system, serving as a crucial foundation for resolving disputes and realizing values of the rule of law in judicial practice. However, legal relations in Chinese civil cases remain underexplored in the field of legal artificial intelligence (legal AI), largely due to the absence of comprehensive schemas. In this work, we firstly introduce a comprehensive schema, which contains a hierarchical taxonomy and definitions of arguments, for AI systems to capture legal relations in Chinese civil cases. Based on this schema, we then formulate legal relation extraction task and present LexRel, an expert-annotated benchmark for legal relation extraction in Chinese civil law. We use LexRel to evaluate state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) on legal relation extractions, showing that current LLMs exhibit significant limitations in accurately identifying civil legal relations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that incorporating legal relations information leads to consistent performance gains on other downstream legal AI tasks.

Hiroto Sato, Konan Shimizu

In social learning environments, agents acquire information from both private signals and the observed actions of predecessors, referred to as history. We define the value of history as the gain in expected payoff from accessing both the private signal and history, compared to relying on the signal alone. We first characterize the information structures that maximize this value, showing that it is highest under a mixture of full information and no information. We then apply these insights to a model of markets for history, where a monopolistic data seller collects and sells access to history. In equilibrium, the seller's dynamic pricing becomes the value of history for each agent. This gives the seller incentives to increase the value of history by designing the information structure. The seller optimal information discloses less information than the socially optimal level.

Daniele Dominici

The history of the Arcetri Institute of Physics at the University of Florence is analyzed from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1960s. Thanks to the arrival of Garbasso in 1913, not only did the Institute gain new premises on Arcetri hill, but also hosted brilliant young physicists such as Rita Brunetti, Enrico Fermi, Franco Rasetti in the '20s and Enrico Persico, Bruno Rossi, Gilberto Bernardini, Daria Bocciarelli, Lorenzo Emo Capodilista, Giuseppe Occhialini and Giulio Racah in the '30s, engaged in the emerging fields of Quantum Mechanics and Cosmic Rays. This internationally renowned Arcetri School dissolved in the late 1930s mainly for the transfer of its protagonists to chairs in other Italian or foreign universities. After the war, the legacy was taken up by some students of this school who formed research groups in the fields of nuclear physics and elementary particle physics. As far as theoretical physics is concerned, after the Fermi and Persico periods, these studies enjoyed a new expansion in the sixties thanks to the arrival of Raoul Gatto who created in Arcetri the first Italian school of theoretical physics.

Piyush Pallav, Purba Bhattacharya, Supratik Mukhopadhyay et al.

The research focuses on the non-invasive imaging technique using cosmic muon absorption tomography to monitor the internals of archaeological / civil / industrial structures of intermediate size. It integrates experimental measurements and numerical simulations with Geant4, ascertaining the reliability and precision of muon absorption tomography using easily available components for the stated purpose. The experiment probes muon interactions across a range of materials including those commonly used in building civil and industrial structures. An experiment, fondly named MARS (Muon Absorption in Rigid Structures), was carried out to explore the possibility of using overlapped scintillation paddles for improved mapping of inhomogeneities in structures made of concrete. Good correlation of experimental and simulated results for all tests indicates that this simple approach can be implemented for non-destructive evaluations of structures of civil and industrial interest

César Rina-Simón

Book Review

Stella Erriu, Irene Dori, Vitale Sparacello et al.

Taiwo A. Adebiyi, Nafeezat A. Ajenifuja, Ruda Zhang

Digital twin (DT) technology has received immense attention over the years due to the promises it presents to various stakeholders in science and engineering. As a result, different thematic areas of DT have been explored. This is no different in specific fields such as manufacturing, automation, oil and gas, and civil engineering, leading to fragmented approaches for field-specific applications. The civil engineering industry is further disadvantaged in this regard as it relies on external techniques by other engineering fields for its DT adoption. A rising consequence of these extensions is a concentrated application of DT to the operations and maintenance phase. On another spectrum, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is pervasively utilized in the planning/design phase, and the transient nature of the construction phase remains a challenge for its DT adoption. In this paper, we present a phase-based development of DT in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction industry. We commence by presenting succinct expositions on DT as a concept and as a service, and establish a five-level scale system. Furthermore, we present separately a systematic literature review of the conventional techniques employed at each civil engineering phase. In this regard, we identified enabling technologies such as computer vision for extended sensing and the Internet of Things for reliable integration. Ultimately, we attempt to reveal DT as an important tool across the entire life cycle of civil engineering projects, and nudge researchers to think more holistically in their quest for the integration of DT for civil engineering applications.

Néstor Ponce

Ryan M. McGranaghan

This review examines complexity science in Heliophysics, describing it not as a discipline, but as a paradigm. In the context of Heliophysics, complexity science is the study of a star, interplanetary environment, magnetosphere, upper and terrestrial atmospheres, and planetary surface as interacting subsystems. Complexity science studies entities in a system (e.g., electrons in an atom, planets in a solar system, individuals in a society) and their interactions, and is the nature of what emerges from these interactions. It is a paradigm that employs systems approaches and is inherently multi- and cross-scale. Heliophysics processes span at least 15 orders of magnitude in space and another 15 in time, and its reaches go well beyond our own solar system and Earth's space environment to touch planetary, exoplanetary, and astrophysical domains. It is an uncommon domain within which to explore complexity science. This review article excavates the lived and living history of complexity science in Heliophysics. It identifies five dimensions of complexity science. It then proceeds in three epochal parts: 1) A pivotal year in the Complexity Heliophysics paradigm: 1996; 2) The transitional years that established foundations of the paradigm (1996-2010); and 3) The emergent literature largely beyond 2010. The history reveals a grand challenge that confronts most physical sciences to understand the research intersection between fundamental science (e.g., complexity science) and applied science (e.g., artificial intelligence and machine learning). A risk science framework is suggested as a way of formulating the challenges in a way that the two converge. The intention is to provide inspiration and guide future research. It will be instructive to Heliophysics researchers, but also to any reader interested in or hoping to advance the frontier of systems and complexity science.

Alireza Akrami Hassan kiadeh

Abstract Murals in holy shrines in Guilan Province are an illustrated compendium of Shiite history and religious customs. These paintings, which are often associated with Ashura and are painted by both local and unknown artists, include visual and symbolic values in Iranian-Islamic art. This study attempts to scrutinize the thematic and structural elements of Mashhadi Aghajan Lahijani’s murals in Agha Seyed Ali’s shrine in Mote’aleq Mahalle. Moreover, this study analyzes and explores the link between stories and paintings at this sacred site. What are the thematic and structural characteristics of the murals in the aforementioned shrine? The data of the current study which are qualitative were analyzed using the descriptive-analytical method. The results demonstrate that one of the distinctive features of the murals in this shrine is the direct and explicit expression used by the artist in representing religious and folk themes. In fact, he depicted the narratives as were conceived by the lay people. By creating a harmony between the themes and the structures of the murals, he made a kind of religious and emotional connection between the audience and the work of art. Some of the structural features of his works include adherence to the two-dimensional surface, such as miniature, conventional characteristics of faces and image elements, and color harmony via multiple colors. Likewise, the thematic features of his works include the narrative of the religious story, along with the artist’s individual feelings, faith, and imagination, as well as the depiction of the position of power and victory of religious heroes, such as the pre-victorious kings, even though they will be martyred.

Marcelo Moraes e Silva, Cyril Polycarpe, Daniele Cristina Carqueijeiro de Medeiros et al.

1913 marked Brazil's admission into the Olympic movement with the country's entry into the IOC. From then on, the country participated in international sports competitions, including the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp, before organizing the first regional Latin American Games, in 1922, in Rio de Janeiro, under the Olympic administration. However, Brazil's recognition as an Olympic nation results from elements linked to the advent of organized sporting events, for which the written press has been relaying since the end of the 19th century. More particularly in the idealized representation of the Olympic myth, that of belonging to the world of progress and modernity. This article aims to analyze the messages and discourses established by the Brazilian press, which built an ideal of sports competition to consolidate the emerging Brazilian nation.

Maria Papadopoulou, Zacharoula Smyrnaiou

Digital technologies, such as the Internet and Artificial Intelligence, are part of our daily lives, influencing broader aspects of our way of life, as well as the way we interact with the past. Having dramatically changed the ways in which knowledge is produced and consumed, the algorithmic age has also radically changed the relationship that the general public has with History. Fields of History such as Public and Oral History have particularly benefitted from the rise of digital culture. How does our digital culture affect the way we think, study, research and teach the past, as historical evidence spreads rapidly in the public sphere? How do digital technologies promote the study, writing and teaching of History? What should historians, students of history and pre-service history teachers be critically aware of, when swarmed with digitized or born-digital content, constantly growing on the Internet? And while these changes are now visible globally, how is the discipline of History situated within the digital transformation rapidly advancing in Greece? Finally, what are the consequences of these changes for History as a subject taught at Greek secondary schools? These are some of the issues raised in the text that follows, which is part of the course materials of the undergraduate course offered during winter semester 2020-2021 at the School University of Athens, School of Philosophy, Pedagogy, Psychology. Course Title: 'Pedagogics of History: Theory and Practice', Academic Institution: School of Philosophy-Pedagogy-Psychology, University of Athens.

Cheng Zhang, Jinwoo Kim, JungHo Jeon et al.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the opportunities and barriers of Integrated Human-Machine Intelligence (IHMI) in civil engineering. Integrating artificial intelligence's high efficiency and repeatability with humans' adaptability in various contexts can advance timely and reliable decision-making during civil engineering projects and emergencies. Successful cases in other domains, such as biomedical science, healthcare, and transportation, showed the potential of IHMI in data-driven, knowledge-based decision-making in numerous civil engineering applications. However, whether the industry and academia are ready to embrace the era of IHMI and maximize its benefit to the industry is still questionable due to several knowledge gaps. This paper thus calls for future studies in exploring the value, method, and challenges of applying IHMI in civil engineering. Our systematic review of the literature and motivating cases has identified four knowledge gaps in achieving effective IHMI in civil engineering. First, it is unknown what types of tasks in the civil engineering domain can be assisted by AI and to what extent. Second, the interface between human and AI in civil engineering-related tasks need more precise and formal definition. Third, the barriers that impede collecting detailed behavioral data from humans and contextual environments deserve systematic classification and prototyping. Lastly, it is unknown what expected and unexpected impacts will IHMI have on the AEC industry and entrepreneurship. Analyzing these knowledge gaps led to a list of identified research questions. This paper will lay the foundation for identifying relevant studies to form a research roadmap to address the four knowledge gaps identified.

Richard de Grijs

Longitude determination at sea gained increasing commercial importance in the late Middle Ages, spawned by a commensurate increase in long-distance merchant shipping activity. Prior to the successful development of an accurate marine timepiece in the late-eighteenth century, marine navigators relied predominantly on the Moon for their time and longitude determinations. Lunar eclipses had been used for relative position determinations since Antiquity, but their rare occurrences precludes their routine use as reliable way markers. Measuring lunar distances, using the projected positions on the sky of the Moon and bright reference objects--the Sun or one or more bright stars--became the method of choice. It gained in profile and importance through the British Board of Longitude's endorsement in 1765 of the establishment of a Nautical Almanac. Numerous 'projectors' jumped onto the bandwagon, leading to a proliferation of lunar ephemeris tables. Chronometers became both more affordable and more commonplace by the mid-nineteenth century, signaling the beginning of the end for the lunar distance method as a means to determine one's longitude at sea.

Valentin D. Ivanov, Juan Carlos Beamin, Claudio Caceres et al.

Abridged: The interest towards searches for extraterrestrial civilizations (ETCs) was boosted by the discovery of thousands of exoplanets. We turn to the classification of ETCs for new considerations that may help to design better strategies for ETCs searches. We take a basic taxonomic approach to ETCs and investigate the implications of the new classification on ETCs observational patterns. We use as a counter-example to our qualitative classification the quantitative scheme of Kardashev. We propose a classification based on the abilities of ETCs to modify their environment and to integrate with it: Class 0 uses the environment as it is, Class 1 modifies the it to fit its needs, Class 2 modifies itself to fit the environment and Class 3 ETC is fully integrated with the environment. Combined with the classical Kardashev's scale our scheme forms a 2d scheme for interpreting ETC properties. The new framework makes it obvious that the available energy is not an unique measure of ETCs, it may not even correlate with how well that energy is used. The possibility for progress without increased energy consumption implies lower detectability, so the existence of a Kardashev Type III ETC in the Milky Way cannot be ruled out. This reasoning weakens the Fermi paradox, allowing the existence of advanced, yet not energy hungry, low detectability ETCs. The integration of ETCs with environment makes it impossible to tell apart technosignatures from natural phenomena. Thus, the most likely opportunity for SETI searches is to look for beacons, specifically set up by them for young civilizations like us (if they want to do that is a matter of speculation). The other SETI window is to search for ETCs at technological level close to ours. To rephrase the saying of A. Clarke, sufficiently advanced civilizations are indistinguishable from nature.

Alessio Rocci

In June 1888, Oliver Heaviside received by mail an officially unpublished pamphlet, which was written and printed by the American author Willard J. Gibbs around 1881-1884. This original document is preserved in the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology at the Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC. Heaviside studied Gibbs's work very carefully and wrote some annotations in the margins of the booklet. He was a strong defender of Gibbs's work on vector analysis against quaternionists, even if he criticized Gibbs's notation system. The aim of our paper is to analyse Heaviside's annotations and to investigate the role played by the American physicist in the development of Heaviside's work.

Antonio Barros

O Douro Vinhateiro, classificado em 2001 património mundial da humanidade, sentiu desde muito cedo a importância civilizacional cisterciense. As marcas da presença monástica materializaram-se em algumas das mais emblemáticas unidades produtivas da região vitícola demarcada e regulamentada mais antiga do mundo – O Douro. Esses espaços agrários, de forma directa ou indirecta estiveram ligados às casas monásticas de Tarouca, Salzedas e São Pedro das Águias. Procuramos relembrar a partir da indagação histórica o que hoje resta desse passado

Mehmet Demiryürek

1850’lere kadar Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndaki beledî işler Kadı, Muhtesip ve İhtisap Ağası gibi yerel yetkililer tarafından yerine getirildi. Belediye terimi Tanzimat döneminde ortaya çıktı ve günümüzdeki anlamını kazandı. 1857 yılında Altıncı Daire-i Belediye Nizâmâtı ve 1858 yılında Nizâm-ı Umûmî’nin yürürlüğe konulması ile belediye teşkilatı meydana getirmek için ilk adım imparatorluğun başkentinde atıldı ve Galata ve Beyoğlu Belediyesi kuruldu. 1867 yılı Vilayâtta Devâir-i Belediye Meclislerinin Vezâif-i Umûmiyyesi Hakkında Talimat adlı yeni bir nizamnameye tanık oldu ve bu düzenleme Osmanlı eyaletlerinde belediye teşkilatının vücut bulmasını beraberinde getirdi. Kıbrıs Tanzimat döneminde modern belediyelerin teşekkül ettiği ilk yerlerden biriydi. Şu halde bu çalışmanın amacı ilk belediyelerin Kıbrıs’ta nasıl ve ne zaman kurulduğunu ortaya koymak ve Tanzimat dönemi çalışmaları ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndaki belediyeler tarihine katkıda bulunmaktır.